H

Haðar, m. pl. the inhabitants of Haða-land, a Norse county, Fms. xii.

HADDA, u, f. (halda, Rd. 315, l. 14), [Ivar Aasen hodda, hadde, holle]:

—a pot-hook or rather pot-links, for the hadda was a chain of rings rather than a mere handle, as is seen from Hým. 34—en á hælum hringar skullu—compared with, heyrði til höddu þá er Þórr bar hverinn, Skálda 168; hann kastaði katlinum svá at haddan skall við (rattled), Fms. vi. 364; hann dró á hönd sér höddu er ifir var bollanum, Ó.H. 135; ketill var upp yfir rekkjuna ok reist upp haddan yfir katlinum, ok vóru þar á festir hringar, … þá féll haldan á katlinum því at hann hafði komit við festina, Rd. 314, 315; hann krækti undir hödduna hinum minsta fingri ok fleytti honum (the kettle) jafnhátt ökla, Fb. i. 524; at konungr mundi gína yfir ketil-hödduna, … ok var haddan orðin feit, … konungr brá líndúk um hödduna ok gein yfir, Fms. i. 36.

HADDR, m. [Goth. hazds; A.S. prob. heard, v. infra], hair, only in poetry a lady’s hair; haddr Sifjar, the gold-hair of the goddess Sif., Edda 69, 70; hár heitir lá, haddr þat er konur hafa, 109; bleikja hadda, to bleach, dress the hair, 75, Korm. 26, Gkv. 1. 15; bleikir haddar, Fas. i. 478; grass is called haddr jarðar, Bm.; hadds höll is the head, Eb. (in a verse).

haddaðr, part. hairy, Lat. crinitus;

barr-haddr, barley-haired, an epithet of the earth;

bjart-haddr, bright-haired;

bleik-haddr, blond-haired;

hvít-haddr, white-haired, Lex. Poët.

hadd-bjartr, adj. bright-haired, blond, Hornklofi.

hadd-blik, n. bleaching the hair, Edda 77.

Haddingr, m. a pr. name of a mythical hero, = comatus, cp. A.S. hearding, Goth. hazdiggs, Engl. Harding, Lex. Poët., Munch i. 217.

Haddingja-skati, a, m. a nickname, Sæm.

HAÐNA, u, f. (not hauðna, for the pl. is hoðnor, Grág. i. 503), [cp. Lat. hoedus], a young she-goat (one year old), Grág. i. 503, Bk. 20.

compds:

höðnu-kið, n. (= haðna), a young kid, Gullþ. 19, Rd. 267.

höðnu-leif, f., poët. ‘kid’s food,’ a withe or switch, used as a halter (?), Ýt. 12 (from goats feeding on branches and withes?)

HAF, n. [Swed. haf; Dan. hav; formed from hefja, to lift; a Scandin. word, which seems not to occur in Saxon or Germ.]:

—the sea, Hdl. 38; esp. the high sea, the ocean; sigla í (á) haf, láta í haf, to put to sea, Eg. 69, Nj. 4; fimm (sex) dægra haf, five (six) days’ sail, Landn. 26; koma af hafi, to come off the sea, i.e. to land, Eg. 392; en haf svá mikit millum landanna, at eigi er fært langskipum, Hkr. i. 229; harm sigldi norðr í haf um haustið, ok fengu ofviðri mikit í hafi, Ó.H. 26; sigldi Þórarinn þá á haf út, 125; sigldu síðan á haf út þegar byr gaf, Eg. 125; en byrr bar þá í haf út, id.; en er sóttisk hafit, 126; liggja til hafs, to lie to and wait for a wind, Bs. i. 16; hann dó í hafi, he died at sea, Landn. 264; þeir vissusk jafnan til í hafinu, 56; veita e-m far um hafit, Eb. 196; fyrir austan mitt haf, beyond the sea (i.e. between Iceland and Scandinavia); en er inn sækir í fjörðinn þá er þar svá vítt sem mikit haf, Fms. vi. 296 (for the explanation of this passage see Aarböger for Nord. Oldk. 1868); útí fjarðar-kjapta þar til er haf tekr við, Bs. i. 482: in plur., ganga höf stór ór útsjánum inn í jörðina, Hkr. (begin.);

út-haf, regin-haf, the ocean;

Íslands-haf, the sea between Iceland and Norway, Fms. vi. 107, Band. 9;

Grænlands-haf, the sea between Greenland and America, Fms. iv. 177;

Englands-haf, the English Sea, i.e. the North Sea, between England and Norway, 329, x. 272, 398, xi. 201, Fær. 88;

Írlands-haf, the Irish Sea, i.e. the Atlantic, Þorf. Karl. 390;

Álanz-haf, the gulf of Bothnia, Orkn. (begin.);

Sólundar-haf, the sea of the Sulin Island (Norway), Fms. x. 34, 122;

Grikklands-haf, the Grecian Archipelago, vi. 134, 161, vii. 85, passim;

Svarta-haf, the Black Sea, Hkr. i. 5, Fms. vi. 169;

Jótlands-haf, the Cattegat, 264;

Jórsala-haf, the sea of Jerusalem, i.e. the Mediterranean, x. 85, Fb. iii;

Rauða-haf or Hafið Rauða, the ‘Red Sea,’ i.e. the Ocean (mythol.), nú heldr jörð griðum upp, en himininn varðar fyrir ofan, en Hafit Rauða fyrir utan, er liggr um lönd öll þau er vér höfum tíðendi af, Grág. i. 166; in mod. usage the Red Sea = Sinus Arabicus;

Dumbs-haf, the Polar Sea, Landn.;

Miðjarðar-haf, the Mediterranean;

Atlants-haf, the Atlantic;

Kyrra-haf, the Pacific (these three in mod. writers only).

compds:

hafs-afl, n. the main, Sks. 606, v.l.

hafs-auga, n., see p. 33, col. 2 (ζ).

hafs-botn, m. a gulf; firðir ok hafs-botnar, Sks. 199: of the Polar Sea, as the ancients supposed a continuity of land between Greenland and Europe, Fms. xi. 411; hafsbotn er heitir Svarta-haf, Hkr. i. 5.

hafs-brún, f. the ‘sea-brow,’ the sea-line on the horizon, cp. lands-brún, s.v. brún, p. 84.

hafs-flóð, n. a deluge, Rb. 444.

hafs-geil, f. a sea lane, i.e. a narrow strait, Stj. 287. Exod. xiv. 22, 23.

hafs-geimr, m. = hafsmegin.

hafs-megin, n. the main, the high sea; sakir hafsmegins, storma ok strauma, Fms. i. 153; þótti þeim íllt at eiga lengr við hafsmegin, i.e. they longed for land, Eb. 120; allmikill harmr er þat, er vér eigum svá langt hingað at sækja, fyrst hafs-megin mikit, etc. (i.e. between Iceland and Sweden), Ó.H. 57.

haf-alda, u, f. a roller, wave.

haf-att, f. = hafgola.

haf-bára, u, f. a wave, Stj. 26.

haf-bylgja, f. id., Bs. ii. 50.

haf-fugl, m. a sea-bird, Stj. 78.

haf-færr and haf-færandi, part. sea-going, sea-worthy, of a ship, Eg. 364, Hkr. ii. 183, Krók. 42.

haf-för, f. a sea voyage, Landn. 174.

haf-gall,† n. sea-amber, Björn.

haf-gerðingar, f. pl. ‘sea-fens,’ portentous waves mentioned by old sailors in the main between Iceland and America, described in Sks. 171, Bs. i. 483; hann fór til Grænalands ok hom í hafgerðingar, Landn. 319 (10th century), whence

Hafgerðinga-drápa, u, f. the name of a poem (a votive poem composed during a tornado), Landn. 320.

haf-gjálfr, n. the roar of the sea, Bs. i. 119, ii. 50, Róm. 369.

haf-gola, u, f. a sea breeze, Eb. 8, Eg. 370, 373, Sturl. iii. 70.

haf-gúfa, u, m. a mermaid, Sks. 138, Fas. ii. 249, Edda (Gl.)

haf-hallt, adj. standing seaward, Fms. i. 62, 63.

haf-hrútr, m. a sea ram, Fms. viii. 373.

haf-íss, m. ‘sea-ice,’ i.e. drift ice, Landn. 30, Bs. ii. 5, Eb. 292, Ann. 1233, 1261, 1275, 1306, 1319, 1375.

haf-kaldr, adj., poët. cold as the sea, Lex. Poët.

haf-kóngr, m. a kind of shell, Eggert Itin.

haf-lauðr, n., poët. sea foam, Lex. Poët.

haf-leið, f. standing seawards, Fms. i. 59.

haf-leiði,† n. a sea-way, Post. (Unger) 4.

haf-leiðis, adv. seawards, Hkr. i. 181.

Haf-liði, a, m. ‘Sea-slider,’ a pr. name, Landn.

haf-ligr, adj. marine, Sks. 605.

haf-nest, n. provisions for a voyage, Grett. 94 A, Eb.

haf-nýra, n., poët. a ‘sea-kidney,’ a pearl, Hd.

haf-reið, f., poët. a ship.

haf-rek, n. a wreck, Gþl. 519.

haf-reka, adj. indecl. wrecked, tossed about, Ann. 1347.

haf-rekinn, part. shipwrecked, Bs. i. 819.; †part. sea-tossed, Mar. 1054.

haf-rekstr, m. wreck, jetsum; með öllum gögnum ok gæðum, með flutningum ok hafrekstri, Dipl. iii. 10.

haf-ræðr, adj. sea-worthy, able-bodied, of a sailor, B.K. 20.

haf-rœna, u, f. a sea breeze.

haf-rœnn, adj. blowing from the sea.

haf-sigling, f. a voyage.

hafsiglingar-maðr, m. a seaman, mariner, Landn. 28.

haf-skip, n. a sea-going ship, Landn. 47, Grág. ii. 397, Eg. 130, Fms. ii. 219.

haf-skíð, n., poët. a ship.

haf-skrimsl, n. a sea-monster, Sks. 86.

haf-sleipnir, m. a sea-horse, poët. a ship.

haf-stormr, m. a storm at sea, Bret. 98, Sks. 227.

haf-strambr, m. a fabulous sea-monster, Sks. 166, Ann. 1305.

haf-straumr, m. a sea current, Lex. Poët.

haf-súla, u, f. a kind of bird, bassanus.

haf-tyrðill, m. uria alla, a sea-bird, Edda (Gl.)

haf-velktr, part. sea-tossed, Krók. 75.

haf-viðri, n. a sea breeze, Landn. 225, Eg. 373, Bárð. 6 new Ed.

haf-villr, adj. having lost one’s course at sea, Nj. 267, v.l.

haf-villur, f. pl. loss of one’s course at sea, Finnb. 242; rak þá víða um hafit, vóru þeir flestir innanborðs at á kom hafvilla, Ld. 74; koma nú á fyrir þeim myrkr ok hafvillur, Fms. iii. 181, Þorf. Karl. 372.

haf-þrunginn, part. sea-swoln, Mar.

B. Lifting; hann hnykkir upp steininum, sýndisk flestum mönnum úlíkligr til hafs fyrir vaxtar sakir, Finnb. 324; cp. Grettis-haf, the lift of Grettir, of a heavy stone.

II. beginning;

upp-haf, principium.

HAFA, pret. hafði; subj. hefði; pres. sing. hefi (less correctly hefir), hefir, hefir; plur. höfum, hafit, hafa: the mod. pres. sing. is monosyllabic hefr or hefur, and is used so in rhymes—andvara engan hefur | … við glys heims gálaus sefur, Pass. 15. 6, but in print the true old form hefir is still retained; the monosyllabic present is used even by old writers in the 1st pers. before the personal or negative suffix, e.g. hef-k and hef-k-a ek for hefi-g and hefig-a ek, see e.g. Grág. (Kb.) 79, 82, in the old oath formula, hef-k eigi, Hallfred; hef ek, Fms. iii. 10 (in a verse); but not so in 3rd pers., e.g. hefir-a or hefir-at, Grág. l.c.: imperat. haf, hafðu: part. pass. hafðr, neut. haft;—hafat is an ἅπ. λεγ., Vsp. 16, and is prob. qs. hafit from hefja, to heave, lift: [Ulf. haban; A.S. habban; Engl. have; Hel. hebben; Germ. haben; Dutch hebben; Dan. have, Swed. hafva: it is curious the Lat. form habere retains the consonant unchanged, cp. the Romance forms, Ital. avere, Fr. avoir, Span. haber, etc.

☞ Hafa is a weak verb, and thus distinguished from hefja (to lift, begin), which is a strong verb, answering to Lat. capere, incipere; but in sundry cases, as will be seen below, it passes into the sense of this latter word; as also in some instances into that of another lost strong verb, hafa, hóf, to behave, and hœfa, to hit]:

—to have.

A. To have; hann hafði með sér ekki meira lið, Fms. i. 39; hafði hverr hirð um sik, 52; höfðu þeir áttján skip, viii. 42; Sverrir hafði tvau hundrað manna, … þeir höfðu annan samnað á landi, 328; hann hafði mikit lið ok frítt, x. 36; þeir höfðu sjau skip ok flest stór, 102; hafa fjölmennar setur, Eb. 22; hann hafði menn sína í síldveri, Eg. 42; mun ek naut hafa þar sem mér þykkir hagi beztr, 716.

II. to hold:

1. to keep, celebrate; hafa ok halda, Dipl. i. 6; hafa átrúnað, 10; hafa dóma, 12; hafa blót, Fms. iv. 254; hafa vina-veizlu, id.; hafa vina-boð, Nj. 2; hafa Jóla-boð, Eg. 516; hafa þing, Fms. ix. 449; hafa haust-boð, Gísl. 27; hafa drykkju, Eb. 154; hafa leik, Fms. x. 201, passim.

2. to hold, observe; hlýðir þat hvergi at hafa eigi lög í landi, Nj. 149; skal þat hafa, er stendr …, Grág. i. 7; skal þat allt hafa er finsk á skrá þeirri …, id.; en hvatki es mis-sagt es í fræðum þessum, þá es skylt at hafa þat (to keep, hold to be true) es sannara reynisk, Íb. 3; ok hafða ek (I kept, selected) þat ór hvárri er framarr greindi, Landn. 320, v.l.

3. to hold, keep, retain; ef hann vill hafa hann til fardaga, Grág. i. 155; skal búandinn hafa hann hálfan mánuð, 154; ok hafði hvárr þat er hélt á, Nj. 279; hitt skal hafa er um fram er, Rb. 56; kasta í burt þrjátigi ok haf þat sem eptir verðr, 494.

4. to hold an office; hafa lögsögu, to hold the office of lögsaga, Íb. passim; hafa jarldóm, konungdóm, passim; þat höfðu haft at fornu Dana-konungar, Eg. 267; þér berit konunga-nöfn svá sem fyrr hafa haft (have had) forfeðr yðrir, en hafit lítið af ríki, Fms. i. 52; hafa ríki, to reign, Hkr. pref.

5. phrases, hafa elda, to keep a fire, cook, Fms. xi. 129; hafa fjárgæzlu, to tend sheep, Eg. 740; hafa embætti með höndum, Stj. 204; hafa gæzlur á e-u, Fms. ix. 313; hafa … vetr, to have so many winters, be of such an age (cp. Fr. avoir … ans), Íb. 15; margir höfðu lítið fátt þúsund ára, Ver. 7: hafa vörn í máli, Nj. 93; hafa e-t með höndum, to have in hand, Fms. viii. 280, ix. 239; hafa e-t á höndum, Grág. i. 38; hafa fyrir satt, to hold for true, Fms. xi. 10; hafa við orð, to intimate, suggest, Nj. 160; hafa e-t at engu, vettugi, to hold for naught, take no notice of, Fas. i. 318.

6. with prepp. or infin.,

α. with prep.; hafa til, to have, possess; ef annarr þeirra hefir til enn annarr eigi, þá er sá skyldr til at fá honum er til hefir, Grág. i. 33; ef annarr hefir til …, id.; þér ætlið at ek muna eigi afl til hafa, Ld. 28.

β. with infin.; hafa at varðveita, to have in keeping, Eg. 500; lög hafit þér at mæla, you have the law on your tongue, i.e. you are right, Nj. 101; hörð tíðindi hefi ek at segja þér, 64; sá er gripinn hefir at halda, Grág. i. 438; hafa at selja, to have on sale, Ld. 28.

III. to use; var haft til þess sker eitt, Eb. 12; þá höfðu þeir til varnar skot ok spjót, Fms. vii. 193; er þín ráð vóru höfð, that thy advice was taken, Fs. 57; Gríss hafði þessi ráð, Fms. iii. 21; ek vil at þat sé haft er ek legg til, x. 249; þykki mér þú vel hafa (make good use of) þau tillög er ek legg fyrir þik, xi. 61; til þess alls er jarli þótti skipta, þá hafði hann þessa hluti, 129; tvau ný (net), ok hafa eigi höfð verit (which have not been used), haf þú (take) hvárt er þú vilt, Háv. 46; þær vil ek hafa enar nýju, en ek vil ekki hætta til at hafa enar fornu, id.; önnur er ný ok mikil ok hefir (has) til einskis höfð (used) verið, id.; buðkr er fyrir húslker er hafðr, Vm. 171; gjalda vápn þau er höfð eru, N.G.L. i. 75; þat hafði hann haft (used) fyrir skála, Edda 29; þeir vóru hafðir til at festa með hús jafnan, Nj. 118; sá hólmr var hafðr til at …, Fms. i. 218; hann skyldi hafa hinn sama eið, x. 7; orð þau sem hann hafði (had) um haft (used), Nj. 56; orð þau er hann hafði (made use of) í barnskírn, K.Þ.K. 14.

2. more special phrases; hafa fagrmæli við e-n, to flatter one, Nj. 224; hafa hljóðmæli við e-n, to speak secretly to one, 223; allmikil fjölkyngi mun vera við höfð áðr svá fái gört, Edda 27; hafa mörg orð um e-t, Ld. 268; hafa tvímæli á e-u, to discuss, doubt, speak diffidently of a thing, Lv. 52; hafa viðrmæli um e-t, to use mocking words, Nj. 89; hafa nafn Drottins í hégóma, to take the Lord’s name in vain, Fms. i. 310; (hann var) mjök hafðr við mál manna, much used to, versed in lawsuits, Dropl. 8: hafa sik til e-s, to use oneself to a thing, i.e. to do a mean, paltry thing; þeir er til þess vilja hafa sik, at ganga í samkundur manna úboðit, Gþl. 200; ef hann vill sik til þessa hafa, Fms. i. 99: hafa sik við, to exert oneself; skaltú ok verða þik við at hafa um þetta mál, ef þú getr þat af þér fært, Grett. 160: hafa e-n at skotspæni, to use one as a target, Nj. 222; hafa e-n at hlífi-skildi sér, to use one as a shield, 262; hafa e-n at ginningar-fifli, auga-bragði, háði, hlátri, Hm. 133, Nj. 224, passim.

IV. to have, hold, maintain, of a state or condition; hafa vináttu við e-n, to maintain friendship with one, Sks. 662; hafa vanmátt, to continue sick, Eg. 565; hafa hættu-mikit, to run a great risk, Nj. 149; hafa vitfirring, to be insane, Grág. i. 154; hafa heilindi, to have good health, 26, Hm. 67; hafa burði til e-s, to have the birthright to a thing. Eg. 479; hafa hug, áræði, hyggindi, to have the courage …, Hom. 28; hafa vit (to know), skyn, greind … á e-u, to have understanding of a thing; hafa gaman, gleði, skemtun, ánægju af e-u, to have interest or pleasure in a thing; hafa leiða, ógeð, andstygð, hatr, óbeit á e-u, to dislike, be disgusted with, hate a thing; hafa elsku, mætr, virðing á e-u, to love, esteeem … a thing; hafa allan hug á e-u, to bend the mind to a thing; hafa grun á e-m, to suspect one; hafa ótta, beyg af e-u, to fear a thing; and in numberless other phrases.

2. with prepp.:

α. hafa e-t frammi (fram), to carry out, hold forth; hafa frammi róg, Nj. 166; hafa mál fram, to proceed with a suit, 101; stefnu-för, 78; heitstrengingar, Fms. xi. 103; ok öll lögmælt skil frammi hafa, and discharge all one’s official duties, 232; var um búit en ekki fram haft, all was made ready, but nothing done, viii. 113; beini má varla verða betri en hér er frammi hafðr, xi. 52; hafðú í frammi (use) kúgan við þá uppi við fjöllin, Ísl. ii. 215; margir hlutir, þó at hann hafi í frammi, Sks. 276.

β. hafa mikit, lítið fyrir e-u, to have much, little trouble about a thing; (hence fyrir-höfn, trouble.)

γ. hafa við e-m (afl or the like understood), to be a match for one, Fms. vii. 170, Lv. 109, Nj. 89, Eg. 474, Anal. 176; hafa mikit, lítið við, to make a great, little display; (hence við-höfn, display, pomp); hann söng messu ok hafði mikit við, he sang mass and made a great thing of it, Nj. 157; þú hefir mikit við, thou makest a great show of it, Boll. 351; hann bað jarl leita, hann hafði lítið við þat, he did it lightly, Nj. 141; haf ekki slíkt við, do not say so, Ld. 182.

B. To take, carry off, win, wield, [closely akin to Lat. capere]:

I. to catch, take, esp. in the phrase, hafa ekki e-s, to miss one; hann kemsk á skóg undan, ok höfðu þeir hans ekki, he took to the forest and they missed him, Nj. 130; ekki munu vér hans hafa at sinni, we sha’nt catch him at present, Fms. vi. 278; hafða ek þess vætki vífs, Hm. 101; þeygi ek hana at heldr hefik, 95: in swearing, tröll, herr, gramir hafi þik, the trolls, ghosts, etc. take thee! tröll hafi líf, ef …, Kormak; tröll hafi Trefót allan! Grett. (in a verse); tröll hafi þína vini, tröll hafi hól þitt, Nj.; herr hafi Þóri til slægan, confound the wily Thorir! Fms. vi. 278, v.l. (emended, as the phrase is wrongly explained in Fms. xii. Gloss.); gramir hafi þik! vide gramr.

II. to carry, carry off, bring; hafði einn hjartað í munni sér, one carried the heart off in his mouth, Nj. 95; hann hafði þat (brought it) norðan með sér, Eg. 42; hafði Þórólfr heim marga dýrgripi, 4; hann hafði með sér skatt allan, 62; skaltú biðja hennar ok hafa hana heim hingat, Edda 22; fé þat er hann hafði (had) út haft (carried from abroad), Gullþ. 13; á fimm hestum höfðu þeir mat, Nj. 74; bókina er hann hafði (had) út haft, Fms. vii. 156; konungr hafði biskup norðr til Björgynjar með sér, viii. 296; biskup lét hann hafa með sér kirkju-við ok járn-klukku, Landn. 42; hann hafði með sér skulda-lið sitt ok búferli, Eb. 8; hann tók ofan hofit, ok hafði með sér flesta viðu, id.; ok hafa hana í brott, Fms. i. 3; tekr upp barnit, ok hefir heim með sér, Ísl. ii. 20; hann hafði lög út hingat ór Noregi, he brought laws hither from Norway, Íb. 5; haf þú heim hvali til bæjar, Hým. 26; ok hafa hann til Valhallar, Nj. 119.

III. to take, get; hann hafði þá engan mat né drykk, he took no food nor drink, Eg. 602; hann hafði eigi svefn, he got no sleep, Bs. i. 139.

2. to get, gain, win; öfluðu sér fjár, ok höfðu hlutskipti mikit, Eg. 4; eigi þarftú at biðja viðsmjörs þess, þvíat hann mun þat alls ekki hafa, né þú, for neither he nor thou shall get it, Blas. 28; jarl vill hafa minn fund, he will have a meeting with me, 40, Skv. 1. 4: the sayings, hefir sá jafnan er hættir, he wins that risks, ‘nothing venture, nothing have,’ Hrafn. 16; sá hefir krás er krefr, Sl. 29.

3. phrases, hafa meira hlut, to get the better lot, gain the day, Nj. 90, Fms. xi. 93; hafa gagn, sigr, to gain victory, ix. 132, Eg. 7, Hkr. i. 215, Ver. 38; hafa betr, to get the better; hafa verr, miðr, to have the worst of it, Fms. v. 86, Þorst. S. St. 48, passim; hafa mál sitt, to win one’s suit, Grág. i. 7, Fms. vii. 34; hafa kaup öll, to get all the bargain, Eg. 71; hafa tafl, to win the game, Fms. vii. 219; hafa erendi, to do one’s errand, succeed, Þkv. 10, 11, Fas. ii. 517: hafa bana, to have one’s bane, to die, Nj. 8; hafa úsigr, to be worsted, passim; hafa úfrið, to have no peace; hafa gagn, sóma, heiðr, neisu, óvirðing, skömm, etc. af e-u, to get profit, gain, honour, disgrace, etc. from a thing; hafa e-n í helju, to put one to death, Al. 123; hafa e-n undir, to get one under, subdue him, Nj. 95, 128; höfum eigi, sigrinn ór hendi, let not victory slip out of our hands, Fms. v. 294.

4. to get, receive; hann hafði góðar viðtökur, Nj. 4; hón skal hafa sex-tigi hundraða, 3; skyldi Högni hafa land, 118; selja skipit, ef hann hafði þat fyrir (if he could get for it) sem hann vildi; Flosi spurði í hverjum aurum hann vildi fyrir hafa, hann kvaðsk vildu fyrir hafa land, 259; hafa tíðindi, sögur af e-m, to have, get tidings of or from one, Ld. 28; hafa sæmd, metorð óvirðing, to get honour, disgrace from one’s hands, Nj. 101; hafa bætr, to get compensation, Grág. i. 188; hafa innstæðuna eina, id.; hafa af e-m, to have the best of one, cheat one.

IV. to carry, wear, of clothes, ornaments, weapons:

1. of clothes, [cp. Lat. habitus and Icel. höfn = gear]; hafa hatt á höfði, Ld. 28; hafa váskufl yztan klæða, … þú skalt hafa undir (wear beneath) hin góðu klæði þín, Nj. 32; hann hafði blán kyrtil, … hann hafði svartan kyrtil, Boll. 358; hafa fald á höfði, to wear a hood; hón hafði gaddan rautt á höfði, Orkn. 304; hann hafði um sik breitt belti, he wore a broad belt, Nj. 91; hafa fingr-gull á hendi, 146: to have about one’s person, vefja saman ok hafa í pungi sínum, Edda 27; hlutir sem mönnum var títt at hafa, Fms. xi. 128.

2. of weapons, to wield, carry; spjót þat er þú hefir í hendi, Boll. 350; hafa kylfu í hendi sér, to have a club in one’s hand, Fms. xi. 129; hafa staf í hendi, to have a stick in the hand, Bárð.; Gunnarr hafði atgeirinn ok sverðit, Kolskeggr hafði saxit, Hjörtr hafði alvæpni, Nj. 93; hann hafdi öxi snaghyrnda, Boll. 358; hann hafði kesjuna fyrir sér, he held the lance in rest, Eg. 532.

V. here may be added a few special phrases; hafa hendr fyrir sér, to grope, feel with the hands (as in darkness); hafa vit fyrir sér, to act wisely; hafa at sér hendina, to draw one’s hand back, Stj. 198; hafa e-t eptir, to do or repeat a thing after one, Konr.; hafa e-t yfir, to repeat (of a lesson): hafa sik, to betake oneself; hafa sik til annarra landa, Grett. 9 new Ed.; hann vissi varla hvar hann átti at hafa sik, he knew not where (whither) to betake himself, Bs. i. 807; hefir hann sik aptr á stað til munklífisins, Mar.

C. Passing into the sense of hefja (see at the beginning); hafa e-t uppi, to heave up, raise; hafa flokk uppi, to raise a party, to rebel, Fb. ii. 89: hafa uppi færi, net, a fisherman’s term, to heave up, take up the net or line, Háv. 46; Skarphéðinn hafði uppi (heaved up) öxina, Nj. 144: hafa uppi tafl, to play at a game, Vápn. 29; þar vóru mjök töfl uppi höfð ok sagna-skemtan, Þorf. Karl. 406, v.l.: hafa e-n uppi, to hold one up, bring him to light; svá máttu oss skjótast uppi hafa, Fær. 42: metaph. to reveal, vándr riddari hafði allt þegar uppi, Str. 10.

2. with the notion to begin; Bárðr hafði uppi orð sín (began his suit) ok bað Sigríðar, Eg. 26, Eb. 142; hafa upp stefnu, to begin the summons, Boll. 350; hafa upp ræður, to begin a discussion; ræður þær er hann hafði uppi haft við Ingigerði, Fms. iv. 144, where the older text in Ó.H. reads umræður þær er hann hafði upp hafit (from hefja), 59; cp. also Vsp., þat langniðja-tal mun uppi hafat (i.e. hafit) meðan öld lifir, 16, (cp. upp-haf, beginning); þó at ek hafa síðarr um-ræðu um hann, better þó at ek hafa (i.e. hefja) síðarr upp ræðu um hann, though I shall below treat of, discuss that, Skálda (Thorodd) 168; er lengi hefir uppi verit haft síðan (of a song), Nj. 135; cp. also phrases such as, hafa á rás, to begin running, take to one’s heels, Fms. iv. 120, ix. 490; næsta morgin hefir út fjörðinn, the next morning a breeze off land arose, Bs. ii. 48: opp. is the phrase, hafa e-t úti, to have done, finished; hafa úti sitt dags-verk, Fms. xi. 431; hafa úti sekt sína, Grett. 149.

D. Passing into the sense of a lost strong verb, hafa, hóf (see at the beginning), to behave, do, act:

I. with an adverb, hafa vel, ílla, or the like, to behave, and in some instances to do well or badly, be happy or unhappy,

α. to behave; en nú vil ek eigi verr hafa en þú, Fms. iv. 342; þeir sögðu at konungr vildi verr hafa en þeir, 313; hefir þú ílla ór (málum or the like understood) haft við mik, Fs. 140; ólikr er Gísli öðrum í þolinmæði, ok hefir hann betr en vér, Gísl. 28.

β. to do so and so (to be happy, unhappy); verr hafa þeir er trygðum slitu, Mkv. 3; ílla hefir sá er annan svíkr, 18; vel hefir sá er þat líða lætr, 6; vel hefir sá (he is happy) er eigi bíðr slíkt íllt þessa heims, Fms. v. 145; hvílíkt hefir þú, how dost thou? Mar.; hafa hart, to do badly, to be wretched; at sál Þorgils mætti fyrir þær sakir eigi hart hafa, Sturl. iii. 292, Mar.; Ólafr hafði þá hölzti ílla, O. was very poorly, D.N. ii. 156; þykisk sá bezt hafa (happiest) er fyrstr kemr heim, Fms. xi. 248; þá hefir hann bazt af hann þegir, i.e. that is the best he can do if he holds his tongue, Hm. 19; þess get ek at sá hafi verr (he will make a bad bargain) er þik flytr, Nj. 128; úlfgi hefir ok vel, the wolf is in a bad plight, Ls. 39; mun sá betr hafa er eigi tekr við þér, id.; betr hefðir þú, ef …, thou wouldest do better, if …, Akv. 16.

γ. adding sik; hafa sik vel, to behave well, Fms. x. 415, Stj. 436.

II. with the prep. at, to do, act, (hence at-höfn, at-hæfi, act, doing); hann lét ekki til búa vígs-málit ok engan hlut at hafa, Nj. 71; en ef þeim þykkir of lítið féit tekit, þá skulu þeir hafa at hit sama, to act in the same way, Grág. ii. 267; hvatki es þeir hafa at, Fms. xi. 132; hann tók af þér konuna, en þú hafðir ekki at, but thou didst not stir, didst take it tamely, Nj. 33; bæði munu menn þetta kalla stórvirki ok íllvirki, en þó má nú ekki at hafa, but there is no help for it, 202; eigi sýnisk mér meðal-atferðar-leysi, at vér höfum eigi at um kvámur hans, i.e. that we submit tamely to his coming, Fs. 32: absol., viltú þess freista, ok vita þá hvat at hafi, wilt thou try and see how it will do? Bjarn. 27; en nú skaltú fara fyrir, ok vita hvat at hafi, Bs. i. 712.

III. phrases, hafa hátt, to be noisy, talk loud, Fms. i. 66; við skulum ekki hafa hátt (do not cry loud) hér er maðr á glugganum, a lullaby song; hafa lágt, to keep silent; hafa hægt, to keep quiet; hafa sik á (í) hófi, to compose oneself, Ls. 36; hafa í hótum við e-n, to use threatening (foul) language, Fb. i. 312; hafa í glett við e-n, to banter one, Fms. viii. 289; hafa íllt at verki, to do a bad deed, Ísl. ii. 184.

E. Passing into the sense of the verb hæfa (see at the beginning), to aim at, hit, with dat.:

I. to hit; svá nær hafði hausinum, at …, the shot so nearly hit the head, that …, Fms. ii. 272; þat sama forað, sem henni hafði næst váða, those very precipices from which she had so narrow an escape, Bs. i. 200, Fms. ix. 357; nær hafði nú, at skjótr mundi verða okkarr skilnaðr, Al. 124; nær hafði okkr nú, it struck near us, it was a narrow escape, Fms. viii. 281; kvaðsk svá dreymt hafa (have dreamed), at þeim mundi nær hafa, ix. 387, v.l.; ok er nær hafði at skipit mundi fljóta, when the ship was on the point of floating, Ld. 58; ok hafði svá nær (it was within a hair’s breadth), at frændr Þorvalds mundu ganga at honum, Nj. 160; ok hafði svá nær at þeir mundi berjask, Íb. 11, cp. Bs. i. 21: the phrase, fjarri hefir, far from it! Edda (in a verse).

2. to charge; eigi em ek þar fyrir sönnu hafðr, I am not truly aimed at for that, ’tis a false charge, Eg. 64; þeim manni er fyrir sökum er hafðr, i.e. the culprit, Grág. i. 29; cp. the mod. phrase, hafa á e-u, to make a charge of a thing; það varð ekki á því haft, they could not make a case for a charge of it.

II. metaph. to be the ground or reason for, (hence til-hæfa, reason, fact, foundation); til þess ætla vitrir menn þat haft at Ísland sé Tile (i.e. Thule) kallað, at …, learned men suppose that is the reason that Iceland is called Thule, that …, Landn. (pref.); mikit mun til haft, er einmæli er um (there must be some reason for it, because all people say so), Þorgils segir, eigi er fyrir haft (there is no ground whatever for it), at ek mæla betr fyrir griðum en aðrir menn, Ísl. ii. 379; vér hyggjum þat til þess haft vera, at þar hafi menn sésk, we believe the substance of the story is that men have been seen there, Fms. xi. 158; hvat er til þess haft um þat (what is the truth of the matter?), hefir sundr-þykki orðit með ykkr? Boll. 364: in the saying, hefir hverr til síns ágætis nokkut, every one gets his reputation for something, Nj. 115.

2. to happen, coincide; hefir svá til, at hann var þar sjálfr, Fms. xi. 138, v.l.

β. the phrase, hafa mikit (lítið) til síns máls, to have much (little) reason for one’s tale, i.e. to be much, little, in the right, Fms. vii. 221, xi. 138 (v.l.), Nj. 88: um þenna hefir svá stórum, it matters so much with this man, (v.l. for mun stórum skipta), Fms. xi. 311.

F. Reflex. to keep, dwell, abide, but only of a temporary shelter or abode, cp. Lat. habitare, (cp. also höfn, a haven); hann hefsk á náttartíma niðri í vötnum, at night-time he keeps down in the water, Stj. 77: to live, þeir höfðusk mjök í kaupferðum, they spent much of their life in travelling, Hkr. i. 276; hann hafðisk löngum í bænum, Bs. i. 353.

β. with prep. við; hér mun ek við hafask (I will stay here) en þú far til konungs, Fb. ii. 125; hafðisk hann við á skógum eðr í öðrum fylgsnum, 302; því at hann hafðisk þá á skipum við, Fms. viii. 44; hvílsk heldr ok hafsk við í því landi, rest and stay in that land, Stj. 162; Ásgeirr hafðisk við uppi í dalnum, Sd. 154; hafask lind fyrir, to cover oneself with a shield (?), Vsp. 50; hafask hlífar fyrir, to be mailed in armour, Hkm. 11.

2. hafask at, to do, behave (cp. D. above); vóru þeir þá svá móðir, at þeir máttu ekki at hafask, Fms. ii. 149; en síðan skulut þér at hafa slíkt sem ek kann fyrir segja, i. 158; þat eitt munu við at hafask, at ek mun betr göra en þú, Nj. 19; Lambi sá hvat Steinarr hafðisk at, Eg. 747.

3. hafask vel, to do well, thrive; vaxa ok vel hafask, to wax and do well, Hm. 142; nú er þat bæn mín, at þér hafisk við vel, that you bear yourself well up, Fms. ix. 497; Jungfrúin hafðisk vel við í ferðinni, x. 86; at fé hans mundi eigi hafask at betr at meðal-vetri, Grág. ii. 326.

4. recipr., hafask orð við, to speak to one another; ok er þat ósiðlegt, at menn hafisk eigi orð við, Fs. 14; þar til er þeir hafask réttar tölur við, N.G.L. i. 182.

II. part. hafandi is used in the sense of having conceived, being with child; þá verit hann varr við at hón var hafandi, 656 B. 14; hón skyldi verða hafandi at Guðs syni, id.; generally, allt þat er hafanda var lét burð sinn ok ærðisk, Fms. vii. 187; svá sem hón verðr at honum hafandi, Stj. 178; (hence barns-hafandi, being with child.)

G. The word hafa is in the Icel., as in other Teut. languages, used as an auxiliary verb with a part. pass. of another verb, whereby a compound preterite and pluperfect are formed as follows:

I. in transitive verbs with acc. the participle also was put in acc., agreeing in gender, number, and case with the objective noun or pronoun; this seems to have been a fixed rule in the earliest time, and is used so in all old poems down at least to the middle of the 11th century, to the time of Sighvat (circ. a.d. 990–1040), who constantly used the old form,—átt is an apostrophe for átta in the verse Ó.H. 81:

1. references from poets, Gm. 5, 12, 16; þá er forðum mik fædda höfðu, Vsp. 2; hverr hefði lopt lævi blandit eðr ætt jötuns Óðs mey gefna, 29; þær’s í árdaga áttar höfðu, 60: ek hafða fengna konungs reiði, Ad. 3; en Grjótbjörn um gnegðan hefir, 18; mik hefir marr miklu ræntan, Stor. 10; þó hefir Míms-vinr mér um fengnar bölva bætr, 22: gaupur er Haraldr hafi sveltar, Hornklofi: Loka mær hefir leikinn allvald, Ýt. 7; sá hafði borinn brúna-hörg, 14; jarlar höfðu veginn hann, 15: ek hef orðinn (found) þann guðföðr (verða is here used as trans.), Hallfred; höfum kera framðan, id.: hann hefir litnar, sénar, hár bárur, Ísl. ii. 223, thus twice in a verse of a.d. 1002; göngu hefik of gengna, Korm. (in a verse); hann hafði farna för, Hkr. i. (Glum Geirason); ek hefi talðar níu orustur, Sighvat; þú hefir vanðan þik, id.; ér hafit rekna þá braut, Ó.H. 63 (Óttar Svarti); hann hefir búnar okkr hendr skrautliga, Sighvat (Ó.H. 13); þeir hafa færð sín höfuð Knúti, id.; hvar hafit ér hugðan mér sess, id.; hafa sér kenndan enn nørðra heims enda, id.; Sighvatr hefir lattan gram, id.; hefir þú hamar um fólginn, Þkv. 7, 8; þú hefir hvatta okkr, Gkv. 6; ek hefi yðr brennda, Am. 39, cp. 56; hefi ek þik minntan, 81; hefir þú hjörtu tuggin, Akv. 36; hefir þú mik dvalðan, Hbl. 51; ek hefi hafðar þrár, I have had throes, Fsm. 51; en ek hann görvan hef-k, svá hefi ek studdan, 12 (verse 13 is corrupt); hann hefir dvalða þik, Hkv. Hjörv. 29; lostna, 30; mik hefir sóttan meiri glæpr, 32; ek hefi brúði kerna, id.; þú hefir etnar úlfa krásir, opt sár sogin, Hkv. 1. 36; sá er opt hefir örnu sadda, 35; hefir þú kannaða koni óneisa, 23; þá er mik svikna höfðut, Skv. 3. 55; hann hafði getna sonu, Bkv. 8; þann sal hafa halir um görvan, Fm. 42; bróður minn hefir þú benjaðan, 25; er hann ráðinn hefir, 37; sjaldan hefir þú gefnar vargi bráðir, Eg. (in a verse).

2. references from prose; this old form has since been turned into an indecl. neut. sing. part. -it. The old form was first lost in the strong verbs and the weak verbs of the first conjugation: in the earliest prose both forms are used, although the indecl. is more freq. even in the prose writers, as Íb., the Heiðarv. S., the Miracle-book in Bs., Njála, Ó.H., (Thorodd seems only to use the old form,) as may be seen from the following references, Björn hafði særða þrjá menn, Nj. 262; hann mundi hana hafa gipta honum, 47; hann hafði þá leidda saman hestana, 264: ek hefi sendan mann, Ísl. (Heiðarv. S.) ii. 333; ek nefi senda menn, id.: hafa son sinn ór helju heimtan, Bs. (Miracle-book) i. 337; en er þeir höfðu niðr settan sveininn, 349; hann hafði veidda fimm tegu fiska, 350: er þér hefir ílla neisu gorva, Ó.H. 107: þá hefi ek fyrri setta þá í stafrófi, Skálda (Thorodd) 161; þar hefi ek við görva þessa stafi fjóra, id.; hafa hann samsettan, 167: góða fylgd hefir þú mér veitta, Þorst Síðu H. 2: sagði, at Ólafr konungr hafði sendan hann, Bs. i. 11: Þyri, er hertogi hafði festa nauðga, Fms. x. 393 (Ágrip): hefi ek þá svá signaða ok magnaða, v. 236: hefir sólin gengna tvá hluti, en einn úgenginn, K.Þ.K. 92 (Lund’s Syntax, p. 12).

β. again, neut. indecl., hana hafði átt fyrr Þoróddr, Ísl. ii. 192: hón hafði heimt húskarl sinn …, Ísl. (Heiðarv. S.) ii. 339; hann hefir ekki svá vel gyrt hest minn, 340; hefir þú eigi séð mik, 341; hve hann hafði lokkat hann. id.; gistingar hefi ek yðr fengit, 343: þeir höfðu haft úfrið ok orrostur, Íb. 12; hann hafði tekið lögsögu, 14: stafr er átt hafði Þorlákr, Bs. (Miracle-book) i. 340; er þær höfðu upp tekit ketilinn ok hafit …, 342; göngu es hann hafði gingit, 344; es sleggjuna hafði niðr fellt, 346; sem maðr hefði nýsett (hana) niðr, id.; jartein þá er hann þóttisk fingit hafa, 347; hafði prestrinn fært fram sveininn, 349: hjálm er Hreiðmarr hafði átt, Edda 73: hafa efnt sína heitstrenging, Fms. (Jómsv. S.) xi. 141: slíkan dóm sem hann hafði mér hugat, Ó.H. 176, etc. passim:—at last the inflexion disappeared altogether, and so at the present time the indecl. neut. sing. is used throughout; yet it remains in peculiar instances, e.g. konu hefi eg mér festa, Luke xiv. 20, cp. Vídal. ii. 21.

☞ This use of the inflexive part. pass. may often serve as a test of the age of a poem, e.g. that Sólarljóð was composed at a later date may thus be seen from verses 27, 64, 72, 73, 75, 79; but this test is to be applied with caution, as the MSS. have in some cases changed the true forms (-inn, -ann, and -it, -an being freq. abbreviated in the MSS. so as to render the reading dubious). In many cases the old form is no doubt to be restored, e.g. in vegit to veginn, Fm. 4, 23; búit to búinn, Hkv. Hjörv. 15; borit to borinn, Hkv. 1. 1; beðit to beðinn, Fsm. 48; orðit to orðin, Og. 23; roðit to roðinn, Em. 5; brotið to brotinn, Vkv. 24, etc.: but are we to infer from Ls. 23, 26, 33, that this poem is of a comparatively late age?

II. the indecl. neut. sing. is, both in the earliest poems and down to the present day, used in the following cases:

1. with trans. verbs requiring the dat. or gen.; ek hefi fengit e-s, hann hafði fengit konu; hafa hefnt e-s, Fms. xi. 25; sú er hafði beðit fjár, Þkv. 32; stillir hefir stefnt mér, Hkv. Hjörv. 33, and so in endless cases.

2. in the reflex. part. pass.; þeir (hann) hafa (hefir) látisk, farisk, sagsk, etc.

3. in part. of intrans. neut. verbs, e.g. þeir þær (hann, hón), hafa (hefir) setið, staðit, gengit, legit, farit, komit, verit, orðit, lifað, dáit, heitið …, also almost in every line both of prose and poetry.

4. in trans. verbs with a neut. sing. in objective case the difference cannot be seen.

☞ The compound preterite is common to both the Romance and Teutonic languages, and seems to be older in the former than in the latter; Grimm suggests that it originated with the French, and thence spread to the Teutons. That it was not natural to the latter is shewn by the facts, that

α. no traces of it are found in Gothic, nor in the earliest Old High German glossaries to Latin words.

β. in the earliest Scandinavian poetry we can trace its passage from declinable to indeclinable.

γ. remains are left in poetry of a primitive uncompounded preterite infinitive, e.g. stóðu = hafa staðit, mundu, skyldu, vildu, etc., see Gramm. p. xxv, col. 2.

☞ We may here note a curious dropping of the verb hefir, at ek em kominn hingat til lands, ok verit áðr (having been) langa hríð utan-lands, Ó.H. 31, cp. Am. 52; barn at aldri, en vegit slíka hetju sem Þorvaldr var, Glúm. 382. On this interesting matter see Grimm’s remarks in his Gramm. iv. 146 sqq.

hafald, n. (qs. hafhald), the perpendicular thrums that hold the weft.

hafli, a, m. name of a giant, Edda (Gl.)

HAFNA, að, to forsake, abandon, with dat.; hafna blótum ok heiðnum goðum, Fms. i. 33; h. fornum sið, Eb. 12; h. fornum átrúnaði, Anal. 141; h. fjándanum, K.Á. 74; h. líkamligum lystingum, 671. 4; h. boðum e-s, to disobey one’s orders, Andr. 65; h. ráði e-s, Al. 166; kýr hafnaði átinu, the cow left off eating, Bs. i. 194; ef hann hafnaði sínum úkynnum, Fms. v. 218; opt hafnar mær manni fyrir litla sök, MS. 4. 6; áðr ek þér hafna, lest I forsake thee, Korm. 50 (in a verse); h. hungri, poët. to feast, Fms. xi. 138 (in a verse); h. fjörvi, to die, Hkr. i. (in a verse); h. nafni e-s, to disown one, Hallfred; hafnið Nefju nafna, ye forsake (disgrace) the namesake of Nefja, Hkr. i. (in a verse); fyrir-litinn eða hafnaðr, Stj. 157, 173: part. hafnandi forsaking, Sks. 3.

II. reflex. of cows and ewes, to conceive, to calve, lamb.

III. hafna, að, to come to anchor; or hafna sig, id.

hafnan and höfnun, f. forsaking, abandonment, Hom. 2, Sks. 3, 612, Barl. 148; h. veraldar, Fms. v. 239; höfnun heims, Greg. 28; til hafnanar (disgrace) ok háðungar, K.Á. 208.

hafnar-, vide höfn, a haven.

hafn-bit, n. pasture, grazing, N.G.L. i. 25; cp. Dan. havne-gang.

hafn-borg, f. a sea borough, Þjal. 29.

hafning, f. a heaving up, elevation, lifting, of christening (cp. the phrase, hefja ór heiðnum dómi = to christen), N.G.L. i. 339, 340.

hafn-leysa, u, f. (hafn-leysi, n., Hkr. iii. 266), a harbourless coast, Sks. 223, N.G.L. i. 10, Eg. 161, Fs. 150.

hafn-ligr, adj. harbour-like, Eg. 99.

hafn-skipti, n. division of land (pasture), N.G.L. i. 249.

hafn-taka, u, f. ‘haven-taking,’ getting into harbour, N.G.L. ii. 280.

HAFR, m., gen. hafrs, pl. hafrar; hafrir, Haustl. 15, is scarcely correct: [A.S. hæfer, cp. Engl. heifer; Lat. caper]:

—a buck, he-goat, Edda, of the he-goats of Thor, Hdl. 46, Þkv. 21, Lv. 47, 52, Hrafn. 3, Nj. 62, Grág. i. 427, 503, Eb. 94; hafra hár, goats’ hair, Magn. (pref.), Andr. 70.

compds:

hafrs-belgr, m. = hafrstaka, Fb. iii. 400.

hafrs-liki, n. the shape of a goat, Eb. 94.

hafrs-þjó, n. buck’s thigh, a nickname, Landn.

hafr-kytti, n. a kind of whale, Sks. 128.

hafr-staka, u, f. a goat’s skin, Edda 28, Fms. vi. 96, Bs. 4. 551, Gísl. 7:

in local names, Hafra-fell, Hafra-gil, Hafra-nes, Hafra-tindr, Hafra-tunga, Hafrs-á, Landn.;

Hafrs-fjörðr (in Norway), Fms. xii, Fb. iii.

HAFR, m., only in pl. hafrar, [Germ. haber; North. E. haver], oats; it seems not to occur in old writers.

haf-rekr,† m. sea-drifted. Heine havreki or Heine the sea-drifted is the name of the hero of a Faroe legend, told by Schlyter in Antiqu. Tidskrift, 1849–1851. The legend makes him the father of the arch-pirate Magnus Heineson, a historical person, whose exploits are told in Debes’ book; this Magnus, we may presume, served as a model to Scott’s Pirate (that Scott knew of Debes is seen from note K to the Pirate). The Faroe legend bears a striking likeness to the Anglo-Norman Haveloc the Dane; both name and story may have a common origin, ‘Haveloc’ being a corrupted French form, with r changed into l for the sake of euphony,

haf-rót, n. a violent swell of the sea.

haft and hapt, n. [hafa], properly a handcuff; sprettr mér af fótum fjöturr, en af höndum haft, Hm. 150, 149: then generally a bond, chain, harðgör höft ór þörmum, Vsp. (Hb.); sitja í höftum, to be in fetters as a prisoner, Mar. 11; fætr hans váru í höptum, Mork. 205; leysa e-n ór höftum, Ls. 37; halda e-n í höftum, to keep one in bonds, Fb. i. 378; at hann er óðr ok hann má koma höftum á hann ef hann vill, Gþl. 149: the hobbles or tether fastened to a horse’s leg, taka af, leggja á haft; ef haft er áfast hrossi, Grág. i. 436, freq. in mod. usage, cp. hefta: so in the phrase, verða e-m at hafti, to be a hindrance or stumbling-block to one, Nj. (in a verse).

haft-bönd, n. pl. fetter-bonds, Fas. iii. 17.

II. metaph., pl. gods (as band II. 3), Edda 96.

compds:

hafta-guð, n. the god of gods, the supreme god, of Odin, Edda 14.

hafta-snytrir, m. the friend of the gods, Haustl.

haft-sœni, n. the atonement (Germ. sühne) of the gods, i.e. poetry, Korm.; cp. the tale in Edda 47.

hafta, u, f. a female prisoner, a bondwoman; hafta ok hernuma, Gkv. 1. 9, Hkv. 2. 3; oft finnr ambátt höftu, Edda ii. 491 (in a verse).

haftr, m. a male prisoner, a bondman; haftr ok hernuminn, Fm. 7, 8, Vsp. 39, Akv. 28.

HAGA, að, [Hel. bihagan; Germ. behagen], to manage, arrange, with dat.; hversu hann skyldi haga verks-háttum sínum, Eb. 150; svá skulu vér haga inngöngu várri, at …, Fms. i. 16; en nú var oss því hægra at haga kostum þeirra eptir várri vild, vi. 261; at haga svá formælinu, at …, to put the words so, that …, 655 xi. 2; haga sér til sess, to take one’s seat, Ó.H. (in a verse); haga hálft yrkjum, to take the middle course, Am. 57; en fénu var hagat til gæzlu, the money was taken into keeping, Fms. iv. 31; þeim er sólina gerði, ok heiminum hagaði ok hann gerði, Fagrsk. 11.

β. with adv., skal erkibiskup haga svá, at hann hafi lög, N.G.L. i. 145; hvernig skulum vér þá til haga, Fms. vi. 201;.

γ. to conduct oneself, behave; þér hagit yðr verr en annarr lýðr, Stj. 430; ef vegandi hefir sér til óhelgi hagat, Grág. ii. 106; ef hann hagar annan veg (does otherwise), ok verðr hann útlagr um þrem mörkum, K.Þ.K. 84.

δ. with prep. til, to contrive; svarði hann eiða, at hann skyldi svá til haga, at …, Edda 26; bað Þórir svá til haga, at Egill sé ekki langvistum í mínu ríki, Eg. 237; hagaðu svá til, at þú vitir víst at Hrærekr komi aldregi síðan lífs til Noregs, Ó.H. 75; haga svá (til) sem Jökull vildi, Fs. 10.

2. absol., haga e-m, to turn out so and so for one; en þetta sama hagaði honum til mikils háska, but this turned out to his great peril, Fms. viii. 17; þat hagar okkr til auðar, it falls luckily for us, Gísl. (in a verse); ok hagar þá siðleysi eigi vel fyrir manni, Sks. 280; oss þætti sem þér sé lítt til gamans hagat, Fas. ii. 225; ok hefir vætr meir til úyndis hagat, en þá, i.e. it was a sore calamity, Bs. i. 79; er sálinni hagar til mikils háska, which is fraught with much peril to the soul, Al. 163; þat hagaði Ólafi til mikils harms, Fms. x. 239; í þeim eyri sem okkr bezt hagaði, in the money which suited us best. D.N.; vil ek gefa þér skip þetta með þeim farmi, sem ek veit vel hagar til Íslands, with a cargo which I know is suitable for Iceland, Fms. vi. 305; en mér er eigi um at finna hann, þannig sem til hagat er, as matters stand, Orkn. 428.

II. reflex. (rare), en það hagask svá til (it so happened) at þeir gengu út fjórir, Sturl. i. 129 (where Bs. i. 434, berr svá til, at …).

III. part., at höguðu, meet, fitting; eigi skiptir þá at höguðu til, ef …, ’tis not fitting, if …, Fms. ii. 61; cp. at högum, Fs. 99, l.c., and 79 (bottom):—

van-haga, impers. to lack, want.

Hagall, m. a mythical pr. name:

the name of the Rune h, whence

Hagals-ætt, f. the second part of the Runic alphabet, vide introd. p. 227.

hagan, högun, f. management;

til-högun, arrangement.

haganligr,† adj. fit, meet, comfortable, (mod.)

Hag-barðr, m. name of a Danish mythical hero, ‘with the fine beard,’ Saxo, Grett. (in a verse): a name of Odin (cp. Hárbarðr, Síð-grani, Síð-skeggr), Edda.

hag-beit, f. pasturage, Jm. 26.

hag-faldin, part. hooded with hedges, poët. of the earth, Fms. vi. 140.

hag-fastr, adj. of cattle, grazing constantly, Rb.

hag-fátt, n. adj. short of grazing, Fms. vi. 103.

hag-feldr, adj. fit, meet, suited for; ek mun þér h., því at ek em verkmaðr góðr, en þú ert iðju-maðr sjálfr, Njarð. 366; h. eyrendi, a meet errand, Ísl. ii. 458; allir hlutir hagfeldir ok farsælligir, Ó.H. 195.

hag-fella, u, f. a field,

hagfellu-garðr, m. a field fence, Gþl. 381.

hag-fræði, f. agricultural statistics, (mod.)

HAGGA, að, to put out of order, derange, with dat.; e-t stendr ó-haggað, to remain unmoved: reflex. to be put out of joint.

hag-genginn, part. grass-fed, fattened in the pastures, of cattle, Stj. 560. 1 Kings iv. 23.

HAGI, a, m. [A.S. haga = a fence; Dan. have = a garden; Swed. hage; North. E. hag; Engl. hedge; cp. Old Engl. hay, Hayes as local names; the word still remains as an appellative in haw-thorn = hedge-thorn; haw-haw = a sunk fence]:

—a pasture, prop. a ‘hedged field,’ Grág. ii. 227, Nj. 33, Fms. vii. 54, Ísl. ii. 330, Karl. 133; var hestum hagi fenginn, the horses were put out to grass, Fb. ii. 340; fjár-hagi, sauð-hagi, sheep pasture; fjall-hagar, fell pastures; heima-hagar, home pastures; út-hagi, out pasture (far from the farm); Icel. distinguish between tún and engjar for haymaking, and hagar for grazing.

compds:

haga-beit, f. grazing, Eg. 718, Grág. ii. 224.

haga-ganga, u, f. grazing.

haga-garðr, m. a field fence, Pm. 88, Eb. 132, Fs. 47:

Hagi is freq. the name of a farm, Landn.

Haga-land, n. the estate of the farm Hagi, Sturl. ii. 171.

haga-spakr, adj. = hagfastr.

hagi, a, m. [hagr], only in compds,

þjóð-hagi, a great artist.

hagindi, n. pl. comfort, advantage, B.K. 110, H.E. ii. 165; vide hægindi.

hag-jörð, f. pasture land, Stj. 168, Sd. 167.

hag-keypi, n. a good bargain, Fb. ii. 75, iii. 450.

hag-kvæmr (hag-kvæmiligr), adj. meet, useful.

HAGL, n. [A.S. hagal; Engl. hail; Gerrn. hagel; Dan. hagel; Swed. hagel]:

—hail, Fms. i. 175, Nj. 232, Ann. 1275, Glúm. 342, Bs. i. 698, passim.

compds:

hagl-dropi, a, m. a hail-stone, Stj. 274.

hagl-hríð, f. a hail-storm, Stj. 274, 275, Fms. iii. 180.

hagl-korn, n. a hail-stone, Fms. i. 175, xi. 142.

hagl-steinn, m. a hail-stone, Ann. 1275.

hagl-vindr, m. a hail-storm, Prov. 454.

II. in plur. grapes, (mod.)

hagla, að, to hail.

hag-laust (hag-leysa, u, f.), n. adj. barren, without grass.

hag-leikr (hag-leiki), m. skill in handicraft, Bs. i. 138, 681, Sks. 443, 633, Stj. 519, Al. 93, Barl. 167, Fb. ii. 296, passim.

hagleiks-görð, f. fine workmanship, Bs. i. 681.

hagleiks-maðr, m. a handicrafts-man, an artist, Fas. ii. 463, Barl. 167.

hag-lendi, n. [hagi], pasture land.

hag-liga, adv. skilfully, handily, Fms. vi. 217: conveniently, suitably, meetly, v. 43, Sl. 72, Þkv. 16, 19 (neatly).

hag-ligr, adj. fine, handy, skilful, Mar.: fit, meet, proper, convenient, h. ráð, Fms. vii. (in a verse), K.Þ.K. 100; furðu h. geit, a very proper goat, Edda 24;

ú-hagligr, troublesome, Bs. ii. 115.

hag-mýrr, f. [hagi], a pasture marsh, Sd. 167.

hag-mæltr, part. well-spoken, Fms. iv. 374: a kind of metre, Edda 138: in mod. usage only of one who has skill in verse-making, hann er lagmæltr, a happy verse-maker, but not yet a skáld, poet.

hagna, að, e-m hagnar, to be meet for one; hvárum ykkrum hefir betr hagnað, which of you has had the best luck? Fms. v. 193, xi. 212 (in a verse).

hagnaðr, m. advantage, Hkr. ii. 85.

hag-nýta, tt, to make use of, Rb. 42, D.N., freq. in mod. usage.

hag-orðr, adj. well-spoken, Fms. iii. 152.

HAGR, adj. handy, skilful, opp. to bagr, q.v.; hagr á tré, Bs. ii. 146; hagr á járn, Gísl. 18; hagr maðr á tré ok járn, Eg. 4, Ölk. 34; hann var hagr maðr, Ísl. ii. 325; hann húsar upp bæinn, því at hann var allra manna hagastr, 171; því at þú ert umsýslu-maðr mikill ok hagr vel, Fms. i. 290; Hreiðarr bað Eyvind fá sér silfr nokkut og gull, Eyvindr spurði ef hann væri hagr, vi. 214; þann mann er hagastr var á öllu Íslandi á tré, Bs. i. 132; hann valdi þann mann til kirkju-görðar, er þá þótti einn hverr hagastr vera, sá hét Þóroddr Gamlason, 163, 235; Völundr var hagastr maðr svá at menn viti í fornum sögum, Sæm. 89: of a lady, hón var svá hög (so handy at needlework) at fár konur vóru jafnhagar henni, Nj. 147; hón var væn kona ok hög á hendr, Ísl. ii. 4; Margrét hin haga, Bs. i. 143: of dwarfs, hagir dvergar, Hdl. 7; whence

dverg-hagr, skilful as a dwarf.

2. = hagligr, of work; sem ek hagast kunna, as handily as I could, Vkv. 17:

skurð-hagr, skilled in carving;

orð-hagr = hagorðr;

þjóð-hagr, a great artist.

HAGR, m., gen. hags, pl. hagir, [as to the root vide haga, cp. also the preceding word]:

—state, condition; honum þótti þá komit hag manna í únýtt efni, Jb. 12; hefi ek sagt þér allt er yfir minn hag hefir gengit, Mar., Hom. 126, 155; at njósna hvat um hag Ástríðar mundi vera, Fms. i. 68; annan vetr eptir var Halldóra með barni, og lauksk seint um hag hennar, and she got on slowly, of a woman in labour, Sturl. i. 199; hann sagði með undrum hans hag fram flytjask, he said that his affairs went on in a strange way, Fb. i. 380; en nú tekr hagr minn at úhægjask, Þorf. Karl. 370.

β. in plur. affairs; hversu komtu hér, eðr hvat er nú um hagi þína? Fms. i. 79; hversu hann skyldi nú með fara eðr breyta högum sínum, Nj. 215; var þat brátt auðséð á hennar högum (doings), at hón mundi vera vitr, Ld. 22; ef þér segit nokkrum frá um hagi vára Rúts, Nj. 7;

lands-hagir, public affairs.

II. metaph. means; ef hann hefir eigi hag til at færa þau fram, Grág. i. 232; hann skal færa þeim manni er nánastr er, þeirra manna er hag á til viðtökunnar, 248; en ef erfingi hefir eigi hag til framfærslu, 250; ef maðr týnir svá fé sínu, at hann á eigi hag at gjalda alla landaura, ii. 410;

ráða-hagr, a match;

fjár-hagr, money affairs.

2. advantage, favour, gain; svo eru hyggindi sem í hag koma, a saying; bera kvið í hag e-m, to pronounce for one, Grág. i. 176; hallat hefi ek víst, segir konungr, ok þó í hag þér, Fms. ii. 272; greiddisk eigi byrrinn mjök í hag þeim, Fb. iii. 446; hrolldi hvatvetna þat er til hags skyldi, Am. 95;

ó-hagr, disadvantage.

3. adverbial phrase, at högum, suitably; eigi skiptir þat högum til, ’tis not meet, ’tis a shame, unfair, Fs. 79; eigi hefir hér at högum verit til skipt, 99; Kormakr kvað eigi at högum til skipta, ef hann sparir eigi við þik sverðit, en hann sparir við oss, Korm. 80; the mod. phrase, fara sínum högum ok munum, to do at one’s leisure, as one is pleased. hags-munir, m. pl. profit; at hann gerði hinum hagsmuni, fimm aura eðr meira fjár, í kaupinu, Grág. ii. 241 (freq. in mod. usage).

hag-ráð, n. an opportunity, O.H.L. 33.

hag-ráðr, adj. giving wise counsel, Nj. 2.

hag-ræða, dd, to put right, put in order, with dat., Fas. iii. 10.

hag-ræði, n. comfort, Hom. 19: service, Band. 4; en föður sínum görði hann aldri hagræði, 6; leggja til hagræðis með e-m, to do service to one, Bs. ii. 179.

hag-ræðr, adj. = hagráðr, N.G.L. ii.

hag-skeytr, adj. a good shot, Edda (Ub.) 270.

hag-skipti, n. fairness, a fair bargain, Þórð. 21.

hag-smiðliga, adv. handily, Jb. 218.

hag-smiðr, m. an artist, adept, Edda 96 (in a verse).

hag-spakligr, adj. (hag-liga, adv.), practically wise, Sks. 627.

hag-spakr, adj. sensible, practical, Ver. 17.

hag-speki, f. forethought, good sense, Fas. iii. 7, Sks. 50.

hag-stæðr, adj. fair, favourable, of wind and weather; h. byrr, a fair wind, Eb. 332; veðr hagstætt, Eg. 390; stór veðr ok hagstæð, Fms. ii. 64, Þorf. Karl. 372.

hag-sýni,† n. a practised eye, (mod.)

hag-sæld,† f. wealth, well-being, (mod.)

hag-tækr,† adj. practical, Fb. i. 433.

hag-virki, n. master-work, Ísl. ii. 253 (in a verse), Od. xix. 227 (δαίδαλον).

hag-virk-liga, adv. in a workmanlike manner, to the purpose, Grág. ii. 338.

hag-virkr, adj. workmanlike.

hag-þorn, m. [hagi], the hawthorn, ‘hedge-thorn,’ Edda (Gl.), Stj. 395.

hai, interj. alas! Stj. 649, the rendering of heu heu! in the Vulgate, cp. ái, Sæm. 118.

hak, n. a little hook, such as the barb of a hook.

HAKA, u, f. [Swed. haka; Dan. hage], the chin, Eg. 305; skeggit við hökuna, 564; höku ok kjálka, Fms. ii. 59, xi. 139, N.G.L. i. 339, Edda;

undir-haka, a double chin.

compds:

höku-bein, n. the chin bone, Sd. 169.

höku-langr, adj. having a long chin, Bárð. 165.

höku-mikill, adj. having a large chin, Sd. 147.

höku-skarð, n. a cleft in the chin.

höku-skegg, n. the beard on the chin, Fas. ii. 434, Hkr. ii. 176.

haki, a, m. [Dan. hage; Swed. hake; Germ. haken; Engl. hook], a hook, (rare):

a mythical pr. name, Edda, Fas.

hakka, að, to devour, eat ravenously, as a beast, (cant word.)

hak-langr, adj. = hökulangr, a nickname, Hkr. i.

hala,† að, to haul, Mar. 1054 (Dan. hale).

HALD, n. (vide halda), hold:

1. a hold, fastening; nýtr bóndi afls ok kippir vaðnum, þvíat hann hugði haldit annan veg eigi bila, Fms. xi. 442.

2. a law phrase, withholding; gagna-hald, Grág. ii. 273; þá á hann kost hvárt er hann vill at hætta til haldsins eðr eigi, … en ef hón er login, þá verðr eigi rétt haldit, i. 312; stefna um tíundar hald, ok telja hinn sekjan um, K.Þ.K. 46.

II. upholding, maintenance:

1. reparation; fyrir hald á kirkju, Vm. 12; segja til halds kirkjunni (to defray the repairs of the kirk) þann jarðar-teig, Dipl. iii. 12.

2. a law term, possession; sögðum vér með fullum laga-órskurði Guðmundi til halds sagða jörð, Dipl. iii. 5; hafa vald eðr hald e-s hlutar, Bs. i. 720; hón á tveggja króka hald í vatnið, she (the church) has the hold (right) of two hooks in the lake, Pm. 41.

β. þessum fénaði beit ok hald (bite and occupation) fyrir sunnan á, Dipl. v. 10.

3. support, backing; við tókum okkr hald þar er Guð var, Hom. 154; hann hefir nú hald mikit af konungi, he has much support from the king, Eg. 336: so in the phrase, hald ok traust, help and support in need; hón hafði þenna mann sent honum til halds ok trausts, Ld. 46: and in the phrases, koma e-m at haldi or í hald, to prove true to one, be of use, help to one; ok má hann enn vel koma þér at haldi, Ísl. ii. 329; ílla koma honum góðir frændr í hald, Fms. x. 413, Greg. 22; eigi veit ek mér verr í hald koma úknáleik minn en þér afl þitt, Fms. vi. 203, Fs. 182; kemr oss þat lið ekki at haldi, Fms. viii. 214, xi. 31; þvíat vér höfum ærit mart (lið) ef oss kæmi þat vel at haldi, Nj. 192; hér kemr ílla í hald, this comes ill to help, is a great shame, Lv. 95.

4. custody; Ólafr konungr tók þá við haldi Hæreks konungs, Ó.H. 73; hafa e-n í haldi, to keep one in custody, freq.: hence

varð-hald, custody.

5. entertainment; fór hann til hirðar jarls ok var með honum í góðu haldi, Bjarn. 5; hann var þar um vetrinn ok í því hærra haldi af húsfreyju sem hann var lengr, Fms. vii. 112.

6. a course, a naut. term; ef stýrimenn vilja báðir fara, ok skilr þá um hald, Grág. ii. 398: hence

áfram-hald, going on;

aptr-hald, return.

7. holding, meaning, suggestion; það er hald manna, freq. in mod. usage, but no reference to old writers has been found.

8. keeping, tending, of cattle; góð höld á skepnum, goð skepnu-höld, freq.

III. a holding, keeping, observance, of a feast, holiday; allra heilagra manna hald, Ver. 53; þótt et meira hald sé á dægrinu, although it be a holiday of first degree, Grág. ii. 360; var þá þegar tekinn í mikit hald hans lífláts-dagr, Fms. xi. 309; í borg þessi var Þórs-hof í miklu haldi, in high worship, Al. 19: hence hátíða-hald, keeping high holidays; Jóla-hald, Fms. i. 32; Drottins-daga-hald, Nj. 165; af-hald, upp-á-hald, esteem, ‘uphold;’ ártíða hald, B.K. 25; níu lestra-höld, reading the nine legends, Vm. 51, 64.

IV. in plur., höld, handles; klukka lítil af höldin, Vm. 42;

handar-hald, a handle;

cp. also haf-ald:

á-höld, utensils.

halds-maðr, m. a keeper, guardian, Gþl. 258, 501, Js. 121.

HALDA, pret. hélt (= Goth. haihald), 2nd pérs. hélt, mod. hélzt, pl. héldum; pres. held, pl. höldum; pret. subj. héldi; part. haldinn; imperat. hald and haltú: [Ulf. haldan = βόσκειν, ποιμαίνειν, whereas he renders to keep, hold by other words; Hel. haldan = alere, fovere, colere, which thus seems to be the primitive sense of the word, and to be akin to Lat. cŏlo; again, A.S. healdan, Engl. hold, O.H.G. haltan, Germ. halten, Swed. hålla, halda, Dan. holde, are all of them used in a more general sense]:

—to hold.

A. WITH DAT. to hold to:

I. to hold fast by; with the notion of restraint or force, tók Gizurr förunaut Ögmundar ok hélt honum, Sturl. i. 150; Gunnarr var kyrr svá at honum hélt einn maðr, Nj. 92; ef maðr heldr manni …, varðar fjörbaugs-garð, Grág. ii. 110; h. e-m undir drep, 17; h. skipum (to grapple the ships) með stafnljám, Fms. ii. 315: to keep back, Hrafn fékk eigi haldit henni heima þar, Ísl. ii. 249; ok halda þeim veðr í enni sömu höfn, Grág. i. 92; h. (sér) í e-t, to hold oneself fast by, grasp, þú skalt h. í hurðar-hringinn, Dropl. 29; heldr sér í faxit, Sd. 177.

β. so in the phrases, halda barni (manni) undir skírn, vatn, primsignan, biskups hönd, eccl. to hold a bairn (man) at baptism, prima signatio, confirmation, Grág. i. 29; h. vatni (tárum), to hold one’s tears, 623. 56, Fms. viii. 232, vi. (in a verse); halda munni, to hold one’s tongue, be silent, vii. 227; halda tungu sinni, Þórð.

2. to withhold; þá megu þeir h. tíundum hans í móti, K.Þ.K. 62; h. vætti, Grág. i. 42; h. gögnum, 56; ef goði heldr tylftar-kvið, er hann heldr kviðnum, 58; halda matinum fyrir honum, 47; h. sköttum fyrir e-m, Nj. 8; h. skógar-manni fyrir e-m, Finnb. 334; um þat er hann hefir konunni haldit, Grág. i. 313; héldu bændr gjaldinu, Fms. vii. 302; hélt ek því (i.e. the money) fyrir honum, i.e. paid it not, Ísl. ii. 244.

II. to hold, of a rope or the like; sá maðr hugði h. mundu er festi, … ok h. mundu í slíku veðri, Grág. ii. 361; reip þau tíu er tveggja manna afli haldi hvert, id.; skal hann svá göra at haldi fyrir fyrnsku, 268.

β. to hold, hold out, last; optast halda þar íllviðri litla hríð, Sks. 212; sunnudags-helgi ríss upp á laugardegi, ok heldr (lasts) til mánadags, N.G.L. i. 138.

III. to keep, retain, Germ. behalten; fá-ein skip héldu seglum sinum, Fms. x. 143; þú skalt jafnan þessu sæti h., Nj. 6; h. bústað sínum, Ld. 26; h. ríki sínu, Al. 58, Fms. i. 13; h. öllum Noregi, viii. 155; h. frelsi ok eignum, vi. 40; h. hlut sínum, to uphold one’s right, Eg. passim; halt sömum vinum sem ek hefi haft, Fas. i. 375; h. hreinleik sínum, Al. 58.

β. to hold, keep safe, preserve; h. hlut sínum, Ld. 54; h. heilsu, Grág. i. 145; h. virðingu sinni, Ld. 16; þá heldr hann kosti sínum, Grág. ii. 209; h. tíma (honour) sínum, Al. 59; h. lífi ok limum, Eg. 89; h. lífinu, Nj. 111; h. trúnaði sínum, 109; vináttu sinni, Ld. 200; einorð sinni, Fb. ii. 265; h. sér réttum, to keep oneself right, Ld. 158; h. e-m heilum, Odd. 30; h. ríki fyrir e-m, Fms. v. 279; h. manna-forræði fyrir e-m, Hrafn. 19; h. réttu máli fyrir e-m, Fms. vii. 64.

2. to continue to keep, keep all along; h. teknum hætti, Fms. iv. 254; h. vöku, to keep oneself awake, Ld. 152; but h. vöku fyrir e-m, to keep another awake; halda sýslu sinni, Fs. 36; h. högum, to keep grazing, Eb. 104, Ld. 148.

3. to hold, keep one’s stock; ellipt., vetr var íllr ok héldu menn ílla, the winter was cold and it was ill to keep live stock, Sturl. ii. 143, (cp. fjár-höld); hann hélt vel svá at nær lifði hvat-vetna, Hrafn. 22: metaph., ílla hefir þinn faðir þá haldit, Fms. xi. 144; öld hefir ílla haldit, the people have had a sad loss, vi. (in a verse); h. fangi, and also ellipt. halda, of sheep and cattle, opp. to ‘to go back.’

4. phrases, halda njósnum, to keep watch, to spy, Fms. viii. 146, Nj. 113; hann hélt njósnum til Önundar, Landn. 287; hélt konungr njósnum til, ef …, Fms. vii. 128; hann skyldi h. njósnum til ok gera orð konungi, i. 54; h. njósnum til um e-t, iv. 119, Nj. 93; halda njósn (sing.) um skip þat, Eg. 74; þér haldit njósnum nær færi gefr á Arnkatli, Eb. 186; hann lét h. njósnum uppi á landi, Fms. vii. 316; hann hélt fréttum til, ef …, iv. 349.

β. halda (hendi) fyrir auga, to hold (the hand) before the eyes, shade the eyes, Nj. 132, Fms. v. 196; h. fyrir munn e-m, to hold (the hand) over one’s mouth; h. hendi yfir e-m, to hold the hand over one, protect one, Nj. 266, Fbr. 22, Korm.; h. hendi um háls e-m, to clasp the hands around one’s neck, Fms. i. 9; h. skildi fyrir e-n, to hold the shield for one as a second in a duel, Ísl. ii. 257, passim; h. e-m til náms, to hold one to the book, make one study, K.Þ.K. 56; h. e-m til virðingar, Ld. 98.

IV. ellipt. (liði, skipi, för, stefnu, etc. understood), to hold, stand in a certain direction, esp. as a naut. term; þeir héldu aptr (stood back again) um haustið, Eg. 69; treystisk hann eigi á haf at halda, Eb. 6; héldu þeir vestr um haf, id.; stigu þeir á skip sín, ok héldu út (stood out) eptir firði, Fms. i. 63; þeir héldu þat sama sumar til Íslands, Ld. 6; hann hélt upp eptir hinni eystri kvísl, Fms. vii. 55; h. heim, to hold one’s course, stand homewards, Odd. 30; h. á braut, Grág. i. 92; Hrútr hélt suðr til Eyrar-sunds, Nj. 8; h. eptir e-m, to pursue one, 7; h. undan, to fly, Fms. x. 396, Nj. 98 (on land); kom móti þeim sunnan-veðr með myrkri, ok urðu þeir fyrir at h., to lay one’s course for the wind, A.A. 271; h. útleið, to stand on the outer tack, Eg. 78; h. til, to turn against, attack (on sea), Fms. xi. 72; hélt hann liði sínu suðr á Mæri, i. 62; þeir héldu liði sínu norðr til Þrándheims, id.; Haraldr konungr hélt norðan liði sínu, Eg. 32; héldu þeir skipi því suðr með landi, 69; skipi því lét hann halda vestr til Englands, id.; Unnr hélt skipinu í Orkneyjar, eptir þat hélt Unnr skipi sínu til Færeyja, Ld. 8.

β. to graze, put in the field, of sheep, cattle; þykkir mér þat miklu skipta at þeim sé vel til haga haldit, Eg. 714; hvert Steinarr hafði látið nautum sínum halda, 715; ok bað hann h. nautunum annan veg, 716.

γ. phrases, halda kyrru fyrir, to hold still, remain quiet, Ld. 216, Þórð. 30 new Ed., Nj. 223, 258; Hallr heldr nú til fangs (went fishing) sem áðr, Ld. 38.

V. with prep.; halda á e-u, to hold, wield in the hand, freq. in mod. usage, h. á bók, penna, fjöðr, hníf, skærum, nál, etc.; hafði hverr þat er hélt á, Nj. 279; h. á sverði, Fb. i. 33; hann tók við öxinni ok hélt (viz. á), ok sá á, Eg. 180: to hold fast, heldr nú maðr á manni, Fas. i. 12; eigi máttu helvítis byrgi h. á honum, 656 C. 6; ef hann heldr á fénu (withholds it), Grág. i. 427.

β. [Germ. anhalten], to hold to a thing, go on with, be busy about; h. á sýslu, to be busy, Rm. 14; h. á keri, qs. halda á drykkju, to go on drinking, carousing, Hm. 18: h. á hinni sömu bæn, Stj. 417; h. á fyrirsátrum við e-n, Þórð. 51 new Ed.; h. á búnaði sínum, Ld. 164; hélt hann þá á búnaði sínum sem skjótligast, Fms. ix. 215, x. 119, Sturl. ii. 245; þogar á bak Jólum hélt Ólafr konungr á búningi, Fms. v. 41; hann heldr nú á málinu, Nj. 259; nú heldr Þórðr á málinu ok verðr Oddný honum gipt, Bjarn. 11, Konr. (Fr.); h. á tilkalli, Fms. i. 84; h. á þessum sið, xi. 41; h. á för, to go on with one’s journey, Sighvat; gengu síðan brott ok héldu á ferð sinni, and went on their journey, Sturl.;—whence the mod. phrase, halda áfram, to go on, which seems not to occur in old writers.

2. halda e-u fram, to hold up, make much of; bróðir minn mun mér mjök hafa fram haldit fyrir ástar sakir, Nj. 3.

β. to hold on doing, (hence fram-hald, continuation); halda fram upp-teknu efni, Fms. i. 263; slíku hélt hann fram meðan hann lifði, iv. 254; hélt hann (fram) teknum hætti um veizlurnar, id., Grett. 14.

3. halda saman, to hold together, Eluc. 6, Fms. vii. 140, Rb. 340.

4. halda e-u upp, to hold aloft, Yngvarr hélt upp vísu þeirri, Eg. 152; steinninn heldr upp annarr öðrum, Rb. 390; h. upp árum, to hold up the oars, cease pulling, Fas. ii. 517, N.G.L. i. 65.

β. to uphold, maintain, support; halda upp hofi, Landn. 64, Eb. 24; h. upp hofum ok efla blót, Fms. i. 91; h. upp kirkju, K.Þ.K. 52; h. upp Kristninni, Fms. i. 32: to keep going, h. upp bardaga, orrostu, xi. 66, 188, 340.

γ. to discharge; h. upp féráns-dómi, Grág. i. 120; h. upp lögskilum, 145; h. upp svörum, Ó.H. 174; h. upp kostnaði, Eg. 77; h. upp gjaldi, Grág. i. 384; gjöldum, Fms. i. 81; h. upp bót, Grág. ii. 182; bótum, Eb. 100, 162, N.G.L. i. 311; ef hann heldr upp yfirbót (penance) þeirri, Hom. 70; h. upp bænum fyrir e-m, to pray for one, Fms. xi. 271; hélt hann því vel upp sem vera átti, discharged it well, x. 93.

δ. halda sér vel upp, to hold oneself well up, Sturl.

ε. metaph., skal-at hann lögvillr verða, svá at honum haldi þat uppi (i.e. went unpunished), Grág. i. 316; ok heldr honum þat uppi (that will save him), ef hann er rétt-hafi at orðinn, ii. 242.

5. halda e-u við, to maintain a thing, Hkr. i. 195.

VI. impers.,

1. to continue, last; hélt því nokkura stund dags, Fms. x. 125: hélt því lengi um vetrinn, Ld. 288; regni hélt haustnótt gegnum, Fms. vi. 83.

2. with prep. við, to be on the brink of; hélt þá við atgöngu, they were within a hair’s breadth of coming to fight, Hkr. i. 143; hélt þá við vandræði, Fms. ix. 434; heldr við bardaga, vi. 8; heldr nú við hót, it is little short of a threat, i. 305; hélt við blót, x. 106; ok hélt við flótta, i. 174; hélt við meiðingar, Nj. 21, Sd. 143; henni hélt við, at hón mundi drepa hana, Nj. 118; þeim hélt við váða sjálfan, Ó.H. 168; konungi hélt við, hvárt hann mundi standask eðr eigi, Mag. 100; honum hélt við kafnan, Bs. i. 18; hélt þó við at þeir mundi berjask, Fs. 53.

B. WITH ACC. to hold:

I. to hold in possession, a fief, land, estate, office, or the like; þeir héldu alla hina beztu staði með sjónum, Fms. xi. 131; þeir er áðr höfðu haldit land af Dana-konungi, i. 232; Eirekr skyldi h. land af Aðalsteini konungi, 23; Vemundr hélt Firða-fylki, Eg. 12; hélt hann þat ríki undir Knút konungi, Ísl. ii. 242; í þeirri borg héldu þeir langfeðgar fimmtán konungdóma, Ver. 37; h. land sem leigu-land, Grág. ii. 278; konungrinn heldr af Guði nafnit, Sks. 599 B; prestar er kirkjur halda, H.E. i. 486; sá prestr er heldr Pétrs-kirkju, N.G.L. i. 312; presta þeirra er kirkju halda, 346; skal sá maðr ráða er kirkju heldr, K.Þ.K. 60; Ólafs kirkju þá er Væringjar halda (the parish church of W.), Hkr. iii. 408.

2. halda ábyrgju, ábyrgð á e-n, to have the responsibility of a thing, Grág. ii. 399, K.Þ.K. 66; h. grip, to be in the possession of, Grág. i. 438, ii. 190; h. skóla, to keep a school, Mar.; h. fylgð, to perform, Fms. ix. 279; eiga vandræði at h., to be in a strait, difficulty, Eb. 108.

II. to hold, keep, observe, a feast, holiday, or the like; halda kirkju-dag, K.Þ.K. 42; í hvers minning heldr þú þenna dag? Nj. 157; h. helgan þvátt-dag hvern, Pr. 437; h. helga daga, Sl.; h. Jóla-dag, Páska, Hvíta-sunnu, Rb. 134; minnstú að h. helgan hvíldar-daginn Drottins Guðs þíns (the Fourth Commandment in the Icel. version); h. heilagt, to keep holiday, Dipl. ii. 14; í dag þá hátíð höldum vér til himna sté vor Herra, Hólabók 54; er Júdar héldu hátíðligt, Stj. 110; (hence forn-haldinn, time-honoured): of the day-marks (vide dagr, p. 95), er þaðan haldinn miðr-morgin, Hrafn. 9.

2. to keep; halda orð sín, to keep one’s word, Fms. x. 95; höldum öll einka-mál vár, vii. 305; h. sættir, Nj. 57; gerðú svá vel, félagi, at þú halt vel sætt þessa, 111, Sturl. iii. 153, Fs. 65, Gullþ. 20; hann kvaðsk vilja hafa svardaga af þeim ok festu, at halda, Nj. 164; h. eið, Sturl. iii. 153; h. frið, to keep peace, Greg. 7; ef þú vilt nokkura hluti eigi h. þá er ek hefi á lagt við þik, Eg. 738: to observe faith, law, rite, etc., halda átrúnað, Fms. i. 34, x. 277; h. Guðs lög ok landsins, vii. 305; h. lands lög, viii. 155; h. ein lög, 625. 52; hafa ok halda þau lög, Fms. i. 34; h. Kristilega trú, K.Á. 74; h. mál (orð) e-s, Greg. 17; h. alla hluti með athugasamlegu minni, Sks. 439.

3. to keep, tend; halda geitr, Hkv. 2. 20 (exactly as in Gothic).

III. to uphold, maintain, support; þykkir mér þér sé nú ísjár-vert, hvárt þú munt fá haldit þik eðr eigi, Nj. 155; munu vér þó ekki einhlitir at h. oss eptir þessi verk, Háv. 50; at hón mætti með valdi h. sik ok menn sína, Fas. i. 375; þat væri nokkurr várkunn, at þú héldir frænda þinn eðr fóstbróður, en þetta er alls engi (at) halda útlaga konungs, Ó.H. 145; enda ætla ek lítinn viljann til at h. vini þína, Fms. vii. 244; því at Eysteinn konungr kenndi Inga konungi, at hann héldi þá menn, 248; ef þú heldr hann (upholdest him) til þess at ganga á vini mína, Eg. 339; viljum vér allir fylgja þér ok þik til konungs halda, Fms. i. 34; Stephanus skyldi h. hann til laga ok réttinda, Sks. 653; h. e-n til ríkis, Fb. i. 236; vinsæld föður hans hélt hann mest til alþýðu vináttu, Fms. vii. 175; þeir sem upp h. (sustain) þenna líkama, Anecd. 4.

β. phrases, halda e-m kost, borð, to keep at board, entertain, Fms. ix. 220, x. 105, 146, Nj. 6; or, halda e-n at klæðum ok drykk, Ó.H. 69; h. stríð, bellum gerere (not class.), Fms. x. 51; h. úfrið, Fas. ii. 539.

2. halda sik, to comfort oneself, Sks. 281, Hom. 29; kunna sik með hófi at h., Sturl. iii. 108; h. sik ríkmannliga, to fare sumptuously, Ld. 234; hann hélt betr húskarla sína en aðrir, Fms. vii. 242; h. mjök til skarts, to dress fine, Ld. 196; þar var Hrefna ok hélt allmjök til skarts, id.; hann var hægr hvers-dagliga, ok hélt mjök til gleði, Sturl. iii. 123; hélt hann hér mjök til vinsælda ok virðinga, he enjoyed much popularity and fame, Ld. 298.

β. ellipt. (sik understood), at h. til jafns við e-n, to bear up against one, to be a match for one, Ld. 40; ef þér hefir eigi til þess hug eðr afl at h. til jafns við e-n húskarl Þorsteins, Eg. 714; h. til fullnaðar, to stand on one’s full rights; ef þær taka eigi fullrétti, eðr h. eigi til fullnaðar, Grág. ii. 109; h. fullara, to hold one above other men, Ó.H. (in a verse); lét konungr þá h. mjök til (make great preparations) at syngja messu hátíðliga, Hkr. i. 287.

3. to hold forth, put forward; at þeim inyiidi þungbýlt vera í nánd honum, ef þeir héldi nokkurn annan fyrir betra mann en hann, Ld. 26; síðan hélt konungr Erling fyrir tryggvan mann, Fms. ix. 399.

β. to hold, deem, be of opinion; the old writers seem not to use the word exactly in this sense, but near to it come such phrases as, hón hélt engan hans jafningja innan hirðar hvárki í orðum né öðrum hlutum, i.e. she held him to be above all men, Ld. 60; halda menn hann fyrir konung, Fb. i. 216; still closer, halda menn at Oddný sé nú betr gipt, Bjarn. 12 (but only preserved in a paper MS.): this sense is very freq. in mod. usage, to hold, mean, eg held það; eg held ekki, I think not; (hence hald, opinion.)

γ. phrases, halda mikit upp á e-n, to hold one in much esteem, love, Stj. 33; halda af e-m, id., Fas. i. 458, ii. 63, 200, iii. 520, esp. freq. in mod. usage, (upp-á-hald, af-hald, esteem.)

4. to hold on, keep up; halda varnir, to keep up a defence, Sks. 583; halda vörð, to keep watch, Eg. 120, Grág. i. 32, 264; halda njósn, Eg. 72, 74, Fms. xi. 46; halda tal af e-m, to speak, communicate with one, ii. 88.

5. to hold, be valid, be in force, a law term; á sú sekt öll at halda, Grág. i. 89; á þat at h. allt er þeir urðu á sáttir, 86; enda á þat at h. með þeim síðan, ii. 336.

IV. to hold, compel, bind (with the notion of obligation or duty); heldr mik þá ekki til utan-ferðar, Nj. 112; þó heldr þik várkunn til at leita á, i.e. thou art excused, thou hast some excuse in trying, 21; var auðsætt hvat til hélt um sættir, Bjarn. 70; þik heldr eigi hér svá mart, at þú megir eigi vel bægja héraðs-vist þinni, Eb. 252; þar mælir þú þar, er þik heldr várkunn til at mæla, Nj. 227; ek mun vera vinr hans, ok alla þá, er at mínum orðum láta, halda til vináttu við hann, i.e. I will be his friend, and all those who lend ear to my words I will hold to friendship with him, Eg. 18.

2. halda sik frá e-u, to keep oneself from, to refrain from a thing, Sks. 276 B; h. sik frá munaðlífi, Post. 656 A. ii. 16, Hom. 53, 135; h. sik aptr af e-u, to abstain from, Hkr. i. 512.

V. absol. to be the cause of, be conducive to a thing; heldr þar margt til þess, there are many reasons for this, Nj. 192; vildim vér vita hvat til heldr, Fms. vii. 106; en hann vissi eigi hvat til hafði haldit, er hann kom eigi, xi. 11; margir hlutir héldu til þess, Eg. 38; þat hélt til þess, at …, Al. 94; hélt til þess (conduced to it) góðgirnd hans, stórmennska ok vitsmunir, Fs. 29; hefir þat mjök til haldit, er ek hefi svá lengi dvalizt, at ek ætlaða, Ld. 32; hann lét bæði til h. vingan ok mágsemd, Fs. 24; heldr þat mest til at þá var komit útfall sjávar, Ld. 56; hélt þat mest til þess, at hann gafsk bezt í öllum mannraunum, 60; þat eitt hélt til, at þeir fóru eigi málum á hendr Þórði, at þeir höfðu eigi styrk til, 138.

VI. to hold, comprise; sólar-öld heldr tuttugu ok átta ár, Rb. 510; h. skor (of weight), Grág. i. 500.

☞ In some instances the use of dat. and acc. wavers, e.g. halda húsum, to keep up the houses, Grág. ii. 278, 335; h. hliði, to keep the gate in repair, 265; but halda hlið (acc.), 332: to keep, observe, h. lögum, griðum, boðorðum, Glúm. 333, Grág. i. 357, ii. 166, 623. 28; hélt hann þessu sumu, Fms. x. 416 (Ágrip); halda ílla orðum, vii. (in a verse); þeir er því þingi áttu at h., Glúm. 386; h. sáttum, St. 17; h. eiðum, Bkv. 18; Gizuri þótti biskup h. ríkt (protect strongly) brennu-mönnum, Sturl. i. 201 C; Guð er sínum skepnum heldr (keeps, protects) ok geymir, Mar.; þá hélt engi kirkju mönnum, … kept no man safe, Fms. ix. 508; h. njósn (acc.) um e-t, Eg. 74; h. til njósn, 72; njósnir, Fms. xi. 46. In most of these instances the acc. is the correct case, and the dat. is due either to careless transcribers or incorrect speaking: in some instances an enclitic um has been taken for a dative inflexion, thus e.g. sáttum haldi in Stor. l.c. is to be restored to sátt um haldi; eiðum haldit in Bkv. l.c. to eið (for eiða) um haldit; in others the prep. um has caused the confusion, as ‘halda njósn um at’ has been changed into halda njósnum at. But in the main the distinction between the use of dat. and acc. is fixed even at the present time: the acc. seems to represent the more primitive usage of this verb, the dat. the secondary.

C. Reflex.:

I. to hold oneself, to stay; héldusk þeir þá ekki fyrir norðan Stað, Fms. i. 63; mátti hann eigi þar haldask, Landn. 246; h. á baki, to keep oneself on horseback, keep one’s seat, Grág. ii. 95; munu þeir skamma stund hér við haldask, Nj. 247: to be kept, remain, þá skal hann h. með Helju, Edda 39: to resist, megu vér ekki við h. fyrir ofreflis-mönnum þessum, Nj. 254; hélzk þá ekki við honum, Eg. 289; mann er svá hefir haldisk við höfuð-syndum, Hom. 157.

β. to hold out, last, continue; ok hélzk ferillinn, Eg. 579; hélzk undr þetta allt til dags, Nj. 272 (twice); hélzk konungdómr í kyni hans, Rb. 394; lengi síðan hélzk bruna-öld með Svíum, Yngl. S.; lengi hélzk þat í ætt þeirri, at …, Eg. 770; hélzk vinátta með þeim, Nj. 66; þat hefir enn haldizk í ætt hans, Fms. iv. 8; ok hefir þat haldizk (it has continued to be so) síðan er ek hefi hann séð, Ld. 174; honum haldisk (imperat.) sigr ok langt líf, Ver. 57; betr þætti mér, at hún héldisk þér, that it (the luck) would hold out for thee, Fb. ii. 74; ef hann helzk í útrú sinni, if he perseveres in his untruth, 623. 26.

γ. to be kept safe and sound; menn allir héldusk (all bands were saved) ok svá fé, Ld. 8, Fs. 143; þar héldusk menn allir ok mestr hluti fjár, Eg. 405; hafði fé vel haldizk, has been well kept, done well, Ld. 34.

δ. to be valid, stand; eigu þau handsöl hennar at haldask, Grág. i. 334; engi má haldask dómr hans, Edda 15; skyldu þau (the truce) haldask um þingit, Nj. 348.

2. impers., mér helzk, e-m helzk vel, ílla, á e-u, to have a good hold, have luck with a thing; mér helzk lítt á sauða-mönnum, Grett. 110 A.

3. recipr., haldask á, to hold or pull one against another, wrestle, (hence á-höld); var sagt Magnúsi, at þeir héldisk á úti, that they were fighting outside, Sturl. ii. 44.

II. part. pass. haldinn, [Dan. holden], so ‘holden,’ in such and such a state; vel haldinn, in good condition, faring well, well to do, Eg. 20, 234; hugðusk þar ok haldnir (safe) mundu vera, Ver. 34; þungliga h., very sick, Eg. 565, Hkr. ii. 199; vel haldinn, doing well; tak heldr annat fé, svá mikit, at þú þykisk vel haldinn af, i.e. fully satisfied, having got full redress, Boll. 350; Sveinn sagði, at hann vill hafa tvá hluti fjárins, Hrani sagðisk ekki af því haldinn (satisfied) vera, Fms. iv. 31: in the phrase, heilu ok höldnu, safe and sound, Bs. i. 191, Fms. xi. 376, Hkr. i. 319; með höldnu hljóði, preserving the sound, Skálda 175.

2. ok mun þykkja sér misboðit ef þú ert haldinn (kept, protected), Finnb. 344.

β. kept, observed, Fms. xi. 99.

γ. held in custody, in prison, Bs. i. 419, Sturl. i. 151.

III. gerund., haldandi, holding good, valid; sá dómr er eigi haldandi, is not valid, K.Á. 304; af öllu afli er friðr haldandi, Hom. 5.

2. part. act., með upp haldandi höndum, with uplifted hands, Bs. i. 684.

halda, u, f. = hadda, q.v.

hald-góðr, adj. of good hold, durable, of clothes, etc., Sks. 403.

haldin-, part. pass. in the compds,

haldin-orðr, adj. discreet, close, Fms. ii. 18, x. 326, Eg. 51;

haldin-yrði, n. keeping close, Sks. 361, Sd. 169: in mod. usage these words mean the keeping one’s word.

hald-kvæmask (hall-kvæmask), d, dep. to avail, suit; nægjask eðr h., Stj. 149.

hald-kvæmd, f. convenience, comfort, Sturl. i. 212.

hald-kvæmligr, adj. (hald-liga, adv.), convenient, comfortable, Sks. 377.

hald-kvæmr, and assimilated hall-kvæmr, Nj. 265, Fas. ii. 240, Sks. 505; or hall-kœmr, 380, 505 B, [cp. koma at haldi], adj. fit, meet, convenient, Hom. 141, Sturl. i. 45, Fms. ii. 261, Grett. 106 A.

hal-dreki, a, m. a ‘tail-dragon,’ scorpion, Stj. 578, Hb. 732. 18, Ant. 7.

hald-samr, adj. holding close, Stj. 635; vera h. á e-u, to keep it close, Fms. vi. 440, x. 170; e-m verðr ekki haldsamt á e-u, it slips out of one’s hands.

hald-semi, f. closeness, Greg. 24.

HALI, a, m. [Dan. hale, cp. Lat. cauda], a tail; kýr-hali, a cow’s tail; nauts-hali, ljóns-hali, etc.; skauf-hali, reynard, a fox, whence Skaufhala-bálkr, the name of an old poem, an Icel. Reineke Fuchs. Icel. use hali properly of cattle, and lions, wolves, bears; tagl of horses (of the hair, but stertr of a caudal vertebra); rófa of cats, dogs; skott of a fox; sporðr of a fish; stél or véli of birds; dyndill of seals. The old writers do not make these nice distinctions, and use hali of a horse and tagl of a cow, which a mod. Icel. would not do; hylr öll kykvendi hár eðr hali, Sks. 504: in Gþl. 398 of cattle, cp. N.G.L. i. 24; ef maðr höggr hala af hrossi svá at af rófu fylgir, Gþl. 399; ef maðr höggr hala af hrossi fyrir neðan rófu, id.; nú skerr maðr tagl af nautum, id.; eru þeir í málum mestir sem refr í halanum, Fms. viii. 350; ef maðr skerr af hrossi manns tögl, þá gjaldi aura þrjá; en ef hala höggr af, þá skal meta hross, N.G.L. i. 228; ok svá ef hann höggr hala af hrossi svá at rófa fylgir, id.: of a lion’s tail, Stj. 71.

2. phrases, nú er úlfs hali einn á króki, a wolf’s tail is all that is left, Band. (in a verse),—a proverb from the notion that wild beasts devour one another so that only the tail is left, cp. etask af ulfs-munni, vide eta: leika lausum hala, to play with a free tail, to be unrestrained, Ls. 50; veifask um lausum hala, id., Sturl. iii. 30; bretta halann, or bera brattan halann, to lift the tail, cock up the tail, to be vain or haughty, Hkv. Hjörv. 20; en ef eigi er unnit, þá muntú reyna hvárr halann sinn berr brattara þaðan í frá, Ísl. ii. 330; sé ek at þú heldr nokkru rakkara halanum en fyrir stundu áðan, Ölk. 36; draga halann, to drag the tail, sneak awav, play the coward; dregr melrakkinn eptir sér halann sinn nú—Svá er segir hann, at ek dreg eptir mér halann minn, ok berr ek lítt upp eðr ekki, en þess varir mik at þú dragir þinn hala mjök lengi áðr þú hefnir Halls bróður þíns, Ísl. ii. 329; sveigja halann, id., Hkv. Hjörv. 21; (cp. Ital. codardo, whence Engl. coward):

spjóts-hali, the butt-end of a spear, Eg. 289, Ld. 132, Hkr. iii. 159;

snældu-hali, a staff’s end.

II. metaph. a train, the rear of a host; skammr er orðinn hali okkarr, we have a short train, few followers, Sturl. (in a verse).

compds:

hala-ferð, f. the rear, Sturl. iii. 23.

hala-rófa, u, f. ‘tail-row,’ i.e. a string one after another, like geese; ganga í halarófu, to walk in h.; cp. Dan. gaasegang, Fr. en queue.

hala-stjarna, u, f. a ‘tail-star,’ comet, (mod.)

hala-tafl, n. a kind of game, used synonymous to hnef-tafl, q.v., prob. similar to the Engl. ‘fox and goose;’ hann tefldi hnet-tafl, þat var stórt hala-tafl (having a fox with a big tail), hann greip þá upp töfluna ok setti halann á kinnbein Þorbirni (prob. of the brick representing the fox), Grett. 144 A; vide Skýrsla um Forngripa-safn Íslands by Sigurd Gudmundsson, Reykjavík 1868, pp. 38, 39; cp. also hali á hnefa-töflu in Vilmundar S. Viðutan, ch. 8.

III. a nickname, Fb. iii.

hall, f. a hall; vide höll.

HALLA, að, [Dan. hælde; Swed. hälla], to lean or turn sideways, with dat., esp. of a vessel, ship, or the like; halla keri, fötu, staupi, skipi; but also of anything else, h. borði, stóli; Icel. distinguish between halla and the derivative hella, to pour out; hann hallar skipinu á ymsa vega, Fbr. 100 new Ed.

II. metaph. to sway to the wrong side, in words or acts; halla dómi, to give an unfair judgment, Gþl. 174, Fs. 121, Sks. 662; h. sögu, to give an unfair report, Fms. vi. 261; ok um allar sagnir hallaði hann mjök til, id., Nj. 270; h. orðum til, to impute, Fms. ix. 332; h. eptir e-m, to be swayed, biased in one’s favour, 59; mér þykir þér hafa hallat til—hallat hefi ek víst (no doubt have I swerved) segir konungr, ok þó í hag þér, ii. 272; halla sæmd e-s, to let one’s honour swerve, do it injury, Orkn. 240; h. undan e-u, to avoid, shun one, Al. 83; h. sér, to lean with one’s body, seig at honum svefn, ok hallaði hann sér í kné henni, Fb. i. 280: with acc., h. sik (less correct), Karl. 292.

III. impers. to swerve, with dat.; taka stór tré ok fella á Orminn, svá at honum halli til, so that she (the ship) swerved on one side, Fms. ii. 326; skip sveif upp á grunn ok hallaði (viz. því) mjök, vii. 264; hallaði honum svá at sjór féll inn á annat borð, Eg. 386.

2. to decline, of the day; þegar er út hallaði á kveldum, Lv. 43; hence Icel. say of the day-marks, hallandi dagmál, hádegi, nón, … náttmál, past dagmál, i.e. when the sun has just passed the day-mark in the horizon; sólu hallar, the sun sinks, Þjal. Jón 28; or degi hallar, the day is sinking, Luke ix. 12; or hallar út degi, as Til hafs sól hraðar sér | hallar út degi, Hymn-book, No. 294; vetri, sumri hallar, the winter, summer is declining, Fas. ii. 552.

3. of a river-basin, to slope; hann skildi eigi fyrr við þá en hallaði af norðr, Boll. 348; stigum þeim er hölluðu frá þjóðgötum, Sks. 1: the phrase, það hallar undan fæti, it slopes down hill.

4. tafli hallar á e-n, the game turns against one, Karl. 205.

IV. reflex. to lean with the body; Bolli hallaðisk upp at sels-vegginum, Ld. 244; hann hallaðisk ok lagði höfuð (he nodded and laid his head) í kné Finni Árnasyni, Ó.H. 210; lengi ek hölluðumk, long have I been nodding (from sleep), Sl. 36; hann hallaðisk undan högginu, Fms. vi. 66.

2. to swerve; þá tók mjök at hallask Ormrinn, the ship lay over-much on one side, Fms. ii. 229: to be turned, tók þá at hallask taflit, svá at öðrum var komit at máti, Bs. ii. 186; á þá hallaðisk bardaginn, the battle turned against them, O.H.L. 20; hallask eptir e-u, to swerve towards a thing, Fms. ii. 32; h. til vináttu við e-n, Fs. 116: metaph., at mín virðing mundi halla (that my honour would be tarnished) af þínu tilstilli, Lv. 34.

hallan, f. a swerving, Stj. 65.

hallandi, a, m. = hall-lendi.

hallarr, m. [cp. Fr. hallier; Swed. and Norse hyll; Dan. hyld], a kind of tree, Edda (Gl.)

halli,† a, m. [Ivar Aasen hall; cp. the Norse Fredriks-‘hald’], a sloping, brink, declivity, Hem.; freq. in mod. usage: metaph. a drawback, loss of right.

Hallin-skíði, a, m., poët. a ram, Edda (Gl.): name of the god Heimdal, Edda, vide Lex. Poët.

hall-kvæmr, etc., vide hald-.

hall-lendi, n. a slope, declivity, Orkn. 244.

hall-lendr, adj. sloping, Sturl. i. 85.

hall-mæla, t, to speak ill of one, with dat., Nj. 53, Fms. iv. 81, xi. 260, Magn. 442, passim.

hall-mæli, n. pl. blame, reproof, Fas. i. 106, Str. 71, Fs. 15, Edda 8.

hall-oki (hall-oka), adj. indecl. [aka höllu], suffering defeat, worsted, overcome; in the phrase, vera, fara, h. fyrir e-m, Ld. 146, Fær. 229, Bárð. 174, Karl. 91 (v.l.), Hsm. 18. 3.

HALLR, adj., fem. höll, leaning to one side, swerving, sloping; jakarnir vóru hallir út af skerinu, Eb. 238; jakarnir vóru bæði hálir ok hallir, 240; hann (the ship) ferr jafnan hallr, it heeled over, Fb. i. 520, Fms. x. 368; h. í göngu, limping, Vápn. 6; bera hallt höfuðit, to bear the head on one side, Fms. ii. 70; hallt ker, a half-filled cup, Hm. 51; standa höllum fæti, to stand slanting, Nj. 97; bar hallan skjöldinn, the shield came aslant, Eg. 378; láta verða hallt á e-n, to overmatch one, metaph. from rowing or from the balance, Fbr. 122:

—hann lætr ekki á sik hallt, ok höggr í móti, he allowed no inequality, but cut in return, i.e. he paid blow for blow, O.H.L. 92; nú leikr mér þat eigi í hug, at á yðr verði hallt um vár skipti, Þorf. Karl. 404: so in the phrases, aka höllu fyrir e-m (halloki) or aka höllum fæti (MS.), to be upset, to stoop or crouch before one, metaph. from driving, Ld. 206; fara höllum fæti, to he worsted, Bs. i. 907; aka undan höllum (öllum MS.) fæti, Lv. 76.

II. metaph. swerving, biased; alþýðan er höll til ílsku ok synda, Ver. 7; hann var mest hallr at allri vináttu til Inga konungs, Fms. vii. 233: biased, attached to one, vera hallr undir e-n, id.; hann var hallr undir Einar í mála-ferlum þeirra Sturlu, Sturl. i. 75; þvíat hann var meir hallr undir þá feðga, 94; með mikla sveit þá er undir Rómverja vóru hallir, Clem. 29; þvíat hann var mest undir hann hallr at allri vináttu, and hann var mest h. undir Rögnvald jarl, 442, Fms. vii. 229, Bs. i. 714, Stj. 476; cp. vinhallr, partial, as a friend.

HALLR, m. [Ulf. hallus = πέτρα], a slope, hill; þá gékk hann frá bardaganum upp í hallinn ok settisk þar niðr, Sturl. i. 85; ok var mjök bratt at ganga upp í hallinn til steinveggsins, Fms. vii. 8i, a paraphrase from the verse in p. 82; this sense is rare and obsolete.

II. a big stone, boulder, Gs. 10, 12, 16, 22 (of a millstone); Gísli fær sér hall einn ok kastaði út í skerit, Gísl. 123: of a precious stone, a gem, Fms. iii. 180; gler-hallr, a crystal (mod.):

freq. in pr. names, of men, Hallr, Hall-björn, Hall-dórr (qs. Hall-þórr), Hall-freðr, Hall-gils, Hall-geirr, Hall-grímr, Hall-kell, Hall-mundr, Hall-ormr, Hall-steinn, Hall-varðr, Hall-aðr; of women, Halla, Hall-dóra, Hall-dís, Hall-fríðr, Hall-gerðr, Hall-gríma, Hall-katla, Hall-veig, Hall-vör: suffixed in Þór-hallr and Þór-halla: in local names, Hall-land, a county in Sweden; Hall-lendingar, Hallanders, Fms. xii.

III. metaph. a stain, colour, meton. from steinn, Orkn. (in a verse).

hall-sperra, u, f. stiffness in the limbs, = harðsperra.

hall-æri, n. [ár], a bad season, a famine, dearth, Nj. 73, Fms. ix. 48, Bs. i. 200, Ísl. ii. 58, Ó.H. 102, Hkr. i. 21, 56.

halmr, m., vide hálmr.

HALR, m., pl. halir, [no doubt an apocopated form, akin to A.S. hæled, Germ. held = hero, as also to hölðr or höldr, q.v.]:

—a man, only used in poetry; halr er heima hverr, a saying, Hm. 36; gráðigr halr, 19; hnígra sá halr fyrir hjörum, 159; halr hugfullr, Hðm. 19; halr enn hugblauði, Hbl. 49; úkristinn halr, Sighvat: in plur. men, troða halir helveg, Vsp. 52, 56: used of the dead inmates of Hel, Alm. 29, cp. Vþm. 43, which seems to be a pun, as the word itself is not akin to Hel.

hals, m. neck; vide háls.

HALTR or halltr, adj. [A.S. healt; Engl. halt; O.H.G. halz; Dan.-Swed. halt; cp. Lat. claudus; prob. akin to hallr]:

—halt, lame, limping, Hm. 70, 89, Fms. vi. 322, Nj. 209, Landn. 100, Ísl. ii. 219, Edda 28; haltir ganga, Matth. xi. 5, xv. 31, xxi. 14, Luke vii. 22, xiv. 13, Acts iii. 2, viii. 7: haltr at máli, halting in speech, stammering, Barl. 15, (whence mál-haltr): as a nickname, Eyjólfr Halti, Lv.; Hrómundr H., Vd., Fs. 39, 48: metaph., h. í trúnni, halting, unsound in faith, Karl. 279; hand-haltr, q.v.

haltra, að, to halt, limp, Grett. 151, Fbr. 179, Bs. i. 321, Stj. 592, Hebr. xii. 13.

halzi, qs. haldsi, adj. indecl. holding, Fms. x. 396: with dat., haldzi e-u, Þiðr. 172.

HAMA, að, [cp. höm = shanks in animals, whence Engl. ham], of cattle or horses in a storm, to stand and turn tail to wind, leaving off grazing.

hamal-kyrni, n. a kind of seed, N.G.L. i. 385, 401.

hamall, m. a pr. name, Landn., Hkv.; see the following word (hamalt).

hamall,† a nickname, and then a pr. name, Landn.; cp. A.S. homola = a fool, one whose head is close-shaven.

HAMALT, n. adj., only in the old phrase, fylkja hamalt, synonymous with svínfylkja, to draw up a wedge-shaped column in the form of a hog’s snout; thus defined, hann hefir svínfylkt her sínum—Hverr man Hringi hafa kennt hamalt at fylkja? (who has taught king Ring to draw up the phalanx of hamalt?) … Hringr hafði svínfylkt öllu liði sínu, þá þótti þó svá þykk fylkingin yfir at sjá, at rani var í brjósti, Ring had drawn all his troops up in a hog-shaped column, so that the ranks looked all the deeper for the snout-formed shape of the front, Fas. i. 380; hildingr fylkti hamalt, a paraphrase from hann fylkti liði sínu svá, at rani var framan á fylkingar-brjóstinu, Fms. xi. 304: used of a column of ships in a sea-fight, vi. 314 (in a verse), cp. also Skv. 2. 23, Fas. ii. 40 (in a verse); a description of the cuneiform column is given in Sks. 384; in Skjöld. S. its invention is attributed to Odin himself, and it was a favourite battle array with the men of old.

HAMARR, m., dat. hamri, pl. hamrar, [A.S. hamor; Engl. hammer; O.H.G. hamar; Germ. and Dan. hammer; Swed. hammare]:

—a hammer; h. töng, steði, Edda 9, Vkv. 18, Landn. 212 (in a verse); the thunderbolt was in the northern mythology represented as a hammer,—the hammer Mjölnir, Edda (Sksm.) 15, 26, 28–30, 58, 70, passim, Þkv. passim, Hbl. 47; hann (the idol) var merkðr eptir Þór ok hefir hamar í hendi, Ó.H. 108, Ó.T. 44; Þrúð-hamarr, the mighty hammer, Ls. 57, 59, 61, 63: the hammer was the holy sign with the heathens, answering to the cross of the Christians, hann görði hamar yfir, he made the sign of the hammer over it, Fms. i. 35; Þórr tók hamarinn Mjölni ok brá upp ok vígði hafr-stökurnar, Edda 28, cp. also Þkv. 30, where the bride and bridegroom were to be marked with the holy sign; hence

Þórs-hamarr = the character 卐 which occurs on a few of the earliest heathen Runic stones (e.g. Thorsen, pp. 17, 329), cp. also Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 446; this 卐 is evidently an imitation of the thunderbolt.

β. the back of an axe, Eg. 769.

compds:

hamar-gangr, m. hammer-clash, Stj. 45.

hamars-högg, n. a hammer stroke, Stj. 563.

hamars-muðr (hamars-munnr, hamars-munni), m. the ‘mouth’ or thin end of a hammer, Edda 30.

hamar-skalli, a, m. the thick end of a hammer, Fms. viii. 138.

hamar-skapt, n. the shaft or handle of a hammer, Edda 28.

hamar-spor, n. a hammer’s print, Edda 34.

II. metaph. a hammer-shaped crag, a crag standing out like an anvil; þar stendr hamarr mikill fyrir þeim, Bs. i. 601; þeir leggja skip sín millum hamra tveggja, Grett. 83, Fas. iii. 257; þrítugr, fertugr … hamarr, a crag thirty, forty … fathoms high, i. 159: so in the saying, kljúfa þrítugan hamarinn til e-s, to split a thirty fathoms’ rock, to make great efforts, to make Herculean efforts in a thing, metaph. from cutting roads through rocks: in pl. hamrar, crags; fluga-hamrar, sjávar-hamrar, sea-crags; ogres were believed to live in crags, hence the phrase, sem genginn út úr hömrum, i.e. looking as wild as a crag-ogre, svá ílliligr sem genginn sé út ór sjávar-hömrum, Nj. 182.

compds: (hamar- and hamra-),

hamar-tröll, n. a crag-ogre, Grett. (in a verse).

hamar-dalr, m. a ravine, Karl. 292.

hamar-gnípa, u, f. the peak of a crag, Stj. 134, Fms. v. 323, Þorf. Karl. 414.

hamar-klettr, m. a crag (isolated), Fms. ii. 92, Nj. 264, v.l.

hamar-klif, n. a craggy cliff, Gísl. 137.

hamar-rifa, u, f. a rift in a crag, Fb. iii. 447.

hamar-skarð and hamra-skarð, n. a scaur, cleft or ravine, Grett. 132, Gísl. 51, Grág. i. 17.

hamar-skúti, a, m. a jutting crag, Nj. 264;

gjá-hamarr, q.v.: esp. freq. in local names in Icel. and Norway, Hamarr, Hamrar, Hamra-endar, Hamars-á:

in compds,

Smá-hamrar, Ein-hamarr, a single crag, Gísl., etc., vide Landn., Fms. xii, Fb. iii.

2. a kind of mark on sheeps’ ears, prob. of heathen origin, denoting the holy mark of the hammer of Thor: cutting the top of the ear thus is called hamar, whence hamar-skora, u, f. a cleft hamar ; cp. the ditty of Stef. Ól., Hamarinn mér í greipar gékk | það gæfu-markið fína, and hamar-skoru og gloppu-gat | görðu í hægra eyra.

3. a kind of fish, Edda (Gl.): prop. a false reading for humarr (q.v.), a lobster.

hamask, að, dep. to rage, to be taken by a fit of fury in a fight, synonymous to ganga berserks-gang (see p. 61): the word is derived from hamr, prob. owing to a belief that such persons were possessed by a strange spirit or demon; cp. hamr, hamstoli, hamramr, all of them words referring to a change of shape:

—svá er sagt, at þá hamaðisk hann, ok fleiri vóru þeir föru-nautar hans er þá hömuðusk, Eg. 122; hamask þú nú, Skallagrímr, at syni þínum, 192; Þórir hljóp þá af baki, ok er svá sagt, at hann hamaðisk þá it fyrsta sinn, Gullþ. 30, Fas. iii. 343, Landn. 119; Fránmarr jarl hafði hamask í arnar líki, Sæm. 95: the word is still used, to work as hard as a giant.

ham-farir, f. pl. a mythical word, the ‘faring’ or travelling in the assumed shape of an animal, fowl or deer, fish or serpent, with magical speed over land and sea, the wizard’s own body meantime lying lifeless and motionless; graphically depicted in Yngl. S. ch. 7, Vd. ch. 12, Hkr. (Ó.T.) ch. 37; hann sendi Finna tvá í hamförum til Íslands, Landn. 174; Haraldr konungr bauð kunngum manni at fara í hamförum til Íslands, sá fór í hvals-líki, etc., Hkr. i. 228.

ham-frær, f. pl., from hamfrú (?), witches, an ἅπ. λεγ.; leirblót gört í manns-líki af leiri eðr deigi, eðr hamfrær, N.G.L. i. 383, v.l.

ham-föng, n. pl. frenzy, fury, Sturl. ii. 137.

ham-hleypa, u, f. a ‘ham-leaper,’ a witch that travels in hamfarir, Eg. 421, Fas. ii. 80, 390, Gullþ. 64: in mod. usage Icel. say, hann er mesta hamhleypa, he is a great h., works like a giant, of one who does great work in little time; hann er hamhleypa að skrifa, hamhleypa að vinna, etc.

hamingja, u, f. luck, fortune; prop. in a personal sense, a guardian spirit, answering to the guardian angel of Christians; derived from hamr, for the guardian spirits of men—and every man had his hamingja—were believed to take the shape sometimes of animals, sometimes and more commonly of human beings, esp. that of women; but they were themselves supernatural beings; that the hamingjur were giant-females proceeding from the great Norns—who were the hamingjur of the world—is borne out by the passage in Vþm. 48, 49. Hamingja and fylgja or fylgju-kona (Hallfred S. ch. 11) seem to be nearly synonymous, as also gæfa, gipta, auðna, heill; but hamingja is the most personal word, and was almost symbolical of family relationship. At the hour of death the hamingja left the dying person and passed into a dear son, daughter, or beloved kinsman; cp. Hallfr. S. ch. 11, and esp. the charming tale in Glúm. ch. 9. One might also impart one’s own good luck to another, hence the phrase leggja sína hamingju með e-m, almost answering to the Christian, ‘to give one’s blessing to another.’ Examples: sögðusk mundu leggja til með honum hamingju sína, Ld. 74; h. ok gæfa, Fms. vi. 165; þú en ústöðuga h., Al. 23; h. konungsins, 22; ok mun kona sjá hans h. vera er fjöllum hærra gékk, Glúm. 345; etja hamingju við e-n, Fb. ii. 65; ok reyna hvat hamingjan vill unna þér, Fs. 4; vilnask (hope) at h. mun fylgja, 23; vera má at þat sé til h. várrar ættar, 11; langæligar nytjar munu menn hafa hans hamingju, Bs. i. 229; forlög ekki forðumst ill | fram kemr það hamingjan vill, Úlf. 3. 69; meiri í hreysti en hamingju, Gullþ. 21; sigri eðr hamingju manns þessa, Fs. 10. It is still used in Icel. almost as Heaven, Providence; það má Hamingjan vita, God knows; eg vildi Hamingjan gæfi, would to Heaven! Guð og Hamingjan, God and Good Luck; treysta Guði og Hamingjunni; eiga undir Hamingjunni, to run the risk; and in similar phrases.

compds:

hamingju-drjúgr, adj. lucky, Fs. 34.

hamingju-hjól, n. the wheel of fortune, Fas. iii. 470.

hamingju-hlutr, m. a lucky chance, Fms. x. 180.

hamingju-lauss, adj. luckless, hapless, Stj. 464, Fms. viii. 93.

hamingju-leysi, n. want of luck, Fms. i. 286.

hamingju-maðr, m. a lucky man, Fms. xi. 205, Fs. 21.

hamingju-mikill, adj. mighty lucky, Fms. ii. 31, Ld. 170, Eg. 46: compar. hamingju-meiri, Fb. i. 301.

hamingju-mót, n. lucky appearance; h. er á pér, Fs. 11.

hamingju-raun, f. a trial of fortune, Fms. xi. 244, Ó.H. 195.

hamingju-samligr, adj. (hamingju-liga, adv.), lucky-looking, Fms. i. 96.

hamingju-skipti, n. a shift or turn of fortune, Sturl. iii. 73.

hamingju-skortr, m. lack of luck, Fms. xi. 260.

hamingju-tjón, n. bad luck, Al. 56.

HAMLA, u, f. an oar-loop made of a strap or withe fastened to the thole-pin (hár), into which the oar was put, the oarsman pulling the oar against the thole, as is still done in the fjords of Norway; hence is called láta síga á hömlu, to pull slowly towards the hamla, i.e. stern foremost, Fms. i. 172, vii. 213; láta skip síga á hömlum, Hkr. iii. 336; á hömlo, Mork. l.c.; lét hann leggja fimm skipum fram í sundit svá at mátti þegar síga á hömlu, Grett. 83 A; hömlur slitnuðu, háir brotnuðu, the h. were torn, the tholes broken, Am. 35; leggja árar í hömlur, they put the oars in the loops, Fms. iii. 57. In Norway the levy or conscription was counted by the hömlur, cp. Ó.H. 227, where one hamla (i.e. man) was to be levied from every seven males over five years old, and so ‘til hömlu’ means naut. = per man, per oar, Gþl. 99, N.G.L. i. 98; thus, gera mat í hömlu, to contribute provisions by the head, 201, cp. D.N. passim and Fritzner’s remarks s.v.: the metaph. phrase, ganga e-m í hömlu um e-t, to go into one’s hamla, take one’s place, to be one’s match; sem Sigvalda myni fæst til skorta, at ganga mér í hömlu um ráða-gerðir ok dæma hér um mál manna, bæði fyrir vizku sakir ok ráðspeki, Fms. xi. 98.

compds:

hömlu-band, n. an oar strap (= hamla), Eg. 390, Fbr. 181.

hömlu-barði, a, m. a dub. ἅπ. λεγ.; má þat ríki kalla hömlu-barða eða auðnar óðal, Sks. 333: the word is prob. taken from a ship defeated in a fight and pulling or drifting stern foremost.

hömlu-fall, n. an illegal breaking up of a ship, a Norse law term, no king’s ship might be demolished unless the keel had been laid for a new ship; hömlufall was liable to a fine of three marks for every hamla, N.G.L. i. 101.

hömlu-maðr, m. a Norse term answering to Icel. há-seti, an oarsman, sailor, N.G.L. i. 99.

II. mod. a short oar with which the boatman paddles, leaning the body forwards and with his face towards the stem, using the oar partly instead of a rudder; hence stýris-hamla, a ‘rudder-oar.’

hamla, að, to pull backwards, stern foremost (= láta síga á hömlu); Hákon jarl lét ok h. at landi, Fms. i. 93; höfðu menn hans þá undan hamlat, 174; gátu þeir eigi svá skjótt vikit þó at þeir hamlaði á annat borð en reri á annat, viii. 386; hömluðu þeir skipunum at Norðnesi, Fagrsk. 254; vér skulum sýna þeim sem mestan undanróðr, en vér skulum þó raunar hamla, O.H.L. 69, cp. Þiðr. 61: in mod. usage to paddle with a short oar, turning the face towards the stem.

2. metaph. to stop, hinder one, with dat.; nú búask þeir bræðr í burt ok stoðar ekki at h. þeim, Fas. i. 42; hamlaði þat mjök afla Þorgríms, at frændr hans kómu eigi, Eb. 48.

II. [A.S. hamelan, cp. Engl. to hamstring, O.H.G. hamal-stat = locus supplicii, and Germ. hammel = vervex], to maim, mutilate: with dat. and acc., sumir vóru hamlaðir at höndum eða fótum, Eg. 14; sá er manni hamlaði á hendi eðr á fæti eðr veitti önnur meiðsl, Fms. xi. 226, 298; hann drap suma, suma lét hann hamla, Hkr. i. 258; lét hann suma drepa, suma hamla, en suma rak hann ór landi, Ó.H. 105.

ham-leðr, n. the shank leather of a hide; cp. höm.

hamn-, vide hafn, from höfn, a haven.

hamótt, hömótt,† f., mod. humótt; [from höm, a haunch (?), it is therefore not derived from húm]:

—only in the phrase, fara í humótt eptir e-m, to follow in one’s wake; hleypr hann fram í veginn þar sem vagna-menninir fóru undan, ok hér eptir í hamóttina (haumóttina, v.l.), Clar. (vellum): mod., ganga í humótt á eptir, to slink behind.

humóttu-legr, adj. sneaking and ashamed.

hampa, að, to toss one in the arms, with dat.

HAMPR, m. [this word, like all words in mp (np), is of for. origin; cp. Gr. κάνναβις, whence Lat. cannabis; Germ. hanf; Engl. hemp; Dan. hamp: it scarcely occurs before the middle of the 13th century; hörr, q.v., is the genuine northern word]:

—hemp, Sks. 287, H.E. i. 395, N.G.L. ii. 355.

HAMR, m., pl. hamir, dat. hami, Vsp. 36, but ham, Höfuðl. (where ham, gram, and fram form a rhyme), as also Haustl. 2, Hkr. i. 228, all of them poems of the 10th century; [A.S. hama, homa; Hel. hamo; O.H.G. hemedi, whence mod. Germ. hemd; Dan. ham; akin to hamr is Ital. camisa, Fr. chemise, with a final s answering to hams below]:

—a skin, esp. the skin of birds flayed off with feathers and wings; álptar-hamr, a swan’s skin; fugls-hamr, a bird’s skin; arnar-hamr, an eagle’s skin; gásar-hamr, a goose’s skin, etc.; hams, q.v., of snakes: ham bera svanir hvítfjaðraðan (of a swan’s skin), Fas. i. 471 (in a verse); hleypa hömum (of snakes), to cast the slough, Konr. 34; hlátra hamr, poët. laughter’s cover, the breast, Höfuðl. 19.

II. shape, esp. in a mythol. sense, connected with the phrase, skipta hömum, to change the shape, described in Yngl. S. ch. 7, Völs. S. ch. 7, 8, and passim; cp. also the deriv. ein-hamr, ham-farir, ham-ramr, ham-stola, hamingja, hamask, etc.,—an old and widespread superstition found in the popular lore and fairy tales of almost every country;—Óðinn skipti hömum, lá þá búkrinn sem sofinn eðr dauðr, en hann var þá fugl eða dýr, fiskr eða ormr, ok fór á einni svipstund á fjarlæg lönd, Yngl. S. l.c., Fas. i. 128 (Völs. S. l.c.); it is described in Völs. S. ch. 8,—þeir hafa orðit fyrir úsköpum, því at úlfa-hamir (wolf-coats) héngu yfir þeim; it tíunda hvert dægr máttu þeir komask ór hömunum, etc.; þeir fundu konur þrjár ok spunnu lín, þar vóru hjá þeim álptar-hamir þeirra, Sæm. 88 (prose to Vkv.); fjölkyngis-kona var þar komin í álptar-ham, Fas. i. 373, cp. Helr. 6; víxla hömum, to change skins, assume one another’s shape, Skv. 1. 42; Úlf-hamr, Wolf-skin, the nickname of a mythol. king, Hervar. S., prob. from being hamramr; manns-hamr, the human skin, Str. 31; hugða ek at væri hamr Atla, methought it was the form or ghost of Atli, Am. 19; jötunn í arnar-ham, a giant in an eagle’s skin, Vþm. 37, Edda; í gemlis-ham, id., Haustl.; fjaðr-hamr, Þkv.; í faxa-ham, in a horse’s skin, Hkr. i. (in a verse); í trölls-hami, in an ogre’s skin, Vsp. 36; vals-hamr, a falcon’s skin, Edda (of the goddess Freyja): it remains in mod. usage in metaph. phrases, að vera í góðum, íllum, vondum, ham, to be in a good, bad, dismal frame of mind or mood; vera í sínum rétta ham, to be in one’s own good frame of mind; færast í annan ham, to enter into another frame of mind: in western Icel. an angry, ill-tempered woman is called hamr, hún er mesti hamr (= vargr): hams-lauss, adj. distempered, furious, esp. used in Icel. of a person out of his mind from restlessness or passion, the metaphor from one who cannot recover his own skin, and roves restlessly in search of it, vide Ísl. Þjóðs. passim.

compds:

ham-dökkr, adj. dark-skinned, of dark hue, Edda (Ht.), of the raven.

ham-fagr, adj. fair of hue, bright, Ad. 7.

ham-ljótr, adj. scraggy, ugly, Haustl.

ham-vátr, adj. skin-wet, i.e. drowned, Landn. (in a verse): freq. in foreign, Saxon, and Germ. pr. names and local names;

Hamðir, m. a pr. name, qs. Ham-þér, cp. A.S. Hama-þeow.

ham-ramaðr, part. = hamramr, Fas. iii. 424, (bad.)

ham-ramr, adj. a mythical term, able to change one’s shape; in the Sagas it is esp. used of berserkers,—men gifted with supernatural strength or seized with fits of warlike fury (berserks-gangr), vide hamask; but also, though less frequently, referring to hamfarir; hann var h. mjök, he was a great wizard who changed his shape, Landn. 87, 289; hann var h. mjök svá at hann gékk heiman ór Hraunhöfn um kveldit en kom um morgininn eptir í Þjórsár-dal, Landn. 236, 285, 306, Gullþ. 30; þat var mál manna at hann væri mjök h., Eg. 3; allir hinir sterkustu menn ok margir hamramir, 109; þeim mönnum er hamramir vóru eðr þeim er berserks-gangr er á, 125; eigi var þat einmælt at hann væri eigi h., 514:

—as a nickname, Vékell hinn hamrami, Landn. 191; Vigi hinn h., Korm. 58; Tanni er kallaðr var hinn hamrami, Ísl. ii. 360,—the MS. has handrami, which is no doubt wrong, as also in the name of the mythical king Hávarðr handrami, Fb. i. 26; cp. hinn Rammi and ramaukinn, Landn. 107, 249, 277, Hdl. 34.

ham-remi, f. the state of being hamramr, Eg. 125.

hams, m. (= hamr), a snake’s slough; ormar skríða ór hamsi á vár, Mkv.; kalla sverðit orm, en fetlana ok umgörð hams hans, Edda (Ht.) 123: metaph., góðr (íllr) hams er á e-m, one is in a good (bad) frame of mind; hams er góðr á fljóðum, Hallfred: Icel. say, vera í góðum, vondum hamsi, id.: allit. phrases as, hafa hold og hams, ‘to keep up flesh and skin,’ i.e. to be hale and hearty, to be in a good state.

II. in plur. hamsar means particles of suet. In Norway hams means the husks of beans and grains: in Dan. a kind of beetle is called gjedehams.

☞ The s in hams is curious; it is kept throughout all cases; it is either a remnant of the old masc. mark s for r as in Gothic, or perhaps the s answers to the inflex. d as in O.H.G. hamedi, Germ. hemd; but still more closely to the inflex. final s in Ital. camisa, Fr. chemise.

ham-skarpr, adj. [höm], thin in the flank, of a horse: the name of a horse, Edda (Gl.)

ham-skiptask, t, dep. = skipta hömum, Str. 30.

ham-stoli, mod. ham-stola, adj. ‘ham-stolen,’ prop. a wizard whose skin has been stolen, and hence metaph. frantic, furious, Eg. 565, Fms. vi. 198, Barl. 56, Karl. passim, cp. Völs. S. Fas. i. 130.

ham-stolinn, part. = hamstoli, Karl. 243, 352, El.

hana and hana-nú, interj. see here! vide Gramm. p. xxviii, col. 2.

HAND, f. a hand; vide hönd.

handa, adv. with dat. for one, to one, prop. a gen. pl. from hönd, q.v.

handa- and handar- in compds, vide s.v. hönd.

hand-afl, n. hand-strength; lesa sik upp með handafli, to haul oneself up by strength of hand, Fas. iii. 283.

hand-afli, a, m. the produce of one’s hands; lifa á handafla sínum, to live by one’s hands.

handan, adv.,

1. denoting from the place, from beyond, beyond; handan um, and in mod. usage handan yfir, á, fjörð, sund, fjall, from beyond a river, firth, sound, fell, or the like; hann sá mann ríða handan um Vaðla, Ld. 148; skip reri handan um fjörðinn, Eb. 292; handan ór, af, frá, from the side beyond, the land being in dat.; kom þar Ingimundr ór Dölum handan, Sturl. i. 88; er þeir koma handan ór Tungunni, ii. 216; þeir sá at þrír menn hleyptu handan frá Akri, i. 83; handan af Nesinu, i.e. from Caithness to the Orkneys, Orkn. 410.

2. absol., vindar gnýja héðan ok handan, henceforth and thenceforth, Edda 8; Þórðr andar nú handan, from the opposite bench, Sturl. i. 21, Fms. v. 176 (in a verse); vestan Vatnsskarð ok handan, from the west of the fell W. and beyond, Sturl.; Íslands Húnalands sem Danmarkar handan, i.e. Iceland as well as Húnaland and Denmark beyond the sea, Korm.

II. fyrir handan, denoting in the place, with acc.; þar vórum vér allir fyrir handan á upp frá Akri, Sturl. ii. 210; hér fyrir handan ána, Ísl. ii. 260; fyrir handan ver, beyond the sea, Gkv. 2. 7; fyrir handan sundit, Hbl. 1:

—adverb., vera má nú at Barði sé fyrir handan, Ísl. ii. 387; Sódóma fyrir handan en Gomorra fyrir héðan, Symb. 30.

hand-bani, a, m. a law term, an actual slayer, homicide; opp. to ráð-bani, hald-bani, Hdl. 28, (αυτόχειρ.)

hand-bjalla, u, f. a hand-bell, Pm. 90.

hand-björg, f. ‘hand-supply;’ esp. in phrases, lifa við h. sína, to live from hand to mouth, Fas. iii. 538; eiga allt undir h. sinni, id., Róm. 290; færa e-n fram með h. sinni, to support a person by one’s labour, Jb. 267; whence

handbjargar-úmagi, a, m. (handbjargar-maðr, m.), a person supported by another’s labour, id.

hand-bogi, a, m. a hand-bow, Landn. 288, Sks. 390, 626, Orkn. 148, Fms. vii. 45, Fb. i. 486; opp. to lásbogi, a cross-bow.

hand-bók, f. a handbook, Vm. 52, Hom. 29.

hand-bragð, n. handicraft, manner of work, gott, íllt h.: of needlework, það er handbragðið hennar á því, and the like.

hand-byndi, mod. hand-bendi, n., prop. a handcuff: metaph. a hindrance, bother, e-m er (verðr) h. at e-u, to be bothered with a thing, Karl. 234; það er h. að honum; hann ekki nema til handbendis.

hand-bærr, adj. ready at hand, Greg. 7, Hornklofi.

hand-draga,† dróg, to pull, Thom.

hand-fagr, adj. having fair hands, Korm.

hand-fang, n. ‘hand-grip,’ a span, Gísl. 23.

hand-fara, fór, to touch with the hands, Bs. i. 460.

hand-fátt, n. adj. lack of hands, having too few hands, Fb. i. 521.

hand-festa, t, a law term, to strike a bargain by shaking hands, to pledge; h. heit sitt, Fms. vi. 145; Ásgrímr handfesti at greiða þriggja vetra skatta, Bs. i. 740; handfestir eiðar, Dipl. ii. 19; biskup handfesti (betrothed) jungfrú Ingilborg, Fms. x. 103, H.E. i. 248; handfest mér upp á trú þína, at …, Stj. 629. 2 Kings x. 15.

hand-festa, u, f. (hand-festning, f., H.E. i. 251), = handfestr, Dipl. iv. ii, Fb. i. 366, Bs. ii. 61.

hand-festr, f. striking a bargain, the joining hands; þá ferr handfestr um allt skipit þeirra í millum at þessu heiti, Bs. i. 421; áttu þeir at handfesti ok vápna-tak at þessu heiti, Fms. viii. 55; tóku þeir heit sitt með h., v. 138; sira Oddr tók þá ok þetta skilorð með h., Bs. i. 746; við vitni ok h., Fb. i. 366: it answers to the signing one’s name in mod. law.

☞ In the early Dan. and Swed. laws the stipulation to be given by the king at his coronation was called haand-fæstning. In Scotland marriage used often to be preceded by a preliminary union called hand-fasting, see Jamieson s.v.

II. a rope by which to haul oneself up, Jm. 1.

hand-fjatla, að, = handvætta.

hand-fyllr, f. a handful, Ó.H. 211.

hand-færi, n. an angling line.

hand-ganga, u, f. surrender (cp. ganga á hönd e-m), also submission to one as liege-lord; veita e-m handgöngu, Ó.H. 97; þá varð ekki af handgöngu við konunga, 163, Róm. 124, 134.

hand-genginn, part. [Dan. haandgangen], a king’s officer, belonging to the king’s household; görask h. e-m, Eg. 29, 197, Sks. 249, Eb. 110, Fs. 70; synonymous to hirðmaðr, Fms. iv. 122, Al. 27, N.G.L., Jb. passim.

hand-góðr, adj. handy, adroit, Valla L. 223.

hand-grannr, adj. having a thin hand.

hand-grip, n. = handrán, Bs. ii. 45.

hand-hafa, ð, to have in hand, possess, Gþl. 313.

hand-hafl, a, m. having in hand, Fb. 329; vera h. at e-u, to get into one’s hands, clutch a thing (as a law term less than to own); vera h. at jörðu at úleyfi konungs, Gþl. 452; ef sá kallask keypt hafa er h. er at, N.G.L. i. 249, Sturl. i. 56 (of unlawful seizure).

hand-haltr, adj. having a lame, bad hand, Sturl. i. 189.

hand-heitr, adj. having a warm hand.

hand-hæfi, n. and hand-höfn, f. a hand instrument, Þjal. 8.

hand-högg, n. a hacking off one’s hand, Sturl. iii. 116.

hand-höggva, hjó, to hack one’s hand off, Eb. 58, Fms. viii. 167.

hand-iðjan, f. = hannyrð, Bs. i. 619.

hand-kaldr, adj. having (usually) a cold hand.

hand-kista, u, f. a hand-box, D.N.

hand-klukka, u, f. a hand-bell, Vm. 114, 117, B.K. 83.

hand-klæði, n. a hand-towel, N.G.L. ii. 443, Nj. 176, Fms. iii. 194: for use in church, Vm. 15, 104, 117, Dipl. iii. 4, B.K. 83.

hand-knakkar, m. pl. a kind of crutches, Mar. 69, 70.

hand-kriki, a, m. an arm-pit.

hand-krókr, m. a game, ‘hand-crook,’ pulling with crooked hands.

hand-krækjask, t, recipr. to try the strength by pulling with crooked hands, Fms. vi. 203, Fs. 78 (where it is used of hooking hands together and standing in a circle as in a dance).

hand-kvern, f. a quern, hand-mill, B.K. 81.

hand-lag or hand-lög, n. [cp. mid. Lat. andilago, andilangus, per festucam et per andilangum tradere, Du Cange]:

—joining hands, a pledging, = handfestr, Eb. 128, Sturl. iii. 233, D.N. i. 134: in sing., Dipl. i. 11.

hand-laginn, part. adroit;

hand-lagni, f. adroitness.

hand-lami, adj. indecl. with a lame, bad hand, Bs. ii. 29, Karl. 547.

handlan, f. working, MS. 4. 10.

hand-latr, adj. lazy, Sturl. iii. 200.

hand-laugar, f. pl. washing the bands, a custom with the men of old after as well as before meals; gefa e-m h., Fms. vi. 321, Stj. 153; taka h., Fms. vii. 85; ganga til handlauga, v. 317; bera inn h., Nj. 220 (after dinner); Bergþóra gékk at borðinu með handlaugar, Nj. 52, cp. Nj. ch. 117, Lv. ch. 13, Har. S. Harðr. ch. 79: in sing. of the basin = mundlaug, Fms. vi. 199, Fb. iii. 467.

hand-lauss, adj. without hands, Gísl. (in a verse).

hand-leggja, lagði, = handfesta; h. e-m e-t, to pledge, confirm by handlög, Dipl. ii. 5; h. e-m land, til eignar, to sell an estate by handlög, Dipl. ii. 8, Thom. 298; handlagði Sophia kirkjunni til eignar þrjá tigi hundraða, Pm. 9: to seize, Post. (Fr.)

hand-leggr, m. the ‘hand-leg,’ the arm, Landn. 119 (v.l.), Bjarn. 65, Grett. 140, Nj. 19, 116, Ld. 220, Sturl. i. 85, ii. 104, Bs. i. 640, ii. 29, Fms. i. 16, ii. 264, vii. 226, Bárð. 169; cp. fótleggr: Icel. distinguish between upp-handleggr, the upper-arm, and fram-handleggr, the fore-arm; in mod. speech this compd word has almost superseded the old armr, q.v.

hand-leiðsla, u, f. guidance.

hand-leika, lék, to wield in one’s hand, have in the hand.

hand-leikinn, part. nimble-handed.

hand-lektari, a, m. a hand lectern or reading-desk, Vm. 110.

hand-léttir, m. lending a hand, Fbr. 93.

handligr, adj. manual, K.Á. 120.

hand-lín, n., eccl. sleeves, 625. 184, Fms. iii. 168, viii. 308, Vm. 30, Dipl. v. 18, B.K. 83, D.I. i. passim.

hand-ljótr, adj. having a loutish, clownish hand.

hand-megin and hand-megn, n. strength of hand, clasp, = handafl, Rb. 378; af handmagni, with the clasp of the hand, 625. 26: strength to work, working power, Grág. i. 237, 240: work = handbjörg, færa e-n fram á fé sínu eðr handmagni, 292.

handmegins-úmagi, a, m. = handbjargar-úmagi, Grág. i. 289.

hand-meiddr, part. with maimed hands, Sturl. i. 189 C.

hand-mjúkr, adj. having a soft hand.

hand-numinn, part. seized, caught, Grág. ii. 136, 195, N.G.L. i. 61.

hand-óðr, adj. fumbling about and touching everything with the hands, esp. of children.

hand-pundari, a, m. a hand steel-yard, Gþl. 523, Jb. 373.

hand-raði, a, m. a drawer in a chest, 677. 9; freq. in mod. usage, kistu-handraði, kistils-handraði, etc.

hand-ramr, adj., vide hamramr.

hand-rán, n. a law term, ‘hand-robbery,’ wresting a thing out of another’s hand, a kind of frumhlaup (personal assault), defined in Grág. Vsl. ch. 3, liable to outlawry, Grág. ii. 191, N.G.L. i. 58, Gþl. 408, Jb. 426.

hand-reip, n. a rope for hauling, Sks. 414.

hand-rið, n. a hand-rail, of a staircase or the like, Fms. viii. 375 (of a bridge), Sks. 414.

hand-rif, n. [cp. handsyfte, Ivar Aasen], ‘hand-reefing,’ a naut. term, in the phrase, svipta h., to reef a sail; síga skyldi láta seglin, ok heldr seint, en svipta af handrifi, Ó.H. 182, (svipta af neðan handrifi, Fms. iii. 44.)

hand-rit, n. ‘hand-writ,’ manuscript, (mod.)

handrita-safn, n. a collection of manuscripts.

hand-sal, n. [Scot. hansel; Dan. handsel], a law term, usually in pl. handsöl, ‘hand-selling’ or hanselling, i.e. the transference of a right, bargain, duty to another by joining hands;—hand-shaking was with the men of old the sign of a transaction, and is still used among farmers and the like, so that to shake hands is the same as to conclude a bargain, cp. Lat. mandare = manu-dare, mancipium from manu capere; jafnt þykkja mér þín heit sem handsöl annarra manna, thy word is as good as the h. of other men, Lv. 65: a trust, charge, Grág. i. 190; þetta handsal líkaði ílla Þorbrands sonum, Eb. 156; er hjá vóru gjöfinni ok handsalinu, Anal. 293; biskups handsöl, Vm. 66; taka við handsölum á e-u, to undertake the trust, charge of a thing, Nj. 257; ek vil gjarna at þú takir handsölum á öllu fénu, Ld. 50; taka við fé með handsölum, Fs. 125; eiga handsöl við e-n, to make a bargain with one, Hrafn. 21, Rd. 243, Fb. i. 109; gefa e-m handsöl yfir e-u, Bs. ii. 64; bjóða h. fyrir e-n, to offer bail for one, Fs. 87; ganga til handsala fyrir e-n, Eb. 128, 148, Grág. and Sagas passim.

compds:

handsals-band, n. a bond of handsal, N.G.L. i. 223.

handsals-maðr or handsala-maðr, m. a bail, surety, Grág. i. 295, 363, 655 iii. 1, Sturl. iii. 43.

handsals-rof, n. a breach of h., N.G.L. i. 365.

handsals-slit, n. a breach of h., Grág. i. 384, 385, Gþl. 517.

handsala, að, to make over by hansel, cp. Lat. mancipare; tak nú í hönd mér ok handsala, Nj. 21; rétt fram höndina ok h. mér nú landit, Eb. 38; h. sekð, sátt, Nj. 111, Grág. i. 118, 119; h. niðrfall at sökum, Nj. 21; h. e-m fé sitt, Glúm. 364, Eb. 156; h. sjálfdæmi, Bs. i. 286; h. löggrið, Grág. i. 19; fé handsalat, 399; h. kaup, to strike a bargain, N.G.L. i. 24; þá skal hann krefja harm verka slíkra, sem hann handsalaði honum, as he stipulated with him, 35: recipr., handsalask e-t, to stipulate with one another, Grág. i. 116; takask þeir í hendr ok handsalask við sættina, Sturl. ii. 252: part., handseld sök, etc., a suit conducted by proxy, Nj. passim.

hand-sama, að, to gather together, keep, catch.

hand-sax, n. a short sword, dirk, Fms. ii. 169, 268, 274, viii. 224.

handsaxa-leikr, m. playing with dirks, by throwing them in the air and catching them by the hilt, Fb. i. 463.

hand-seinn, adj. slow with the hand, Ísl. ii. 84.

hand-seld, f. making over by handsal.

handseldar-vitni, n. a witness to a handsal, Grág. ii. 203.

hand-selja, d, = handsala, Nj. 33; h. e-m e-t, Gþl. 513: to stipulate, make a bargain, h. sér konu, 229; h. e-m vitni, verk, D.N. i. 100, N.G.L. ii. 163.

hand-síðr, adj. long-armed, Fb. iii. 416.

hand-skjálfti, a, m., medic. a trembling of the hand.

hand-skot, n. a throwing by hand, opp. to bogaskot (shooting from a bow), Eb. 308, Fas. ii. 513, Fms. vi. 84, Bs. i. 621, Fb. i. 485.

hand-sleggja, u, f. a hand-sledge, Sks. 415.

hand-slöngva, u, f. a hand-sling, Sks. 380.

hand-smár, adj. small-handed.

hand-sterkr, adj. strong-handed, Eb. 166.

hand-stinnr, adj. with brawny hand; róa handstinnan, to pull briskly, Finnb. 250.

hand-stirðr, adj. stiff-handed, awkward.

hand-stór, adj. big-handed.

hand-stuttr, adj. short-handed.

hand-styrkja, t, in the phrase, h. sik upp, to haul oneself up, Grett. 96, 141.

hand-styrkr, adj. = handsterkr, Fms. i. 305, x. 172.

hand-styrkr, m. strength of hand, Bær. 9.

hand-sök, f. = handseld sök, Nj. 230 (MS.)

hand-tak, n. = handlag, Nj. 113, Sturl. i. 118, Bs. i. 771, Vm. 76.

hand-taka, tók, to seize, capture, Nj. 136, Sæm. 33, Fb. i. 395, Fs. 102, Fbr. 54 new Ed.

2. hand-tekinn, part. stipulated, Fs. 15.

hand-tygill, m. a lace-tag, Fms. vi. 140.

hand-únýtr, adj. quite worthless.

hand-válka (hand-volka), að, to squeeze or crumple up with the hands.

hand-vega, vá, to weigh in the hand, Fb. i. 370.

hand-vegr, m. a shoulder-seam, Fms. ii. 70, Thom. 41, Flóv. 31.

hand-verk, n. a handiwork, trade, profession, (mod.)

handverks-maðr, m. a handicraftsman.

hand-verkr, m., medic. chiragra, gout in the hand.

hand-viss, adj. in hand, quite certain, Karl. 175, 212, Thom. 5, 40, 63, 118.

hand-vætta, tt, = handvega, Fms. ii. 129.

hand-vömm, f. ‘hand-slip,’ maladroitness, clownishness, blundering, Grág. i. 383, N.G.L. i. 22, 25, Gþl. 501, Js. 121.

hand-æði, n. fidgetting with the hand, being handóðr.

hand-öx, f. a hand-axe, Nj. 27, Glúm. 329, Eg. 769: used as a missile, Ó.H. 217.

hang, n. the coil of a serpent; beygja hangit, of a cat, Edda 33.

HANGA, pret. hékk, 2nd pers. hékkt, mod. hékst, pl. héngu; pret. subj. héngja, mod. héngi; part. hanginn; pres. indic. irreg. hangi; a provincial weak pret. hangði also occurs a few times in old writers, e.g. Edda 76, which form is still heard in southern Icel. (in and about Reykjavík): [Ulf. hahan; A.S. hæn; Engl. hang; O.H.G. hahan; Germ. hangen; Dan. hænge; Swed. hänge]:

—to hang, Lat. pendere:

α. to hang, be suspended; hvers manns alvæpni hékk yfir rúmi hans, Eg. 88; vápn sín, er þar héngu hjá þeim, 377; þetta it stóra sverð er uppi hangir, Fas. iii. 120; hann hefir nú tvá daga á krossi hangit, 625. 79.

β. to cleave to; svá hanga þykt á þeim skotin, Al. 138; ok hangði hón á lifrinni þar til er hann dó, Edda 76; en ef við hangir, if it hangs fast to, N.G.L. i. 66.

γ. to hang up, for smoking; eða tvau laer héngi, Hm. 66; whence hanginn, hung, smoked; hangið kjöt (proncd. hangi-kjöt), hung, smoked meat.

2. to be hanged, executed; annarr skyldi hanga, en öðrum steypa í forsinn Sarp, Fms. vii. 181; at eigi væri hverr yðvarr maklegri at hanga, 13; gengir þú at hanga, Am. 22, cp. Hm. 139, Fms. v. 212.

hangi, a, m. a law term, a body hanging on a gallows, Fms. v. 212: the mythol. phrase, sitja, setjask undir hanga, to sit under a gallows, of Odin, in order to acquire wisdom or knowledge of the future;—for this superstition see Yngl. S. ch. 7;—whence Odin is called hanga-guð, hanga-dróttinn, hanga-týr, the god or lord of the hanged, Edda 14, 49, Lex. Poët.; varðat ek fróðr und forsum | fór ek aldregi at göldrum | … nam ek eigi Yggjar feng und hanga, I became not wise under waterfalls, I never dealt in witchcraft, I did not get the share of Odin (i.e. the poetical gift) under the gallows, i.e. I am no adept in poetry, Jd. 3 (MS., left out in the printed edition). According to another and, as it seems, a truer and older myth, Odin himself was represented as hangi, hanging on the tree Ygg-drasil, and from the depths beneath taking up the hidden mystery of wisdom, Hm. 139; so it is possible that his nicknames refer to that; cp. also the curious tale of the blind tailor in Grimm’s Märchen, No. 107, which recalls to mind the heathen tale of the one-eyed Odin sitting under the gallows.

hangi-kjöt, n. hung, smoked meat.

hangin-lukla, u, f. epithet of a housewife whose keys hang at her belt, Rm.

hangr, m. a hank, coil; það er hangr á því, there is a coil (difficulty) in the matter.

HANI, a, m. [Ulf. hana; A.S. hana; Engl. hen; Hel. hano; Germ. hahn; Dan. and Swed. hane; cp. Lat. cano]:

—a cock, Fms. v. 193, 194, Vsp. 34, 35, passim; veðr-hani or vind-hani, a weathercock; Oðins-hani, a kind of sandpiper, tringa minima; Þórs-hani; Óðinshani and Þórshani are distinguished, Þjóðólfr, May 15, 1869, p. 124.

2. as a nickname, Fms. xii, Fb. iii, Landn.; whence in local names, Hana-tún, Hana-fótr, etc., Landn.

compds:

hana-gal, n. or hana-galan, f. cock-crow, gallicinium, Fms. viii. 56.

hana-ótta, u, f. cock-crow, N.G.L. i. 9.

hankask, að, dep. to be coiled up, Fms. vi. 312; vide áhankast, p. 41.

HANKI, a, m. [Dan. hanke; Engl. hank], the hasp or clasp of a chest, Fs. 132; naut. pullies or blocks for brailing up a sail, N.G.L. i. 101; whence hanka-gjald, n., 199.

HANN, pers. pron. masc. he; fem. HÓN or HÚN, she; for the pronunciation of this word see introduction to letter H; as to the inflexion see Gramm. p. xxi; in the MSS. the word is usually abbreviated  = hann; hº or hō = hón; m = hánum; ar = hennar; i or e = henni: the old dat. masc. was hánum, as shewn by rhymes, mána vegr und hánum, Haustl.; but in Icel. it was no doubt sounded h́num, by way of umlaut; it was then sounded hónum with a long vowel, and lastly honum with a short vowel, which also is the mod. form; the old MSS. often spell hánum in full; the spelling hönum in old printed books recalls the old form h́num; from Pass. 9. 7 it may be seen that in the middle of the 17th century the dative was sounded precisely as at present.

2. sing. fem. hón (ho in mod. Norse, hoo in Lancashire) seems to be the older form; the MSS. use both forms hón and hún, but the former is the usual one; it was prob. sounded h́n, which again points to a long root vowel, hánn, hána? [Cp. Ulf. is; Germ. er; A.S., Engl., and Hel. he; old Fris. hi; in the Scandin. idioms with a suffixed demonstrative particle, vide Gramm. p. xxviii; Dan. and Swed. han, hun, etc.]

B. As this word appears almost in every line only special usages need be mentioned, as, ef maðr færir ómaga fram ok beri fé undir hann (acc., sc. ómagi), eðr eigi hann (nom., the same) fé, þá skal hann (nom., sc. maðr) beiða hann (acc., sc. ómagi) með vátta, at hann (nom., the same) seli hánum (dat., sc. maðr) fjár-heimting á hönd þeim mönnum er hann (nom., sc. ómagi) á fé undir, Grág. i. 279; here the context is very perplexing, chiefly owing to the identity of acc. and nom. sing. masc., but also because the pron. is sometimes demonstr., sometimes reflexive; in the latter case an Icel. would now say sér instead of hánum: so also, þá skal hann beiða samþingis-goða, at hanu fái honum (i.e. sibi) mann, 10: again, skal hann selja sókn ok vörn ef hann vill, ok svá varðveizlu fjár síns þess er hann á hér eptir, 146; þá skal hón ráða við ráð frænda síns (her) nokkurs, 307; Gunnarr kenndi féit at þat var hit sama sem hann (i.e. Njal) hafði honum (i.e. to Gunnar) greitt, Nj. 56.

II. the pers. pron. is often prefixed to a pr. name, as a sign of familiarity; farit upp til hestsins ok gætið hans Kols, Nj. 56; eðr hverr maðr er hann Gunnarr, what sort of a man is Gunnar? 51; ok hleypr á hann Þorkel upp, 114; ok leitið ér at honum Höskuldi, go and look after Hoskuld, 171; sæmd er ek veitta honum Þórólfi bróður þínum, Eg. 112; segir hann Pálnir, Fms. xi. 47; hón Ingibjörg, 49; hann Gísli, Grett. (in a verse); ok berjask við hann Ólaf, Fagrsk. 86; hans Vígólfs, Sól.; svá er, segir hann Þórðr, Ísl. ii. 329:

—this has become very freq. in mod. conversational usage, so that a person (nay, even an animal or a ship that has a name) is scarcely ever named without the pron., bidd’ ’ann Jón að koma, segð’ ’onum Jóni, vekt’ ’ana Sigríði; hún Sigga litla, hann Jón litli, etc.; or of ponies, sækt’ ’ann Brún, legð’ á ’ana Skjónu; cp. the dialogue in Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 612,—ég skal fylla mína hít, segir ’ún Hvít, ég ét sem ég þoli, segir ’ann boli, etc.; or Kvöldv. ii. 197,—taktú þarna frá ’enni Reyðr og gefð’ ’enni Hyrnu, hún Húfa hefir flækt sig í niðrbandinu.

III. er hann = who, that; sá maðr er hann vill, Grág. i. 19, 27, 36, vide p. 132.

2. answering to Fr. on, Germ. man, Engl. one; væri sverðit til tækt er hann vildi, when one wished, Eg. 505; but this use is very rare.

hannar-mæli, f. ‘skilful speech,’ eloquence, Róm. 301.

Hannarr, m. the Skilful, the Artist, name of a dwarf, Vsp.

HANNR, adj. skilled; sú var mar hanarst (i.e. hönnust) á Haþalandi, she was the most skilled maid in Hadaland, on a Norse Runic stone, cited by Bugge in Tidskr. for Philol. vol. vi. p. 90; hence sjón-hannr or sjón-hannarr, ‘skill-sighted,’ one whose eyes are cultivated, having the eyes of an artist, Ó.H. 16.

hannörð or hannyrð, f., esp. used in pl. and sounded hannyrðir; [this word is formed from hannr or hannar in the same way as einörð or einurð from einarðr]:

—handiness, skill, fine work, esp. used of ladies’ needlework, embroidery, or the like, and freq. in mod. usage; enda er hannorð (skill, beauty) á hvívetna því er þú tekr þínum höndum til at göra, Clem. 24; hannörðir (pl.), 25; svá skyldi hans kona bera af öllum konum hannyrðir sem hón var hverri þeirra fríðari, Vígl. 48 new Ed.; kyrtill gullofinn ok gerr hannyrðum, hannyrð vefnaðar, Konr. (MS.); hón saumaði ok tefldi eða vann aðrar hannyrðir, Bs. i. 241; kenna konu við hannyrðir, Edda ii. 513; merkit var gert af miklum hannyrðum ok ágætum hagleik, Orkn. 28; hafa á skriptum ok hannyrðum, Gkv. 2. 15; hón hafði heima verit ok numit hannorðe (i.e. hannörð), Völs. S. 135 new Ed.; hón vandisk við borða ok hannyrðir, Fas. i. 523.

hannyrða-kona, u, f. a woman skilled in needlework.

☞ This word is to be distinguished from hönd as it is spelt and sounded nn not nd, cp. Bugge’s interesting remarks in Hist. Tidskrift.

hanzki, a, m. [O.H.G. hant-scuoh = hand-shoe, Germ. hand-schuh; Dan. handske]:

—a glove, Ls. 60, Hbl. 26, Edda 39.

HAPP, n. [cp. Engl. hap, happy], good luck, but with the notion of hap, chance, as is well said in the ditty, hamingjan býr í hjarta manns | höpp eru ytri gæði, Núm. 2. 87; þá varð minna happit en ek vilda, Fms. i. 182; happa fullting, ‘hap-help,’ Deus ex machina, vi. 165; happ sótti þik nú en brátt mun annat, gættu at þér verði þat eigi at úhappi, Landn. 146; til happs ok heilla sátta (allit.), for good hap and health, Grág. ii. 21: in the saying, sá skal hafa happ er hlotið hefir, Eb. 24;

úhapp, mishap.

compds:

happa-drjúgr, adj. lucky, Fas. iii. 619.

happa-mikill, adj. having great luck, Hkr. iii. 422.

happa-ráð, n. happy counsel, Ísl. ii. 159, Hkr. ii. 88.

happa-verk, n. a happy deed, Fms. vii. 293.

happ-auðigr, adj. wealthy, happy, Þorf. Karl. 378.

happ-fróðr, adj. wise in season, Þorf. Karl. 378.

happ-lauss, adj. hapless, Eg. (in a verse).

happ-samr, adj. happy, lucky, Fas. iii. 427.

happ-skeytr, adj. a happy shot, Edda 17.

In poetry, happ-mildr, happ-kunnigr, happ-reynir, happ-vinnandi, happ-víss, adj. happy, fortunate:

happ-snauðr, adj. hapless. Lex. Poët.

hapr-task (hafr-task), n. a haversack, Snót 163.

hapt, n. a bond; vide haft.

HARA, ð (?), [cp. Germ. harren], to wait upon (?), an ἅπ. λεγ., Skm. 28; or perhaps the same word as the mod. hjara (q.v.), vitam degere.

Haraldr, m. a pr. name (from herr, q.v.), Fms.

compds:

Haralds-slátta, u, f. the coinage of king Harold Harðráði, Fms. vi.

Haralds-stikki, a, m. name of a poem, Fms.

harða, adv. = harðla, chiefly used in poetry, Al. 84, Fms. x. 101, Stj. 8, 452, Pr. 97, Lex. Poët.

harð-brysti,† n. hard-heartedness, Thom. 486.

harðindi, n. pl. hardness; harðindi hafða ek þar í hendi því at bein er hart, Bs. i. 874.

II. metaph. hardship, severity, K.Á. 54, Sks. 351, Fms. i. 220, vi. 110: esp. in mod. usage, a hard season, bad weather, harðinda-ár, harðinda-vetr, harðinda-sumar, vetrar-harðindi: harðindis-maðr, m. a stern man, Sks. 803.

harðla, and assimil. harla, adv. very, greatly, Fms. v. 257. vi. 217, Bs. i. 189, ii. 45, Stj. 58, Al. 156, Sturl. i. 159, Finnb. 232, passim.

harðliga, adv. forcibly, sternly, Fms. i. 71, vi. 44, Nj. 123, Gþl. 54: swiftly, fast, ríða harðliga, Karl. 58, Bær. 16; stíga h., Sks. 629.

harðligr, adj. hard, metaph. hard, severe, Nj. 181, Fms. ix. 291, v.l.

harðna, að, to harden.

II. metaph. to be hardened, Stj. 261. Exod. vi. sqq., K.Á. 54, Fms. vi. 37, 153, vii. 30: to become severe, ii. 30, Sturl. ii. 255: of weather, Grett. 152, Fms. ix. 502, v.l.: of scarcity, harðnaði matlífi þeirra, they ran short of provisions, viii. 435: to be hard tried, tók þá at harðna í skapi sveins, the lad began to feel unhappy, Bs. i. 350: part. harðnaðr, hardened, i.e. grown up, Sturl. iii. 11; opp. to blautr; Grettir var lítt settr at klæðum, en maðr lítt harðnaðr, tók hann nú at kala, Grett. 91; ú-harðnaðr. unhardened, still a tender boy.

HARÐR, adj., fem. hörð, neut. hart, [Ulf. hardus = σκληρός, αὐστηρος; A.S. heard; Engl. hard; Germ. hart; Dan. haard; Swed. hard]:

I. hard to the touch; eptir hörðum velli, Ísl. ii. 333; harðr skafl, Fb. ii. 103; harðar götur, hard, stony paths, Fms. x. 85; stokka eðr steina eðr hvargi þess er hart er fyrir, Grág. ii. 132; sjóða egg hart (harð-soðinn), Lækn. 472; af harðasta járni, Stj. 461: tempered, of steel, Gþl.

II. metaph.,

1. hard, stern, severe; hörð í skapi, Nj. 17 (skap-harðr); hörð orð, hard words, Fms. v. 106; harðr í hjarta, hard of heart, Flóv. 38: with dat., harðr e-m, hard on one, Fb. i. 71.

β. hardy; fólk hart ok íllt at sækja, hardy and ill to fight against, Fms. i. 85; eiga harðan son, vi. 105; hinn vaskasti drengr ok hinn harðasti karlmaðr, Ísl. ii. 264; þeir eru harðir ok hinir mestu bardaga-menn, Karl. 282; harðr í horn at taka (metaph. from a bull), hard to take by the horns, Fms. xi. 221: hard, gloomy, í hörðu skapi, Bs. i. 351, Fas. iii. 522; með harðri hendi, with high hand.

γ. hard, sad; hörð tíðindi, Nj. 64; hér hafa orðit harðir atburðir, hard things have happened, 248.

δ. hard, dire; harðr (kostr), Fms. v. 235; gera harðan rétt e-s, to deal hardly with one, i. 66; harðr dauði, ii. 173; hörð sætt, Nj. 254; hafa hart, to have a hard lot, Sturl. iii. 292; harðr bardagi, hörð orrosta, Fms. ii. 323, passim.

ε. of weather; hörð norðanveðr, Nj. 124, Rb. 572.

2. neut. hart, adv. hardly, harshly; leika e-n hart, Fms. xi. 94.

β. hard, fast; ríða hart, to ride hard, Sighvat, Ó.H. (in a verse), Nj. 82; en nú renn engi harðara en hann, 248; ganga hart ok djúpt, Edda 1; flýja sem harðast, to fly one’s hardest, 261; þeir fóru harðara en þeir vildu, Fms. x. 139.

γ. hart íllt (qs. harða íllt) erindi, Fb. ii. 393; hart nær, hard by.

compds:

Harð-angr, m. name of a firth in Norway; whence Harðengir, m. pl. the inhabitants of H., Hkr., Fms. xii.

harða-fang, n. a law term, an execution for payment, Grág. i. 384, 398, 438.

harð-beinn, adj. hard-foot, a nickname, Ld.

harð-brjóstaðr (harð-brystr, adj., Greg. 41, Stj. 484), part. hard-hearted, Flóv. 36.

harð-býll, adj. a hard householder.

harð-dreginn, part. hard to draw, difficult, Nj. 100, v.l.

harð-dregi, n. being h., Hkr. iii. 185.

harð-drægr, adj. hard to draw, hard to manage, Nj. 90, 192.

harð-eggjaðr, adj. sharp-edged, Grett. (in a verse).

harð-eygr, adj. hard-eyed, Njarð. 364.

harð-fang, n. ‘hard wrestling,’ force, Sks. 782, v.l.

harð-fari, a, m. one who travels hard, a quick traveller, Sturl. iii. 122: as a nickname, Eg. 72.

harð-farliga, adv. harshly, Eb. 93 new Ed.

harð-fengi, f. hardihood, valour, Nj. 98, Fms. ii. 28, Fs. 13, Anal. 169.

harð-fenginn, adj. = harðfengr, Fas. i. 260, Ann. 1362 (in a verse).

harð-fengliga (harð-fengiliga, Fms. iii. 143), adv. hardily, valiantly, Bær. 8, Fms. xi. 131, x. 355.

harð-fengr, adj. hardy, valiant, Eg. 710, Nj. 192, Fas. ii. 525.

harð-fenni, n. hard snow, Fbr. 39.

harð-fótr, m. ‘hard-leg,’ a tempered bar, poët. of a sword, Hkm.

harð-færi, n. stubbornness, Ld. 176.

harð-færr, adj. hard to overcome, Edda 27.

harð-geðr (harð-geðjaðr), adj. hard-minded.

harð-gengr, adj. hard-going, rough, of a horse, opp. to góðgengr.

harð-greipr, adj. hard-clutched, Lex. Poët.

harð-görr, adj. hardy, stout, Nj. 30: of things strong-built, Fms. x. 355 (a ship), Fas. i. 273 (a tower).

harð-hendliga, adv. with hard hand, Eg. 720.

harð-hendr, adj. hard-handed, strong-handed, Stj. 553, Sks. 753.

harð-hugaðr, adj. hard-hearted, Hom. 101, 108, Gh. 1.

harð-jaxl, m. a grinder (tooth), a nickname, Rd.

harð-kljáðr, part. hard-stretched, of a weft, Darr.

harð-leikinn, part. playing a hard, rough game, Sturl. i. 23; verða e-m h., to play roughly with one, Fms. ii. 182, Stj. 463; fá harðleikit, to be roughly treated, Fms. vi. 210, ix. 449; göra e-m harðleikit, Grett. 127.

harð-leikni, f. a rough game, Fms. vi. 37, Karl. 456.

harð-leikr, m. hardness; hjartans h., Stj. 87: harshness, Fms. ii. 161, ix. 449.

harð-leitr, adj. hard-looking, Eg. 305, Fms. x. 173.

harð-lífi, n. a hard life, chastisement, Bs. i. passim, Barl. 210: medic. hardness of bowels, constipation, Fél.

harð-lundaðr, adj. hard-tempered, 655 B. xiii.

harð-lyndi, n. a hard temper, Fms. vi. 45.

harð-lyndr, adj. hard-tempered, Nj. 16, Sturl. ii. 185.

harð-magi, a, m. ‘hard-maw,’ a nickname, Fms. vii. 217.

harð-mannligr, adj. hardy, manly, Fb. i. 168, Krók. 68.

harð-menni, n. a hardy man, Edda (Gl.)

harð-móðigr, adj. hard of mood, Lex. Poët.

harð-mynntr (Grett. in a verse) and harð-múlaðr, part. hard-mouthed, Germ. hartmäulig, Sturl. (in a verse).

harð-mæli, n. hard language, Sturl. iii. 201, Bs. i. 766.

harð-mæltr, part. hard-spoken, Sturl. ii. 143, v.l.: gramm. pronouncing hard, opp. to linmæltr.

harð-orðr, adj. hard-spoken, Fms. iii. 152.

harð-raðr, adj. hard in counsel, tyrannical, Nj. 2, Fms. vii. 280, xi. 18; ríkr maðr ok h., Ver. 42: nickname of king Harold given him in Fagrsk. 106.

harð-rétti, n. hardship, Rd. 249, Al. 82, Andr. 74: hard fare, sultr ok h., Stj. 257.

harð-ræði, n. hardiness, Fms. viii. 448, Nj. 258, 263: hard plight, Fms. i. 251: hardness, harshness, x. 401.

harð-skeyti, n. hard shooting, Fms. iii. 18.

harð-skeytr, adj. shooting hard, of an archer, Fms. ii. 320, Karl. 244: metaph. hard, severe.

harð-skipaðr, part. manned with hardy men, Bs. ii. 30, Fms. ii. 183.

harð-sleginn, part. hard-hammered, of iron, Hým. 13.

harð-slægr, adj. hard to mow, Glúm. 383, Fms. v. 203.

harð-snúinn, part. hard-twisted, metaph. staunch, stalwart, Nj. 178.

harð-sóttr, part. hard to get, difficult, Fms. v. 169.

harð-sperra or hall-sperra, u, f. stiffness in the limbs.

harð-spori, a, m. hard-trodden snow.

harð-steinn, m. a hard stone, a kind of whet-stone, Ísl. ii. 348, Glúm. 375, Fms. xi. 223.

harðsteina-grjót, n. a quarry of h., Fms. viii. 224.

harð-svíraðr, adj. hard-necked, stiff-necked.

harð-tenntr, part. having hard teeth, Sks. 753.

harð-tækr, adj. hard, exacting, Háv. 40.

harð-úð, f. hardness of heart.

harð-úðigr, adj. hard-minded, Fms. iii. 95, Fs. 23, Fas. i. 217, Lex. Poët.

harð-vaxinn, part. hardy of limb, brawny, Fms. vii. 321, viii. 238.

harð-velli, n. a hard, dry field.

harð-verkr, m. the name of a giant, Edda.

harð-vítugr, adj. hardy, (cant word.)

harð-yrði, n. hard words, Sturl. iii. 238, Hom. 144.

harð-yrki, a, m. a hard worker, Fms. ix. 435.

harð-yrkr, adj. hard working.

harð-ýðgi, f. hardness of heart, severity, Fms. viii. 232, x. 217.

harð-stjóri,† a, m. a tyrant:

harð-stjórn, f. tyranny, (mod.)

hark, n. a tumult, Fs. 6, Fms. vii. 168, 321, ix. 288, 516 (harshness), Fb. ii. 191, Finnb. 144; hark ok háreysti, Ísl. ii. 344.

harka (qs. harðka), u, f. hardness, and metaph. hardiness, Fb. i. 521; freq. in mod. usage: also of a hard frost, mesta harka: the phrase, með hörku-munum, with utmost difficulty.

hörku-veðr, n. hard frosty weather;

vetrar-hörkur, winter frost.

harka, að, to scrape together, with dat., Fms. viii. 73; munu þeir hafa harkat saman liði sínu, Mork. 90: impers., e-m harkar, things go ill with one, Finnb. 338, Fas. ii. 239; það harkar um e-t, id., Bjarn. 62.

II. reflex. id., Fas. ii. 307: to make a tumult, Finnb. 224; Ljótr vaknaði ok spurði hverr harkaðist, Háv. 31 new Ed.

HARKI, a, m. rubbish, trash, (= mod. skran); kistur ok annar h., Karl. 554, Bs. i. 830, Fs. 44.

compds:

harka-börn, n. pl. rabble of children, Þrymlur 1. 3, (not háska-börn.)

harka-geta, u, f. coarse food, Sturl. i. 166.

harka-lið, n. rabble, Ísl. ii. 91.

harka-maðr, m. a tramp, scamp, Sturl. i. 175.

harka-samliga, adv. coarsely, Sturl. ii. 163.

harla, adv., vide harðla.

harma, að, to bewail, with acc., Nj. 20, Fms. i. 47, ii. 229, Hom. 20, Bs. i. 105, passim; h. sik, to wail, Fms. iii. 8: impers., e-m harmar, it vexes one, one is vexed, Blas. 41, Háv. 44.

harm-brögð, n. pl. mischief, Akv. 15.

harm-dauði, adj. indecl. (and harm-dauðr, adj., Fms. ix. 399), lamented, of one departed; vera harmdauði, Fms. vi. 232, ix. 421, x. 406, Orkn. 88, Fb. i. 28.

harm-dögg, f., poët. sorrow-dew, i.e. tears, Hkv. 2. 43.

harm-fenginn, adj. bowed by grief, O.H.L. 46.

harm-flaug, f. a baneful shaft, of the mistletoe, Vsp. 37.

harm-fullr, adj. sorrowful, Fms. v. 214.

harm-kvæli, n. pl. torments, 623. 35, Fms. iii. 217, Magn. 530, Bs. i. 325, ii. 107.

harm-kvæling, f. = harmkvæli, Matth. xxiv. 8.

HARMR, m. [A.S. hearm; Engl. harm; Dan. harme], grief, sorrow; hann mátti ekki mæla fyrir harmi, Fms. vi. 228: in plur., með hörmum, x. 368; mikill harmr er at oss kveðinn, Nj. 201, passim.

compds:

harma-bylgja, u, f. a billow of sorrow, Pass. 41. 4.

harma-grátr, m. the Lamentations, of Jeremiah.

harma-raust (harma-rödd), f. lamentation, Pass. 41. 7.

harma-tölur, f. pl. = harmtölur.

harms-auki, a, m. addition to one’s grief, Fms. vi. 237.

harms-fullr, adj. sorrowful, Fms. vi. 261, Edda 22, Fas. i. 456.

harms-léttir, m. relief, Fms. iii. 5.

II. in old poetry harmr often conveys the notion of harm, hurt, Skv. 2. 10, 11, Sdm. 12, 36, Ýt. 19.

III. a kind of hawk, Edda (Gl.)

IV. name of a fjord in Norway, Fms.

harm-saga, u, f. tidings of grief, Stj. 522, Eb. 98, Lv. 64, Fms. xi. 17.

harm-sól, f. sun of grief, name of an old poem.

harm-sök, f. a sad case, Nj. 221, Eb. 34 new Ed., v.l. to harmsaga.

harm-söngr, m. a song of sorrow, dirge, Stj. 349, Bret. 68.

harm-tíðindi, n. pl. = harmsaga, Gísl. 109.

harm-tölur, f. pl. lamentations, Hkr. ii. 107, Bret. 70.

harm-vesall, adj. wretched, Lex. Poët.

harm-vitegr, adj. = armvitegr, compassionate, Mart. 123, Bs. i. 332.

harm-þrunginn, part. ‘grief-swoln,’ filled with sorrow, Stj. 520, Ld. 50, Fms. iii. 11, iv. 32, Pass. 2. 11.

harm-þrútinn, part. = harmþrunginn, Fms. ii. 95.

harneskja, u, f. harness, armour, Bret. 60, Fms. x. 140: metaph. harshness.

HARPA, u, f. [A.S. hearpe; Engl. harp; O.H.G. harpha; Germ. harfe; Dan. harpe]:

—a harp, it occurs as early as Vsp. 34, Akv. 31, Am. 62, Og. 27, Bs. i. 155, Fms. vi. 203, vii. 97, Sks. 704.

compds:

hörpu-leikr, m. playing on a harp, Hkr. iii. 246.

hörpu-maðr, m. a harp-man, harper, Sams. S. 9.

hörpu-slagi and hörpu-slagari, a, m. a harper, Bs. i. 866, 909.

hörpu-slagr, hörpu-sláttr, m. striking the harp, Bs. i. 202, Str. 83.

hörpu-stokkr, m. a harp-case, Fas. i. 342.

hörpu-strengr, m. a harp-string, Eluc. 45, Skálda: that the harp was in olden times used in churches in Icel. is seen from Laur. S. ch. 59.

II. metaph. a shell; erat hlums vant kvað refr, dró hörpu at ísi, a saying, Fms. vii. 19: whence

hörpu-diskr, m. a ‘harp-disk,’ a kind of shell:

hörpu-skel, f. a harp-shell, Eg. 769, Eggert Itin.

III. the first month of the summer, from the middle of April to the middle of May, is called Harpa.

harpa,† að (?), to play on a harp, Str., a ἅπ. λεγ.

harpari, a, m. a harper, Str. 57.

harpeis, m. resin, (mod.)

harp-slagi, a, m. = hörpuslagi, Stj. 460, Bret. 10.

harp-sláttr, m. = hörpusláttr, Eluc. 53, Bær. 4, Orkn. (in a verse).

HARRI, a, m. [akin to the mod. herra, q.v.], a lord, king, only used in poetry, Edda 104, Gloss.; hann heimti þangat Valerianum harra sinn, Greg. 75: as a pr. name, Landn.; as also the name of an ox, Ld., whence local names such as Harra-staðir, m. pl., freq. in western Icel.

HASA, að, in ofhasa, e-n hasar á e-u, to be surfeited with a thing, of food.

HASL, m. [A.S. hæsel; Engl. hasel; Germ. hessel], the hasel, Str. 66.

hasla, in pl. höslur, f. pegs or poles of hasel-wood, a technical term for the four square poles that marked out the ground for a pitched battle or a duel, described in Korm. 86, Eg. 277; undir jarðar höslu, poët. within the pale, on the face of the earth, Edda (in a verse by a poet of king Canute).

hasla, að, in the old phrase, hasla (e-m) völl, to ‘enhasel’ a battlefield, to challenge one’s enemy to a pitched battle (or duel) on a field marked out by hasel-poles, Korm. 46, Hkr. i. 150, Eg. 273, 275, 276 (of the battle of Brunanburgh).

HASTA, að, the mod. form of the old hersta (q.v.) in the phrase, hasta á e-n, to rebuke one to silence, command one to hold his peace, e.g. of children: used of Christ in the Gospel, þá reis hann upp og hastaði á vindinn og sjóinn, þá varð logn mikit, Matth. viii. 26.

hastar-liga, adv. hastily, suddenly.

hastar-ligr, adj. hasty, sudden.

hast-orðr, adj. = herstr, harsh-spoken, Ísl. ii. 158.

hastr, adj. = herstr, harsh, esp. of speech; of a horse = harð-gengr.

HATA, að, [Ulf. hatan = μισειν; A.S. hatjan; Engl. hate; O.H.G. hazen; Germ. hassen; Dan. hade; Swed. hata]:

—to hate, with acc., Stj. 168, Post. 656 C. 27, Hom. 159, Fms. vi. 5, passim.

2. reflex., hatask við e-n, or móti e-m, to breathe hatred against one, Fb. ii. 339, Fms. i. 37, vi. 9, 186, viii. 238, xi. 259, Fs. 31, Eg. 139: recipr. to hate one another:

—part. hatendr, pl. haters.

II. the poets use hata with dat. in the sense to shun; eldr ok vatn hatar hvárt öðru, fire and water shun one another, Edda 126 (Ht. 17); hata gulli, to spend gold, Fas. i. 258; hata baugi, id., Fas. i. 259 (in a verse); sá er brott verðr hataðr, forsaken or driven away, Anecd. 26; this is prob. the original sense of the word, vide hati below.

☞ But hatta (double t, qs. hvata) seems a better reading; at least, Sturl. in a verse of a.d. 1207 makes trautt and hattar rhyme.

hati, a, m. one who shuns;

baug-hati, gull-hati, a liberal man, Lex. Poët. passim.

2. the name of the mock sun (wolf) which is in front of the sun, Edda (Gl.), Gm. 39: the name of a giant, Hkv. Hjörv.

hatr, n. [Ulf. hatis = ὀργή; A.S. hete; Engl. hate; Germ. hass; Dan. had; Swed. hat]:

—hatred, spite, aversion, Hm. 154, Post. 645. 64, Magn. 470, Stj. 192, Fms. viii. 26, xi. 437, passim;

mann-hatr, misanthropy;

trúar-hatr, religious fanaticism; þjóð-hatr, (mod.)

compds:

hatrs-fullr, adj. hateful, Skálda 199.

hatrs-sök, f. cause of hatred, Stj. 192.

hatr-lauss, adj. spiteless, free from spite.

hatr-leysi, n. freedom from spite, Mar.

hatr-liga, adv. hatefully, Fms. i. 270, Bs. i. 45.

hatr-ligr, adj. hateful, Bs. ii. 126.

hatr-samligr, adj. (hatr-samliga, adv.), hateful, rancorous, Mar.

hatr-samr, adj. rancorous, H.E. i. 501, Karl. 127.

hatr-semd, f. rancour, Fr.

HATTR, m. a hat, Nj. 32, Fms. i. 74, Eg. 407; vide höttr.

hatt-staup, n. poët. the head, Ad. 7.

hau, interj. ho ho! of shouting, = hó, Karl. 321.

hauðna, vide haðna.

HAUÐR, n. [the etymology of this word is not known], poët. earth, Edda 97, Hdl. 48, Lex. Poët. passim: allit., hauðr ok himin, Sól. 54.

compds:

hauðr-gjörð, f., hauðr-men, n. the earth-girdle, i.e. the sea, Lex. Poët.

hauðr-fjörnir, m., hauðr-tjald, n. the helmet, tent of the earth, i.e. the heaven, Lex. Poët.

haug-brot, n. the breaking of a cairn, Sturl. i. 23, Bárð. 180.

haug-búi, a, m. a ‘cairn-dweller,’ a ghost, Fb. i. 214, Grett. 38 new Ed.

haug-færa, ð, to bury in a cairn, Fms. x. 212.

haug-ganga, u, f. the breaking into a cairn, Ísl. ii. 50, Fb. ii. 8.

haug-óðal, n. a Norse law term, the manorial right to treasures dug out of cairns, defined in Gþl. 310.

haugóðals-maðr, m. an owner of haugóðal, id.

HAUGR, m. [akin to hár, high; Dan. höj; Swed. hog; North. E. how]:

—a how, mound; haugr eða hæð, Mar., Fms. ix. 382, Stj. 260; there was usually a how near the houses, from which the master could look over his estate, Þkv. 6, Skm. 11; hann gékk nú at bæ Þorleifs ok at haugi þeim er hann sat a., Fs. 98; Þorleifr var því vanr, sem mjök var fornmennis háttr, at sitja löngum úti á haugi einum ok eigi langt frá bænum, Fms. ii. 59; þar er h. nokkurr er hann er vanr at sitja, v. 160; hann sat á haugi sem konungar, Hkr. i. 136, Stjörn. Odd. ch. 5.

2. a dung-heap. midden;

fjós-haugr, a byre-midden;

ösku-haugr, an ash-heap;

myki-haugr, a muck-heap; draga myki út ok færa í haug, K.Þ.K. 100, Al. 178.

II. a cairn, over one dead; the cairns belong to the burning age as well as to the later age, when the dead were placed in a ship and put in the how with a horse, hound, treasures, weapons, or the like, cp. Eg. 6, 7, 768. Hkr. (pref.), Landn. 62 (twice), 81, 82, 86, 125 (lagðr í skip), 169, Gísl. 23, 24, 31, 32, Ld. ch. 8, 24, Nj. ch. 79, Eb. ch. 9, 34, Hrafn. (fine), Hervar. 13 sqq. (1847), Fagrsk. ch. 4, 5, Hkr. (pref.), Hkr. i. 122 (Har. S. ch. 45), 152 (Hák. S. ch. 27), 160 (ch. 32), Har. Hárf. ch. 8, Skjöld. S. ch. 9: names of such cairns, Korna-haugr, Landn. 87; Hildis-haugr, 267; Hálfdanar-haugar, Hkr. i. 74; Tréfóts-haugr, Grett. 87; Melkorku-haugr, Mókolls-haugr, etc.: freq. in local names, Haugr, Haugar, Haugs-nes, Landn., Eb.; Hauga-þing, n. an assembly in Norway, Fms. viii. 245, ix. 109. There is an historical essay on Icel. cairns by old Jón Ólafsson in Arna-Magn. Additam. (autogr. MS. and interesting).

β. a kind of sacrificial mound, Edda 83 (Hölgi), Yngl. S. ch. 12, Ó.H. ch. 122; hauga né hörga, hlaða hauga ok kalla hörg, N.G.L. i. 430; blót-haugr, q.v.: for tales about the breaking open of cairns, wrestling with the ghosts, and carrying off their weapons and treasures, see Landn. 169, Harð. S. ch. 15, Grett. ch. 20, Sturl. i. 23, Bárð. ch. 20 new Ed.: the burying in cairns was typical of the heathen age, whence such law phrases as, frá heiðnum haugi, from heathen how, i.e. from time immemorial, D.N. passim, vide Fr.; telja langfeðr frá haugi, or til haugs ok heiðni, to count one’s forefathers up to hows and heathen times, Rétt. 48, D.N. iii. 122: in early Dan. laws unbaptized children were called höghæmen = how-men.

compds:

hauga-brjótr, m. a cairn breaker, a nickname, Landn. 278.

hauga-eldr, m. a cairn fire, a kind of ignis fatuus, said to burn over hidden treasures in cairns, Eg. 767, Grett. l.c., Fas. i. 518. Hervar. S.

hauga-herr, m. the host of cairns, fiends, ghosts, demons, Sighvat.

hauga-öld, f. the cairn age, opp. to bruna-öld, Hkr. (pref.), Fms. i. 34.

haugs-dyrr, n. the doors of a cairn, 655 xiv.

haugs-gólf, n. the floor of a cairn, Fms. x. 213.

haugs-görð, f. cairn-making, Fms. x. 212, Fas. i. 429.

haug-staðr, m. a cairn-place, heathen burial-place, Hkr. i. 2.

haug-tekinn, part. taken from a cairn (weapon), Ld. 78.

haug-þak, n. the roof of a cairn, Edda 68.

hauk-ey, f. hawk island, Sighvat; the old poet calls Norway the hawk island of the Danish king Harold, because he got a tribute of hawks from that land, Fms. vi. 44 (v.l.), cp. x. 341.

hauk-ligr, adj. hawk-like, of the eyes, appearance, Fms. x. 383, Lex. Poët. passim.

HAUKR, m. [A.S. heafoc; Engl. hawk; O.H.G. habuch; Germ. habicht; Dan. hög; Swed. hök]:

—a hawk, Fms. i. 119, xi. 21, Jb. 542: metaph. a hero, vera haukar görvir, Fms. vi. (in a verse); eiga sér hauk í horni, to have a hawk in the corner, to have one to back one; or perhaps the phrase is, hrók í horni, a rook in the corner, borrowed from chess. Hawks were in olden times carried on the wrist, whence in poetry the hand is called the seat, cliff, land of the hawk, hauk-borð, hauk-klif, hauk-land, hauk-mærr, hauk-storð, hauk-strönd, hauk-völlr; the adjectives hauk-fránn (of the eye, flashing as a hawk’s eye), hauk-ligr, hauk-lyndr, hauk-snarr, hauk-snjallr are all of them epithets of a bold man, Lex. Poët.:

hauka-veiði, n. hawking, Gþl. 429:

hauk-nefr, m. hawk-bill, a nickname, Landn.;

sparr-haukr, a sparrow-hawk.

II. as a pr. name, Landn.; and in local names, Hauka-gil, Hauka-dalr, whence Haukdælir, m. pl. name of a family, Sturl.; Haukdæla-ætt, f. id.; Hauk-dælskr, adj. belonging to that family.

hauk-staldar, or hauk-stallar, is a corrupt form of the A.S. heage-steald = young man, Og. 7, Skv. 3. 31, Edda (in a verse by a poët of the time of king Canute).

haula, adj. indecl. ruptured; eins er gangr aula | og þeir vagi um haula, Hallgr.

HAULL, m., acc. haul, a rupture, hernia, Bs. i. 208, Fél. ix. 218, where a distinction is made between kviðar-haull, nafla-haull, nára-haull, etc.: the passage höll við hýrógi, Hm. 138, is no doubt corrupt for við haulvi hýrógr, or hýrógr við haul, i.e. spurred rye (ergot of rye) against hernia:—the sense is clear, though the exact wording is not; the whole verse is a rude old medic. receipt, and the explanation of this passage as given by translators and commentators is no doubt erroneous.

HAUSS, m. [cp. Dan. isse], the skull, cranium, Vþm. 21, Gm. 40, Grág. ii. 11, Fb. i. 235, ii. 79, Eg. 769, 770, Nj. 253, Landn. 51, passim.

compds:

hausa-kljúfr, m. skull-cleaver, a nickname, Orkn.

hausa-mót, m. pl. sutures of the skull, Fas. iii. 214,

haus-brot, n. skull-fracture, Bs. ii. 18.

haus-fastr, adj. seated in the skull, Bs. i. 641.

haus-filla, u, f. ‘skull-film,’ scalp, Tristr. 3.

haus-kúpa, u, f. ‘skull-basin,’ skull.

haus-skel, f. skull shell, (Germ. hirnschale); in the Icel. N.T. Golgotha is rendered Hausaskelja-staðr, m., Matth. xxvii. 33; in poetry the heaven (vault of heaven) is called the skull of the giant Ymir, undir gömlum Ýmis hausi, under the old skull of Ymir, sub dio, Arnór, see Edda, Vþm., Gm. l.c.

II. the head, of beasts, fishes, þorsk-hauss, hross-hauss, hunds-hauss, nauts-hauss; of men only as in contempt = blockhead.

HAUST, n.; that this word was originally masc. (as vetr, sumarr) is seen from the other Teut. idioms, as also the Norse form haustar- (for haust-), which occurs in haustar-tími, Stj. 14, and haustar-dagr, D.N. (Fr.), = haust-tími, haust-dagr; [A.S. hærfest; Engl. harvest; O.H.G. herbist; Germ. herbst; Dan. höst = harvest; Swed. höst: haust is in Icel. only used in a metaph. sense]:

—autumn (harvest season), for the extension of that season see Edda 103, Nj. 9, 168, Fb. ii. 185, passim.

compds:

haust-blót, n. a sacrificial feast in autumn, Eg. 5.

haust-boð, n. an autumn feast, Gísl. 27, Fb. i. 302, Ld. 194, Þorf. Karl. 368.

hauat-bær, adj. calving in autumn, of a cow.

haust-dagr, m. autumn days, Eg. 12, Fms. x. 188.

haust-gríma, u, f. an autumn night, Hm. 73.

haust-heimtur, f. pl. getting in lambs in autumn, Band. 11 new Ed.

haust-hold, n. pl., in the phrase, í haustholdum, a farmer’s term for cattle in a fat condition in autumn.

haust-kveld, n. an autumn evening.

haust-lag, n., in the phrase, at haustlagi, of paying debts in cattle in autumn.

haust-langr, adj. lasting all the autumn, Eg.

haust-leiðangr, m. an autumn levy, D.N.

Haust-löng, f. (viz. drápa), the name of an old poem (Edda), prob. from being composed in autumn.

haust-mánuðr, m. an autumn month, September, Edda 103.

haust-myrkr, m. autumn darkness, a nickname, Landn.

haust-nott, f. an autumn night, Fms. vi. (in a verse), Konr. 22.

haust-skuld, f. in a pun, vide Sturl. iii. 216.

haust-sól, f. an autumn sun.

haust-veðrátta, u, f. autumn weather.

haust-víking, f. a freebooting expedition in autumn, Orkn. 462.

haust-þing, n. the autumn assizes, Nj. 251.

haust-öl, n. an autumn banquet, Fms. x. 393.

hausta, að, to draw near autumn, Eg. 18, 251, Fms. ii. 29, 127.

haust-magi, haust-mögöttr, vide höss.

há, mod. ha, interj. eh? (what did you say?), Sks. 304, 365; in the last century the long vowel was still sounded in the east of Icel.

HÁ, f. after-math, N.G.L. i. 40, cp. 289, freq. in mod. usage, whence há-bit, n. the after-math bite or grazing, Gþl. 407, 503.

II. the hide of a horse or cattle, Hm. 135;

hross-há, a horse’s hide:

nauts-há, a neat’s hide; but gæra of a sheep:

þing-há, a ‘thing-circuit,’ district, from heyja (q.v.); or is the metaphor taken from an expanded hide?

III. in poetry há seems to occur twice in the sense of battle-field or battle, from the fact that duels were fought upon a hide: fara at há, to go to battle, Ó.H. (Sighvat); at há hverju (hverri), Hervar. (in a verse).

há, ð, in the phrase, e-m háir, one is pinched or worn by sickness, work, or the like; honum háir það, snarpr sultr hár (pinches) mannkyni, Merl. 2. 31; nú vill oss hvervetna há, everything vexes us, Fas. iii. 12, freq. in mod. usage. The part. háðr (háðr e-m, depending upon one, subservient to one, ó-háðr, independent) belongs either to há or to heyja.

há-band,† n. a string round the leg.

há-benda, u, f. = hamla (see p. 244).

há-bora, að, to fit with rowlocks, Fms. ix. 33.

há-borur, f. pl. rowlocks, Fms. ix. 33, Sturl. iii. 66.

HÁÐ, n. [cp. Ulf. hauns = ταπεινός; Engl. heinous; Germ. hohn; Dan. haan; old Dan. haad]:

—scoffing, mocking, Nj. 66, Fms. vi. 21, 216, vii. 61, Hm. 133; háð ok spott, Ísl. ii. 265, passim.

háð-samr, adj. scoffing, Fms. iii. 153: a nickname, Landn.

háð-semi, f. mockery, Fms. iii. 154, Hom. 86.

háðskr, adj. scoffing.

háðuliga, adv. shamefully, Fms. viii. 171, Orkn. 120, Fas. i. 21.

háðuligr, adj. scornful, Fms. iii. 148: contemptible, h. orð, abusive words, Stj. 107; h. verk, disgraceful deeds, 218, 623. 12.

háðung, f. shame, disgrace, Hm. 101, Nj. 80, Grág. ii. 121, Fms. vi. 417, xi. 152, Stj. 407, O.H.L. 45.

háðungar-orð, n. pl. words of scorn, Sturl. iii. 163, Stj. 643.

háð-varr, adj. free from scoff, upright, Lex. Poët.

HÁFR, m. [North. E. haaf], a pock-net for herring-fishing;

reyk-háfr, a ‘reek-draft,’ a chimney.

háfr, m. a dog-fish,

háfs-roð, n. shagreen; vide hár.

háfur, f. pl. riches, good things, Volks. 291, Hallgr. Pét.

há-genginn, part. (uxi hágenginn), fed on after-math, Stj. 493. 1 Sam. xxviii. 24.

há-karl, m. a shark, Dipl. iii. 4, Sturl. ii. 147, Fms. ix. 434.

Há-kon, m. a pr. name, a family name within the old house of the Norse kings; as an appel. it seems to answer to A.S. heagestald, Germ. hagestolz, Icel. drengr, and to be identical with the mod. provincial Norse haaman (Ivar Aasen), a young, unmarried man.

HÁKR, m., the proper sense may have been some kind of fish, cp. Engl. hake; the word is seldom used but in compds; mat-hákr, a glutton; orð-hákr, foul mouth: a nickname, hann var fyrir því kallaðr Þorkell hákr at hann eirði öngu hvárki í orðum né verkum, Nj. 183.

há-leistr,† m. [from leistr (q.v.) and hár = a hough], a short sock reaching only to the ankles.

Há-leygir, m. pl. the inhabitants of the Norse county Hálogaland, Fms.; whence

Háleyzkr, adj. from Hálogaland.

HÁLFA, u, f. often proncd. álfa, [akin to hálfr; Goth. halba = μέρος, 2 Cor. iii. 9; A.S. half; Hel. halba = latus]:

—prop. a half, a part:

I. a region, quarter, of the world, Stj. 72; í fyrrnefndum fjallsins hálfum, 87; í öllum hálfum heimsins, 18; í álfum Orkneyjaríkis, Magn. 502; í várri byggilegri hálfu (zone), Rb. 478; veröldin var greind í þrjár hálfur, Edda 147; whence

Austr-álfa, the East = Asia;

Norðr-álfa, the North = Europe;

Suðr-hálfa, Africa;

vestr-álfa, America, (mod.);

heims-álfa, one of the three (four) quarters;

lands-álfa, region, Jesús gékk burt þaðan og fór í lands-álfur Tyri og Sidonis, Matth. xv. 21.

β. with the notion of lineage, kin; svá höfðu þeir grimmliga leikit alla þá hálfu, all people of that kin, Fms. viii. 23; þá skulu taka arf bræðrungar ok systrungar, en fleiri menn ór annari hálfu (lineage), Grág. i. 17; seint er satt at spyrja, mér hefir kennt verit, at móðir mín væri frjálsborin í allar hálfur, Ó.H. 114; konungborin í allar ættir ok hálfur, Fb. ii. 171, cp. Ó.H. 87, l.c.

γ. setja út í hálfur, to expand, of a metaphor, Edda 69.

II. as a law phrase, on one’s behalf or part; af Guðs hálfu ok lands-laga, on behalf of God and the law of the land, Fms. vi. 94, Sks. 638; af e-s hálfu, on one’s part, Fms. xi. 444; Jóns biskups af einni hálfu, ok Gísla bónda af annarri hálfu, Dipl. iii. 7; á báðar hálfur, on both sides, v. 26; af annarra manna hálfu, on the part of other men, 2; af minni hálfu, on my part; hvártveggi hálfan, both parts, D.N.

hálfu-þing, n. a kind of hustings, N.G.L. i. 251.

hálfna, að, to have half done with a thing; er þeir höfðu hálfnað sundit, Fær. 173: to be half gone or past, Fms. iii. 81, Bret. ch. 13, Sd. ch. 22 (slain the half of it); dagr, nótt, vegr er hálfnaðr, the day, night, way is half past.

HÁLFR, adj., hálf (hlf), hálft, freq. spelt halbr, halb er öld hvar, Hm. 52; [Goth. halbs; A.S. healf; Engl. half; Hel. halba; Germ. halb; Dan. halv; Swed. half]:

—half; hálfr mánuðr, half a month, a fortnight, Nj. 4; þar átti hann kyn hálft, Eg. 288; hálf stika, half a yard, Grág. i. 498; hálf Jól, the half of Yule, Fs. 151, passim: adverb. phrases, til hálfs, by a half, Eg. 258, 304; aukinn hálfu, increased by half, doubled, Grág. i. 157, Gþl. 24.

2. with the notion of brief, scant, little; sjá hálf hýnótt, that little night, Skm. 42; hálf stund, a little while; eg skal ekki vera hálfa stund að því, i.e. I shall have done presently, in a moment; cp. hálb er öld hvar, only half, Hm. 52; með hálfum hleif, with half a loaf, a little loaf of bread, 51: an Icel. says to his guest, má eg bjóða þér í hálfum bolla, í hálfu staupi, hálfan munnbita, and the like.

II. in counting Icel. say, hálfr annarr, half another, i.e. one and a half; h. þriði, half a third, i.e. two and a half; h. fjórði, three and a half; h. fimti, four and a half, etc.; thus, hálfan annan dag, one day and a half; hálft annað ár, hálfan annan mánuð, h. aðra nótt; hálf önnur stika, a yard and a half, Grág. i. 498; hálfa fimtu mörk, four marks and a half, 391; hálft annat hundrað, one hundred and a half, Sturl. i. 186; hálfr þriði tögr manna, two decades and a half, i.e. twenty-five, men, Ísl. ii. 387; hálfan fimta tög skipa, Hkr. iii. 374:

similar are the compd adjectives

hálf-þrítugr, aged twenty-five;

hálf-fertugr, aged thirty-five;

hálf-fimtugr, hálf-sextugr, hálf-sjötugr, hálf-áttræðr, hálf-níræðr, hálf-tíræðr, i.e. aged forty-five, fifty-five, sixty-five, seventy-five, eighty-five, ninety-five, and lastly,

hálf-tólfræðr, one hundred and fifteen, Eg. 84, Fms. i. 148, Greg. 60, Stj. 639, Bs. i. 54, 101, Hkr. (pref.), Mar. 32, Íb. 18, Grett. 162, Fs. 160:

also of measure, hálf-fertugr föðmum, Landn. (App.) 324, Fms. vii. 217; hálf-þrítugt tungl, a moon twenty-five days’ old, Rb. 26: contracted, hálf-fjórðu mörk, three marks and a half, Am. 63; hálf-fimtu mörk, four marks and a half, Jm. 36: as to this use, cp. the Germ. andert-halb, dritt-halb, viert-halb, etc., Gr. τρίτον ἡμιτάλαντον (two talents and a half), Lat. sestertius.

III. neut. hálfu with a comparative, in an intensive sense, far; hálfu verri, worse by half, far worse; hálfu meira, far more, Fms. vi. 201; hálfu heilli! Fb. i. 180; hálfu síðr, far less, Þórð. 41 new Ed., Fb. ii. 357; fremr hálfu, much farther ago, Hðm. 2; h. lengra, Bs. ii. 48; h. betri, better by half; h. hógligra, far snugger, Am. 66; hálfu sæmri, Fb. ii. 334.

β. with neg. suff.; hálft-ki, not half; at hálft-ki má óstyrkð ór bera, Greg. 54.

IV. a pr. name, rare, whence Hálfs-rekkr, m. pl. the champions of king Half, Fas.: Hálf-dan, m. Half-Dane, a pr. name, cp. Healf-Danes in Beowulf, Fms.

B. The compds are very numerous in adjectives, nouns, and participles, but fewer in verbs; we can record only a few, e.g.

hálf-afglapi, a, m. half an idiot, Band. 4 new Ed.

hálf-aukinn, part. increased by half, H.E. ii. 222.

hálf-áttræðr, see above.

hálf-bergrisi, a, m. half a giant, Eg. 23.

hálf-berserkr, m. half a berserker, Sd. 129.

hálf-björt, n. adj. half bright, dawning.

hálf-blandinn, part. half blended, Stj. 85.

hálf-blindr, adj. half blind.

hálf-bolli, a, m. half a bowl (a measure), N.G.L. ii. 166.

hálf-breiðr, adj. of half breadth, Jm. 2.

hálf-brosandi, part. half smiling.

hálf-bróðir, m. a half brother (on one side).

hálf-brunninn, part. half burnt.

hálf-bræðrungr, m. a half cousin, K.Á. 140.

hálf-búinn, part. half done.

hálf-dauðr, adj. half dead, Sturl. ii. 54, Magn. 530, Hkr. iii. 366.

hálf-daufr, adj. half deaf.

hálf-deigr, adj. damp.

hálf-dimt, n. adj. half dark, in twilight.

hálf-drættingr, m. a fisher-boy, who gets half the fish he catches, but not a full ‘hlutr.’

hálf-ermaðr, part. half sleeved, Sturl. iii. 306.

hálf-etinn, part. half eaten, Al. 95.

hálf-eyrir, m. half an ounce, Fms. x. 211.

hálf-fallinn, part. half fallen, K.Á. 96; h. út sjór, of the tide.

hálf-farinn, part. half gone.

hálf-fertrugr, hálf-fimti, hálf-fimtugr, hálf-fjórði, see above (II).

hálf-fífl, n. and hálf-fífla, u, f. half an idiot, Fms. vi. 218, Bs. i. 286.

hálf-fjórðungr, m. half a fourth part, Bs. ii. 170.

hálf-frosinn, part. half frozen.

hálf-fúinn, part. half rotten.

hálf-genginn, part. halving.

hálf-gildi, n. half the value, Gþl. 392.

hálf-gildr, adj. of half the value, N.G.L.

hálf-gjalda, galt, to pay half, N.G.L. i. 174.

hálf-grátandi, part. half weeping.

hálf-gróinn, part. half healed.

hálf-görr, part. half done, only half done, left half undone, Fms. ii. 62; litlu betr en hálfgört, Greg. 24.

hálfgörðar-bóndi, a, m. a man who has to furnish half a levy, D.N.

hálf-hélufall, n. a slight fall of rime, Gísl. 154.

hálf-hlaðinn, part. half laden, Jb. 411.

hálf-hneppt, n. adj. a kind of metre, Edda 139.

hálf-hræddr, adj. half afraid.

hálf-kirkja, u, f. a ‘half-kirk,’ = mod. annexía, an annex-church, district church, or chapel of ease, Vm. 126, H.E. i. 430, ii. 138, Am. 28, Pm. 41, Dipl. v. 19; distinction is made between al-kirkja, hálf-kirkja, and bæn-hús, a chapel.

hálf-kjökrandi, part. half choked with tears.

hálf-klæddr, part. half dressed.

hálf-konungr, m. a half king, inferior king, Fms. i. 83.

hálf-kveðinn, part. half uttered; skilja hálfkveðit orð, or hálfkveðna vísu = Lat. verbum sat, MS. 4. 7.

hálf-launat, n. part. rewarded by half, Fms. ii. 62, Grág. i. 304.

hálf-leypa, u, f. a half laupr (a measure), B.K. passim,

hálf-leystr, part. half loosened, Greg. 55.

hálf-lifandi, part. half alive, half dead, Mar.

hálf-litr, adj. of a cloak, of two colours, one colour on each side, Fms. ii. 70, Fas. iii. 561, Sturl. ii. 32, iii. 112, Fær. 227, Bs. i. 434.

hálf-ljóst, n. adj.; pá er hálfljóst var, in twilight, Sturl. iii. 193.

hálf-lokaðr, part. half locked.

hálf-mætti, n. ‘half might,’ opp. to omnipotence, Skálda 161.

hálf-mörk, f. half a mark, Vm. 80, 126.

hálf-nauðigr, adj. half reluctant, Fms. xi. 392.

hálf-neitt, n. adj. ‘half-naught,’ trifling, Fas. i. 60.

hálf-níð, n. half a lampoon, Fms. iii. 21.

hálf-níræðr, see above (II).

hálf-nýtr, adj. of half use, Rb. 86.

hálf-opinn, adj. half open.

hálf-prestr, m. a ‘half-priest,’ a chaplain to a hálfkirkja, Sturl. ii. 178.

hálf-pund, n. half a pound, Gþl. 343.

hálf-raddarstafr, m. a semivowel, Skálda 176, 178.

hálf-reingr, a, m. a half scamp, Bs. i. 517.

hálf-rétti, n. a law term (cp. fullrétti, p. 177), a slight, a personal affront or injury of the second degree, liable only to a half fine; e.g. hálfréttis-orð is a calumny in words that may be taken in both senses, good and bad; whereas fullréttis-orð is downright, unmistakable abuse, Grág. ii. 144; hence the phrases, mæla, göra hálfrétti við e-n, i. 156, 157, ii. 153.

hálfréttis-eiðr, m. an oath of compurgation to be taken in a case of h., N.G.L. i. 352.

hálfréttis-maðr, m. a man that has suffered hálfrétti, Gþl. 105, 200.

hálfréttis-mál, n. a suit of a case of h., N.G.L. i. 314.

hálf-róinn, part. having rowed half the way, half-way, Fms. viii. 312.

hálf-róteldi, n., prob. corrupt, Fms. xi. 129.

hálf-rými, n. a naut. term, half a cabin, one side of a ship’s cabin, Fms. viii. 138, ix. 33, x. 157, Hkr. i. 302.

hálfrýmis-félagar, m. pl. messmates in the same h., Edda 108.

hálfrýmis-kista, u, f. a chest or bench belonging to a h., Fms. viii. 85.

hálf-rökit (hálf-rökvit,

hálf-rökvat), n. adj. half twilight, in the evening, Grett. 137, 140 A; hálf-rökvat is the mod. form, which occurs in Grett. 79 new Ed., Jb. 176, Al. 54; vide rökvit.

hálf-sagðr, part. half told; in the saying, jafnan er hálfsögð saga ef einn segir = audiatur et altera pars, Grett. 121.

hálf-sextugr, see hálfr II.

hálf-sjauræðr, adj. = hálfsjötugr, Stj. 48.

hálf-sjötugr, see hálfr II.

hálf-skiptr, part. = hálflitr, Fms. ii. 170, Sturl. iii. 112.

hálf-sleginn, part. half mown, of a field.

hálf-slitinn, part. half worn.

hálf-sofandi, part. half asleep.

hálf-sótt, n. part. half passed; hálfsótt haf, a half-crossed sea.

hálf-systkin, n. pl. half brother and sister, cp. hálfbróðir.

hálf-systur, f. pl. half sisters.

hálf-tíræðr, see hálfr II.

hálf-troll, n. half a giant, Eg. 1, Nj. 164 (a nickname).

hálf-tunna, u, f. half a tun, Vm. 44.

hálf-unninn, part. half done, Fas. ii. 339.

hálf-vaxinn, part. half grown.

hálf-vegis, adv. by halves.

hálf-virði, n. half worth, Jb. 403, Glúm. 347, Sturl. ii. 132.

hálf-visinn, part. and hálf-vista, adj. half withered, and medic. palsied on one side.

hálf-viti, a, m. a half-witted man.

hálf-votr, adj. half wet.

hálf-vætt, f. half weight (a measure), Dipl. iv. 8, Fas. iii. 383.

hálf-þrítugr, see hálfr II; spelt half-ðritogr, Js. 79.

hálf-þurr, adj. half dry.

hálf-þverrandi, part. half waning, Js. 732 (of the moon).

hálf-þynna, u, f. a kind of small axe, Gþl. 103, 104, Lv. 35.

hálf-ærinn, part. half sufficient, Fms. viii. 440.

hálf-ærr, adj. half mad, Sks. 778.

II. in mod. usage hálf is freq. used = rather, e.g.

hálf-kalt, adj. rather cold:

hálf-feginn, adj., eg er hálffeginn, I am rather glad:

e-m er hálf-íllt, hálf-bumult, hálf-óglatt, n. adj. one feels rather ill:

hálf-hungraðr, hálf-svangr, hálf-soltinn, hálf-þyrstr, adj. rather hungry, rather thirsty, etc.,

and in endless compds.

hálf-skák,† f. a triangular kerchief, a square one cut in two, Ísl. i. 7.

hál-ka, u, f. slippiness; flug-hálka, gler-hálka.

HÁLL, adj., fem. hál, neut. hált, [different from hallr, q.v.; O.H.G. hâli; mid. H. G. hæli]:

—slippery, of ice, glass, or the like, Eb. 120, 238, Fms. viii. 405, Nj. 144, Fb. ii. 327, Fs. 38, passim.

hál-leikr, m. gliding, slippiness, Clar.

HÁLMR, m. [A.S. healm; Engl. haulm; Germ. and Dan. halm; Gr. κάλαμος; Lat. calamus]:

—straw, Stj. 201, 390, 560, N.G.L. i. 38, Eg. 205, 213, 560, Fms. ii. 3, 208, vi. 153, ix. 44;

mar-hálmr, seaweed.

hálm-strá, n. haulm-straw, Fas. iii. 412.

hálm-visk, f. a wisp of straw, Fms. ii. 208, vi. 212.

hálm-þúst, f. a flail, Þorf. Karl. 422.

HÁLS, m., prop. hals, [Goth., A.S., etc. hals; North. E. hause; cp. Lat. collum]:

—the neck; dúkr á hálsi, Rm. 16; bjartr háls, 26, Fms. viii. 77; falla um háls e-m, to fall on one’s neck, embrace one, Luke xv. 20; leggja hendr um háls e-m, or taka höndum um háls e-m, id., Nj. 10, passim: phrases, beygja háls fyrir e-m, to bend the neck to one, Fms. ix. 446; liggja e-m á hálsi, to hang upon one’s neck, i.e. to reprove one, xi. 336, O.H.L. 36; standa á hálsi e-m, to put the foot on one’s neck, Hkv. 2. 28; and more mod., tapa hálsi, to forfeit one’s neck, Rétt. 61.

compds:

háls-beina, n. the neck-bone, Fb. iii. 195.

háls-björg, f. a gorget, Sturl. ii. 84, Bs. i. 541.

háls-bólga, u, f. bronchitis.

háls-brotna, að, to break one’s neck, Fms. iii. 171.

háls-digr, adj. thick-necked, Eg. 305, Fms. iii. 129.

háls-faðma, að, to embrace, Str. 31.

háls-faðman, f. an embrace, Str. 53.

háls-fang, n. embracing, Bret. 116, Sks. 513, Stj.

háls-fengja, ð, to embrace, Barl. 29.

háls-gjörð, f. a necklace, Edda 84.

háls-högg, n. a cut or stroke on the neck, Fms. viii. 318, Bs. i. 174, Fb. i. 139.

háls-höggva, hjó, to behead, Stj. 265, Hkr. i. 8.

háls-járn, n. a neck-iron, iron collar, Stj. 519, Dipl. v. 18, Fb. iii. 560.

háls-klútr, m. a neck cloth.

háls-langr, adj. long-necked, Fms. vii. 175, Sd. 147.

háls-lausn, f. ‘neck-loosing,’ i.e. giving a bondman freedom, (cp. frjáls, frihals,) the rite is described in N.G.L. i. 212.

háls-liðr, m. a neck vertebra, Finnb. 344.

hálsliða-mjúkr, adj. smooth-necked.

háls-men, n. a necklace, Am. 44.

háls-sár, n. a neck wound, Sturl. iii. 115.

háls-slag, n. = hálshögg, Fms. viii. 318.

háls-spenna, t, to clasp the neck of another, Stj. 53.

háls-stefni, n. the throat; hann lagði í hálsstefni framan fyrir hóstinn, Finnb. 314.

háls-stig, n. treading on one’s neck, Anecd. 30.

háls-stuttr, adj. short-necked.

B. Metaph.,

I. naut. part of the forecastle or bow of a ship or boat, (höfuð, barki, háls, the head, weasand, neck, are all naut. terms); Hýmir reri í hálsinum fram, Edda 35; Þórðr Köttr sat á hálsi ok hélt vörð, Ísl. ii. 76; reri Þormóðr í hálsi en Þorgeirr í fyrir-rúmi en Grettir í skut, Grett. 125; Þorkell reri fram í hálsi en Þórðr í miðju skipi, Falgeirr í austr-rúmi, Fbr. 158; hence háls-rúm, n. = háls, Fms. ii. 252. 2. the front sheet of a sail, the tack of a sail, (cp. Swed. hals på ett segel):

—Edda (Gl.) distinguishes between hefill (q.v.), háls, hanki, höfuðbendur (stays); þá kom áfall svá mikit at frá laust vígin ok hálsana báða (brustu báðir hálsar in the verse), Fas. ii. 77; en ef sax brotnar, bæti tvær ertogar, ok svá fyrir háls hvern, ok svá tvær ertugar, N.G.L. ii. 283: in mod. usage, in tacking, the foresheet is called háls, the other skaut,—háls heitir á seglum skautið eðr skaut-klóin (sheet clew) hvor um sig, sú er niðr liggr í hornunum, ok venjulega er fest í skipinu þar sem hentast þykkir fram eðr aptr, svo sem nú kalla sjómenn horn segla þau sem niðr horfa hvort sem aptr eptir skipinu er borit og þar fest, skaut (i.e. sheet), en hitt seglsins horn, sem fram eptir skipinu borit verðr, háls (i.e. tack), Skýr. 214. hálsa-skaut, n. pl. the front sheet, the tack, Vtkv.

II. the end of a rope; þar sem jörðin lægist millum hálsanna, leitar vaðrinn at jörðunni, Fms. xi. 441.

2. the tip of a bow to which the string is attached, Gr. κορώνη; þeir höfðu handboga, en jörðin var svá blaut, at bogahálsinn beit í jörðina niðr, Al. 142; báðir hrukku í sundr bogahálsarnir, Fas. ii. 88; hann dregr svá bogann, at saman þótti bera hálsana, Fb. iii. 406.

3. one end of a drag-net (net-háls).

4. the neck of a bottle, mod.

III. the phrase, góðir hálsar, fine fellows! good men! is almost synonymous with drengr, q.v.; no doubt analogous to frjáls, frihals, see p. 174, qs. freemen, gentlemen; vil ek nú biðja yðr, góðir hálsar! at þér leggit til þat er yðr þykkir ráðligast, Sturl. iii. 71; séð nú, góðir hálsar! Fms. viii. 116; gefit til gott ráð, góðir hálsar! Stj. 437; hugsit um, góðir hálsar! 460; munda ek heldr þegja, góðir hálsar! Al. 97; sigrat hafit ér Serki, góðir hálsar! 119.

IV. a hill, ridge, esp. in Icel. of the low fells dividing two parallel dales, cp. Lat. collis, Nj. 21, Eg. 544, Hrafn. 7, 11, Al. 93, Róm. 134, very freq.: as also in local names, Háls, Hálsar, Glýstaða-háls, Reynivalla-háls, Landn.:

háls-brún, f. the edge of a hill, Eb. 176; cp. Fr. col.

V. a pr. name, Landn.

hálsa, að, poët. to embrace, Gkv. 1. 13, 3. 4.

II. to clew up the sail (cp. hálsan); þá mælti hann til sinna manna, at hálsa skyldi seglin, Fagrsk. 86.

III. to cut boards uneven so as to leave waves (hálsar) on the board.

hálsaðr, part. hilly, Stj. 94.

hálsan, f. a clewing up the sail, N.G.L. ii. 282 (Jb. 400).

háls-bók, f. a book to swear upon; the commentators explain it from its being worn round the neck, but no doubt erroneously; it is derived from A.S. hæls = salus, qs. hâls-bôc = healing book, holy book, Grág. i. 70, Fms. ix. 219, Nj.

háls-stefni, n., naut. term, the prow, Edda (Gl.): metaph., Finnb. 314.

hámetta, u, f. (for. word), an amice, in church service, Vm. passim.

HÁR, adj., fem. há, neut. hátt, vide Gramm. p. xix; compar. hæri or hærri, superl. hæstr; hæðstr and hærstr, which are found in old printed books, are bad forms; for the inflexions, (which vary much, sometimes inserting f or v, sometimes not,) see the references below; in mod. usage the v is usually dropped, but the cases are bisyllabic, e.g. háir, háar, háa, háum, instead of the old hávir, hávar, háva, háfum or hám; the definite form in old writers is hávi or háfi, in mod. hái: [Ulf. hauhs = ὑψηλός; A.S. heah; Engl. high; O.H.G. hoh; Hel. hoh; Germ. hoch; old Frank, hag or hach; Swed. hög; Dan. höj; all of them with a final guttural, which in mod. Dan. has been changed into j; the final labial f or v, which in olden times was so freq. before a vowel, may be compared to laugh, rough, etc. in mod. Engl.; the g remains in the cognate word haugr]:

—high; stiga sex álna háfan, Vm. 129; í hám fjalla-tindum, Edda 144 (pref.); á háfum fjöllum, Skálda 181; há fjöll, Getsp.; á hám gálga, Fsm. 45; á bekk hám, Akv. 2; hár bylgjur, Edda (Ht.); á borg inni há, Am. 18; á há fjalli, Gm. 17, Bs. i. 26 (in a verse); enar hæstu fjalla hæðir, Stj. 59; hár turn, Hkr. iii. 63; skaptið var eigi hæra, en …, Eg. 285 (of a spear); hátt hlaup, a high leap, i.e. from a high place, Fms. i. 166; hæri en grön er vex á hæsta fjalli, Hom. 152; hávar bárur, Gh. 13: hávar unnir, Skv. 2. 16; háfan garð, Fms. vi. (in a verse); hávu grasi, Hm. 120; but há grasi, Gm. 17; upp-háfa skúa, high boots, Fms. vii. 321: phrases, bera hæra skjöld, hlut, to carry the highest shield, lot, Fas. i. 383, Ld. 322.

2. tall; hárr maðr vexti (tall of stature), manna hæstr, very tall, Fms. i. 155; hárr maðr ok harðvaxinn, vii. 321.

3. a metrical term; syllables in rhyme having the same consonants and quantity of vowels are jafn-háfar, in the same strain; kvattú svá? ‘gröm skömm’ eigi eru þær hendingar jafn háfar; ‘hrömm skömm’ þat væri jafnhátt, Fms. vi. 386.

II. metaph. high, sublime, glorious; hærri tign, Fms. i. 214; enir hæstu Guðs postular, 625. 82; í hærra haldi, Fms. vii. 112; margar ræður þvílíkar eða enn hæri, or still sublimer, Sks. 635; hljóta háfan sigr, a glorious victory, Merl. 2. 69; háfan ávöxt, Mar. kv. 17; hæstu daga, hæstu hátíðir, the highest days or feasts (hátíð), Fms. x. 22.

2. at the highest pitch; meðan hæstir eru stormar um vetrinn, Sks. 46; at hann væri kyrr meðan hæst væri vetrar, in the depth of winter, Fms. ix. 480; meðan hæst væri sumars, in the height of summer, Lv. 43; hátt vetrar megin, Sks.; cp. há-degi, há-vetr, há-sumar (below).

3. loud; blása hátt (a trumpet), Vsp. 47; brestr hár, Fms. xi. 10, Glúm. 375; mæla hátt, to speak loud, Nj. 33; ok söng í hátt, it gave a loud sound, 83; kveða við hátt ok öskurliga, Fms. v. 164; þó þetta væri eigi hátt talat í fyrstu, ix. 250; æpa hátt, Sks. 653; hafa hátt, to make a noise; cp. gráta hástöfum (below), há-vaði (below); hón verðr há við, she became clamorous, excited, Ísl. ii. 350; hlæja hátt, to laugh loud, Skv. 2. 15.

III. a mythol. pr. name, both Hár and Hávi, Edda; Hávi and Hár are names of Odin the High, whence Háva-mál, n. pl. the name of a poem, the Sayings of the High.

2. prefixed in the pr. names Há-kon, Há-leygr, Há-rekr, Há-mundr, Há-steinn, Há-varðr, Há-varr; and in local names, Háfa-fell, etc.

IV. neut. as adverb; geisa hátt, Edda 146 (pref.); skín hann nú því hærra, Fms. v. 241; unna e-m hærra en öðrum, to love one higher (more) than another, Sturl. i. 198; taka e-n hátt, to make much of one, Bs. i. 727; stökkva hátt, to make a high leap, look high, Fær. 57; sitja skör hærra en aðrir, a step higher, Fms. i. 7.

B. Compds:

há-altari, n. a high altar, Symb. 24, Hkr. iii. 293, Fb. ii. 376, Fms. v. 107, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18, passim.

há-bakki, a, m. a high bank:

hábakka-flæðr, f. a ‘high-bank tide,’ very high tide.

há-beinn and há-beinóttr, adj. high-legged, long-legged, Ísl. ii. 194, v.l.

há-bjarg, n. a high rock, Bs. i. 49.

há-bogaðr, adj. high-curved, as a saddle, Sks. 403.

há-borð, n. a high table; in the phrase, eiga ekki upp á há-borðit, not to be tip at the high table, to be held in small repute.

há-brók, f., poët. name of a hawk, Edda (Gl.), Gm.: a nickname, Hkr., Eb.

há-brókan, f. prudery, Karl. 239.

há-brókask, að, dep. to puff oneself up, Fms. x. 200, Karl. 181.

há-degi, n. high day, about twelve o’clock (vide dagr), Nj. 208, Grett. 121, Landn. 94 (v.l. to miðdegi), Stj. 447; hádegis sól, the midday sun, Pass. 37. 13.

hádegis-skeið, n. the midday time, Sturl. ii. 199: in many local names, hádegis-varða, hádegis-bunga, denoting the point in the horizon under the hádegi.

há-eyrr, f. high-bank, a local name, Nj.

há-feti, a, m. a high-stepper, poët. a racehorse, Edda (Gl.)

há-fjall, n. a high fell, Eg. 58, Stj. 87, Þm. 45, Hým. 22, Róm. 129, Bs. ii. 5.

há-flæðr, f. a high flood-tide, Fbr. 181, Þorf. Karl. 420.

há-fæta, u, f. high-leg, a nickname, Hkr.

há-fættr, adj. high-footed, Konr.

há-hestr, n. a high, tall horse.

há-kirkja, u, f. a ‘high-kirk,’ cathedral, Magn. 420.

há-leggr, adj. high-leg, a nickname, Fb. iii.

há-leikr (há-leiki), m. height, Sks. 47, 173.

há-leitliga, adv. highly, gloriously, Sks. 623, Stj. passim, Fms. i. 331, Barl. 6.

há-leitligr, adj. sublime, Bs. i. 48.

há-leitr, adj. high-looking, looking upwards; metaph. sublime, Fms. i. 96, Sturl. ii. 15, Th. 21.

há-liga, adv. highly, Hom. 21, Ó.H. L. 7.

há-ligr, adj. high, sublime.

há-limar, f. pl. the high branches, Stj. 534.

há-messa, u, f. high-mass, Fms. ii. 37, vii. 144, 188.

hámessu-mál, n. high-mass time, Fms. viii. 291, Bs. ii. 24.

há-mælgi, f. loud talking, Fms. iii. 153.

há-mæli, n., in the phrase, komask í hámæli, to get out, of a rumour, Fms. iv. 80.

há-mæltr, part. loud-voiced, Sturl. i. 167.

há-nefjaðr, adj. high-nebbed, Fas. i. 73.

há-nefr, m. high-neb, a nickname, Rd.

há-pallr, m. the daïs in a hall, Fms. vi. 440.

há-reysti, f. a din, noise, Nj. 83, Fms. i. 34, Gþl. 16.

há-reystr, adj. loud speaking, Greg. 54.

há-salir, m. pl. the high halls, Eg. (in a verse).

há-segl, n. the ‘high-sail,’ mainsail, Fas. ii. 494, Hkv. I. 29.

há-seymdr, part. studded, of a bridle, Grett. 129, Stj. 564.

há-skeptr, part. high-handled, of an axe, Eb. 186, Fbr. 14.

há-skóli, a, m. a high school, (mod.)

há-staðr, m. a high place, Fms. x. 417.

há-stafir, m. pl., in the phrase, gráta, hljóða … hástöfum, to weep, cry aloud, Nj. 27, Stj. 421, Grett. 171 new Ed.

há-steint, n. adj. (= staksteinóttr), with rough boulders; var hásteint í ánni, Fms. ix. 404.

há-stigi, a, m. = háfeti, Edda (Gl.)

há-sumar, n. ‘high-summer,’ midsummer, Bs. 5. 32, Grett. 156 new Ed., Sks. 200.

hásumar-tími, a, m. midsummer time.

há-sæti, n. a ‘high-seat,’ Dan. höjsæde, throne, for a king or earl; the high-seat at a commoner’s table was called öndvegi, q.v., cp. Nj. 175—hvárki em ek konungr né jarl, ok þarf ekki at gera h. undir mér, ok þarf ekki at spotta mik, Eg. 43, Nj. 6, Fms. i. 7, iv. 108, vi. 439, ix. 254; in a ship, iv. 39.

hásætis-borð, n. a high-seat table, Hkr. ii. 188.

hásætis-kista, u, f. a ‘high-seat chest,’ a daïs or chest near the high-seat, in which weapons and treasures were kept, Fms. vii. 185, viii. 444, x. 360, xi. 220.

hásætis-maðr, m. the man in the chair, Ísl. ii. 438.

hásætis-stóll, m. a throne, Stj.

há-talaðr, part. = hámæltr, Bs. i. 819.

há-timbra, að, to build high, Vsp. 7, Gm. 16.

há-tíð, f. [Germ. hochzeit; Dan. höjtid], a ‘high-tide,’ a high day, festival, Bs. i. 38, passim, Nj. 157, Fms. xi. 425, K.Á. 164: proverb., hátíð er til heilla bezt, Ld. 176 (Fms. ii. 39): very freq. esp. in eccl. sense, Jóla-hátíð, Páska-hátíð, Hvítasunnu-hátíð, fæðingar-hátíð; Í dag þá hátíð höldum vér, Hólabók.

hátíðar-aptan, m. the eve of a feast, Bs. i. 170.

hátíðar-dagr, m. a high day, Fms. ii. 198, Sturl. i. 130.

hátíðar-hald, n. the holding a feast, Hom. 83, Fms. i. 260:

gen. hátíðis also occurs in compds,

hátíðis-dagr, m., Fms. x. 13 (v.l.), Sturl. i. 30;

hátíðis-kveld, n. = hátíðaraptan.

hátíð-liga, adv. with festivity, Hkr. i. 287, Fms. x. 149, Sks. 48.

hátíð-ligr, adj., festive, Sks. 465, Stj. 48, 110, 471, Hom. 97, 145, Fms. x. 280.

há-vaði, a, m. a noise, tumult, Bs. ii. 182, Fas. ii, 230; í hávaða, aloud, Rd. 252, Fms. i. 289, Sturl. ii. 246: the greatest number, main part of a thing, hann náði hávaðanum, he caught the main part; missa hávaðan af því, to lose the main part.

hávaða-maðr, m. a haughty person, Ísl. ii. 203, Nj. 61, passim.

hávaða-mikill, adj. haughty, boasting, Fms. ii. 154, vi. 106, Finnb. 292.

hávaða-samr, adj. boisterous, Dropl. 7.

há-varr, proncd. háværr, adj. loud, noisy:

há-værð, f. noisy, making a noise.

há-vegir, m. pl. highways; in the phrase, hafa e-n í hávegum, to make much of one.

há-vella, u, f. a sea-pheasant, phasianus marinus.

há-vetr, n. ‘high-winter,’ mid-winter, Orkn. 110, Thom. 333, Hkr. ii. 47, Bs. ii. 22, 27.

há-vetri, n. = hávetr, Fms. viii. 247 (v.l.), Fb. iii. 231, Stj. 78, Fas. iii. 371.

HÁR, mod. háfr, m. [Germ. hai], a dog-fish, squalus acanthius, Skálda 162.

In compds há- marks fish of the shark kind, as

há-karl (q.v.), a shark, carcharias, Ann.:

há-kerling, f. = hákarl:

há-meri, f. squalus glaucus:

há-mús, f. chimaera monstrosa, Linn.; also called geirnyt, Eggert Itin. 360:

há-skerðingr, m. = hákarl, Edda (Gl.), Grág. ii. 337, 359, Pm. 69:

háskerðinga-lýsi, n. shark’s oil, H.E. i. 395:

háfs-roð, n. shark’s skin, shagreen.

HÁR, m., acc. há, pl. háir, a thole, Am. 35, Grett. 125, Fas. i. 215, Þiðr. 313; whence há-benda, u, f. = hamla, q.v.; há-borur, f. pl., q.v.; há-reiðar, f. pl. rowlocks, prop. ‘thole-gear,’ synonymous with hamla; inn féll (sjór) um söxin ok háreiðarnar, Sturl. iii. 66, (Cd. Brit. Mus., Cd. Arna-Magn. háborurnar); leggja árar í háreiðar, to lay the oars in the rowlocks, Fms. xi. 70 (v.l. to hömlur), 101, x. 285; lágu þar árar í háreiðum, Eg. 360 (v.l. to hömlu-böndum), Lex. Poët.:

há-seti, a, m. a ‘ thole-sitter,’ oarsman, opp. to the captain or helmsman, Grág. i. 90, N.G.L. i. 98, Landn. 44, Fbr. 62 new Ed., Fms. vi. 239, 246:

há-stokkar, m. pl. the gunwale, Bs. i. 385, 390.

β. in poetry a ship is called há-dýr, n., há-sleipnir, m. the horse of rowlocks.

HÁR, n. [A.S. hær; Engl. hair; Germ. har; Dan.-Swed. hår; Lat. caesaries]:

—hair, including both Lat. crines and capilli, Skálda 162, Nj. 2, Sks. 288; fara ór hárum, to change the hair, of beasts, passim; eitt hár hvítt eðr svart, Matth. v. 36;

höfuð-hár, the hair of the head;

lík-hár, the hair on the body, breast, or hands of men, opp. to the head;

úlfalda-hár, iii. 4; hross-hár, horse-hair; hunds-hár, kattar-hár.

compds:

hára-lag, n. the fashion of the hair.

hárs-litr, m. the colour of the hair, Nj. 219, Fms. xi. 8, Ld. 274.

☞ For the hair of women, see Nj. ch. 1, 78, 117, Landn. 2, ch. 30, Edda 21, passim; of men, Nj. ch. 121, Ld. ch. 63, and passim.

hár-amr, m., proncd. hárramr = hárhamr (cp. Ivar Aasen haaram), the hairy side of a skin, Fas. i. 289.

Hár-barðr,† m. Gray-beard, a myth. name, Edda (Gl.): Prof. Bergmann, in his ‘Graubarts-lied,’ has conclusively shewn that the ‘Hárbarðr’ of the lay (Hárbarðs-ljóð) is not Odin, but Loki.

hár-beittr, adj. = hárhvass.

har-bjartr, adj. bright-haired, Fas. ii. 365.

hár-dregill, m. a hair ribbon, Stj.

há-reiðar, f. pl. rowlocks; see above, under hár, a thole.

hár-fagr, adj. fair-haired, a nickname of king Harold.

hár-ferð, f. the fashion of the hair, Sturl. iii. 83.

hár-fletta, u, f., and hár-fléttingr, m. a plait of hair, Str. 40.

hár-greiða, u, f. a wide-toothed comb.

hár-hvass, adj. hair-edged, as a rasor, Eg. 715.

har-kambr, m. a hair comb.

hár-klæði, n. a haircloth, Fms. v. 160, Rb. 368, Hom. 105.

hár-knífr, m. a hair knife, rasor, Bs. i. 306, Dipl. v. 18, Fms. v. 185, Stj. 409, 418, Þiðr. 122, Str. 77.

hárr, adj. [A.S. hear; Engl. hoar], hoary; hárir ok gamlir, Haustl. 10; háran ok skeggjaðan, 655 xiv. B, Fms. vii. 321, Ýt. 13, Fin. 34, Hým. 16; hárr í skeggi, Ld. 274; hárr þulr, Hm. 135; hárir menn, old men, Sighvat:

in compds,

fagr-hárr, fair-haired;

dökk-harr, dark-haired;

rauð-hárr, red-haired;

hvít-hárr, white-haired;

þunn-hárr, thin-haired;

strý-hárr, bristly-haired;

hrokkin-hárr, curly-haired;

slétt-hárr, sleek-haired;

mjúk-hárr, soft-haired;

laus-hárr, loose-haired, with floating hair, of women:

in mod. usually hærðr (q.v.), fagr-hærðr, etc.

hár-rætr or hárs-rætr, f. pl. the line on the scalp, esp. on the forehead, where the hair begins, [cp. Ivar Aasen baargard]; upp í hársrætr, upp í hársrótum, Eg. 305, Sturl. iii. 283.

hár-sárr, adj. having sensitive hair.

hár-skurðr, m. the cut of the hair, N.G.L. i. 345, Fms. ii. 189.

hár-taug f. a string of horse-hair, Sturl. iii. 206.

hár-toga, að, to pull by the hair: metaph. to twist or split a hair.

hár-vara, u, f. fur, Fms. x. 202.

hár-vöxtr, m. hair-growth.

há-seti, a, m. a mate; see above, under hár, a thole.

há-sin, f. [the há- answers to A.S. hôh, Engl. hough; cp. A.S. hohsin, Engl. hough sinew, O.H.G. hahsa or hasina, Bavar. hächsen, mid. H. G. hahse, Dan. hase, with a dropped n; see Grimm’s Gramm. iii. 405]:

—a hough sinew or tendon, Hrafn. 20, Eb. 242, passim.

HÁSKI, a, m. [akin to hætta, q.v.; in North. E. hask is used of a cold, stormy wind], danger, K.Þ.K. 82, Al. 30, Fms. vii. 220, 252, passim;

lífs-háski, life’s peril;

sjávar-háski, danger on the sea;

salar-háski, soul’s peril.

compds:

háska-för, háska-ferð, f. a dangerous exploit, Fms. viii. 50.

háska-lauss, adj. without danger, 623. 40, Hkr. i. 488.

háska-ligr, adj. (háska-liga, adv.), dangerous.

háska-samliga, adv. dangerously, Fms. ii. 16, ix. 512, Stj. 189.

háska-samligr, adj. perilous, Eg. 73, Fms. i. 76, viii. 328, Gþl. 199.

háska-tími, a, m. time of danger, Sks. 45.

háska-ván, f. danger to come, Sks. 182.

hás-mæltr, adj. hoarse speaking, Íb. 13.

HÁSS, adj. [A.S. hæs; Engl. hoarse; O.H.G. heis; Germ. heiser; Dan. hæs]:

—hoarse, Fms. i. 283, passim.

há-stokkar, m. the ‘thole-beam,’ gunwale; see hár, a thole.

há-sæti, n. a high-seat; see hár, high.

há-tíð, f. a feast; see hár, high.

HÁTTA, að, [akin to hagr, haga, q.v., qs. hagta], to dispose, contrive, with dat., Bs. i. 170, Fms. vi. 149, Hkr. i. 120, Sks. 286: with adv., hátta svá, þannig, Al. 104, Fms. i. 57.

2. impers. it happens; háttar svá, at hann kom, Fms. x. 404: so also in neut. part., with the auxiliary verb, Dana-virki er svá háttað, the Dannewerk is so constructed, of that nature, Germ. so beschaffen, Fms. i. 123; hversu háttað er, iv. 274; honum er svá háttað, at hann fjarar allan at þurru, Eb. 236; svá er háttað, at þú ert með barni, Anal. 137; þar er svá háttað lands-legi, Fms. vii. 56; yðr frændum er svá háttað, you are of that mould, Nj. 252; svá er háttað, 73; hvernig var jörðin háttuð, how was the earth shapen? Edda 6.

3. háttaðr, part. mannered; vel, ílla h., Mar.: treated, sá hann hve bogi hans var til háttaðr, Fb. i. 532.

B. To go to bed; þar vóru góð híbýli ok heldr snemma háttað, Fs. 131; hann háttar snemma, ok er þeir höfðu sofit svefn, 143, Fas. ii. 428, freq. in mod. usage; cp. hætta, to leave work.

hátt-góðr, adj. well-mannered, Eb. 258, Fms. ix. 4.

hátt-lausa, u, f. a kind of metre, Edda 137.

hátt-prúðr, adj. well-mannered, Fms. viii. 4.

hátt-prýði, n. good manners, courteousness, Fms. x. 75.

HÁTTR, m., gen. háttar, dat. hætti, pl. hættir, acc. háttu, [akin to hagr, qs. hagtr], manner, habit:

I. a mode of life, habit; ríkra manna háttr, Nj. 268; fara vel með sínum háttum, to conduct oneself well, Eg. 65; ráða sjálfr háttum sínum, to be one’s own master, Fms. vii. 199; fornmennis-háttr, ii. 59; riddaraligr háttr, x. 230; víkinga-háttr, Fb. i. 412; þat er háttr skálda at (it is the fashion of poets to) lofa þann mest er þá eru þeir fyrir, Hkr. (pref.): hátta-góðr, adj. well-mannered, Eb. 258: halda teknum hætti, to go on in one’s usual way, persevere, Fb. ii. 85, Eb. 77.

2. conduct; vanda um háttu manna, Fb. ii. 37.

II. a mode, way of doing a thing; kunna hátt á e-u, to know how to do a thing, Barl. 101:

—answering to Lat. hoc modo, hunc ad modum, hann reist örn á baki honum með þeima hætti, at …, Hkr. i. 108; hann stóð upp ok svaraði erendi konungs með þessum hætti (as follows), Fms. i. 33; með hverjum hætti, in what manner? how? með ymsum hætti, etc.

2. appearance, manner; hversu vóru þeir menn í hátt, how did those men look? Stj. 396; jörðin ok dýrin ok fuglarnir höfðu saman eðli í sumum hlutum, en þó ólík at hætti, but unlike in manners, Edda 144 (pref.): manner, kind, sá er annarr háttr jarldóms, N.G.L. ii. 403.

3. moderation, measure; ágirni kann engan hátt, Hom. 18; hófsemi er háttr alls lífs, 28.

4. adverbial usages answering to Lat, -modi in hujusmodi, ejusmodi:

α. gen., mikils háttar, Fms. vi. 20, 144, 229, viii. 198, x. 234; lítils háttar, insignificant, vi. 7, 229, viii. 198; minna háttar, i. 160; alls-háttar, of every kind, iii. 184; nokkurs háttar, in some way, Stj. 178; þess-háttar, of that kind, Edda 149 (pref.), passim; engis-háttar, in nowise, Stj. 81; margs-háttar, of many kinds, Stj. passim.

β. acc., á allan hátt, in every respect, Bs. i. 857; á engan hátt, by no means; á ymsan hátt, in various respects; á hvárigan hátt, etc.

γ. eptir hætti, duly, tolerably, as may be expected.

III. a metre; þenna hátt fann fyrst Veili, Edda (Ht.) 131; þeir létu vera fimm vísur með hverjum hætti, Orkn. 304, cp. Edda (Ht.) passim; eptir hætti, in the proper metre, Edda 131. Names of metres, Kviðu-háttr, the epic metre (as the Völuspá), Skálda; Ljóða-háttr or Ljóðs-háttr, the trimeter in old saws and didactic poems (as the Háva-mál); Mála-háttr, Ref-hvarfa-háttr, Orðskviða-háttr, Draugs-háttr, Flagða-háttr, Dýri-háttr, Nýi-háttr, Álags-háttr, Hátt-lausa: derived from the names of men, Egils-háttr, Braga-háttr, Torf-Einars-háttr, Fleins-háttr; Núfu-háttr, Edda; of countries, Grænlenzki-háttr, expounded in Edda (Ht.) and Háttat. Rögnvalds, Skálda: a saying is called máls-háttr.

compds:

hátta-föll, n. pl. a flaw in a metre, Edda (Ht.) 134, 135, Skálda 210.

hátta-lykill, m. a key to metres, the name of an old poem on metres, Orkn. 304 (printed at the end of the Skálda, Reykjavík 1849).

hátta-skipti, n. a shifting of metre, Edda 129.

hátta-tal, n. a number of metres, the name of a poem on metres, = Hátta-lykill, Edda 192; also in the title of Edda (Ub.) ii. 250.

hátt-samr, adj. conducted, Stj. 206.

hátt-semi, f. conduct.

háttung, f. danger, risk, Fms. vi. 206, Fas. i. 178, Bs. ii. 120; cp. hætting.

há-vaði, a, m. a noise; see hár, high. †A roaring water, a rapid, i.e. something less than a cascade; móða féll með miklum hávaða, Fas. ii. 230; þá spennti fram í hávaðana, Safn i. 80.

há-varr, adj. loud, noisy; see hár, high.

héðan, adv., hieðan in an old vellum, 655 x. 2, which shews that the pronunciation was the same then as now, [A.S. heonan; North. E. hein and hine; cp. Germ. hin]:

—hence, from this place, Gm. 28, Ls. 7, Skm. 38, Hbl. 13, Am. 36, Nj. 32, Jb. 10, Grág. i. 150, Edda 8; fyrir héðan e-t, on the hither side, Symb. 30; fyrir héðan hafit, on the hither side of the sea, Fas. ii. 240.

II. temp. henceforth, Fms. vi. 279, xi. 84; héðan frá, héðan í frá (mod. héðan af), hereafter, Nj. 83, Ísl. ii. 237.

héðan-kváma, u, f. departure from hence, Fas. ii. 121 (in a verse).

HÉÐINN, m., dat. héðni, [akin to haðna, q.v.], a jacket of fur or skin, Hm. 72;

úlf-héðinn, wolf-coat, Fs. 77, the name of a berserker, 17;

geit-héðinn, a goat’s skin coat, Nj. 211;

bjarn-héðinn, a bear’s skin coat;

the phrase, veifa héðni at höfði e-m, to wrap a skin round one’s head, to hoodwink one, Eb. 32 new Ed., Grett. ch. 66, Ó.H. 139:

héðin-stykki, n. a piece of fur, D.N.

II. a mythical pr. name, Edda, Lex. Poët.: in compds, Bjarn-héðinn, Úlf-héðinn, Skarp-héðinn, Bs., Landn., Nj.

héðra, adv. [Ulf. hidre = ωδε], hither or here; héðra nær, Landn. 146; mönnum héðra, the men here, Dropl. 22; hann ferr héðra at heimboðum, Boll. 346, Fms. vi. 428 (in a verse).

HEFÐ, f. [hafa, to take, = Lat. usu-capere], a law term, loss or gain of claim by lapse of time; hefð ok land, Bs. i. 689; hefð lands-laga, 720; með réttri ok löglegri hefð, 730, Rétt. 230, D.N. passim, H.E. i. 456, cp. Jb. s.v. tuttugu ár, pp. 142, 251, 351.

compds:

hefðar-maðr, m. a claimant by possession, Bs. i. 731.

hefðar-vitni, n. a witness in a case of hefð, Gþl. 300.

hefða-skipti, n. a change of hefð, D.N.

II. [hefja], reputation: hefðar-ligr, adj. (hefðar-liga, adv.), fine, grand:

hefðar-maðr, m. an eminent man, Fms. iii. 134.

hefða, að, to take, by way of usucaptio, D.N., Mar.

HEFILL, m. [from hefja, to heave; from this Norse word are no doubt derived the Engl. to haul and halyard, ‘hel’ or ‘hal’ being contracted from hefill], a naut. term, the clew-lines and bunt-lines of a sail; láta síðan síga ór heflum (to unfurl the sail), ok sækja eptir þeim, Fb. iii. 563; lét hann þá hleypa ór heflunum segli á skeiðinni, Ó.H. 182 (Fb. l.c. homlu wrongly); N.G.L. i. 199 distinguishes between hefill, sviptingr (reefs), hanki (blocks): hefil-skapt, n. a boat-hook to pull the sail down; þá þreif Ingimundr hefilskapt ok vildi kippa ofan, Bs. i. 422:

hefla-skurðr, m. = heflan, q.v.; mínka skal sigling með hálsan ok heflaskurð, N.G.L. i. 282.

II. a plane, (mod., from Germ. hobel.)

HEFJA, pret. hóf, pl. hófu; part. hafinn, but also hafiðr (weak); pres. indic. hef; pret. subj. hæfi, with neg. suff. hóf-at, Korm.; [Ulf. hafjan; A.S. hebban; Engl. heave, pret. hove; O.H.G. hafan; Germ. heben; Dan. hæve; Swed. häfva; cp. Lat. capere, in-cipere.]

A. To heave, lift, raise; hefja stein, to lift a stone, Eg. 142; ok munu nú ekki meira hefja fjórir menn, 140; (hón) hóf hann at lopti, hove him aloft, Ýt. 9; hefja e-n til himins, Edda 61 (in a verse); hóf hann sér af herðum hver, Hym. 36; þá er hefja af hvera (mod. taka ofan pott, to take the pot off), Gm. 42; hóf sér á höfuð upp hver Sifjar verr, Hým. 34; hón hófat augu af mér, she took not her eyes off me, Korm. 16; hann hóf upp augu sín, he lifted up his eyes, 623. 20; hefja sik á lopt, to make a leap, Nj. 144.

2. phrases, hefja handa, to lift the hands (for defence), Nj. 65, Ld. 262; h. höfuðs, to lift the head, stand upright, be undaunted; sá er nú hefir eigi höfuðs, Nj. 213: h. sinn munn í sundr, to open one’s mouth, Sturl. iii. 189: hefja graut, skyr, etc., to lift the porridge, curds, etc., eat food with a spoon, Fms. vi. 364; Rindill hóf (Ed. hafði wrongly) skyr ok mataðisk skjótt, Lv. 63.

3. hefja út, to lift out a body, carry it from the house (út-hafning), Eg. 24; er mik út hefja, Am. 100; var konungr hafiðr dauðr ór hvílunni, Hkr. iii. 146. The ceremony of carrying the corpse out of the house is in Icel. still performed with solemnity, and followed by hymns, usually verses 9 sqq. of the 25th hymn of the Passíu-Sálmar; it is regarded as a farewell to the home in which a person has lived and worked; and is a custom lost in the remotest heathen age; cp. the Scot. to lift.

β. hefja (barn) ór heiðnum dómi, to lift (a bairn) out of heathendom, is an old eccl. term for to be sponsor (mod. halda undir skírn), Sighvat (in a verse); N.G.L. i. 350 records three kinds of sponsorship—halda barni undir primsignan, önnur at hefja barn ór heiðnum dómi, þriðja at halda á barni er biskup fermir: to baptize, skal þat barn til kirkju færa ok hefja ór heiðnum dómi, 12; barn hvert er borit verðr eptir nótt ina helgu, þá skal haft vera (baptized) at Páskum, id.

4. to exalt, Ad. 20, cp. with Yngl. S. ch. 10; hóf hann Jóseph til sæmðar, Sks. 454; hafðr til ríkis, 458; upp hafðr, 451; önd hennar var upp höfð yfir öll engla fylki, Hom. 129; hann mektaðisk mjök ok hóf sik of hátt af þeim auðæfum, Stj. 154; at hann hæfi upp (exaltaret) Guðs orð með tungunni, Skálda 208; konungr hóf hann til mestu metorða, 625. 31: er hans ríki hóf, 28.

II. impers.,

1. to be heaved, hurled, drifted, by storm, tide, or the like; þá hóf upp knörr (acc.) undir Eyjafjöllum, a ship was upheaved by the gale, Bs. i. 30; hóf öll skipin (acc. the ship drifted) saman inn at landinu, Hkr. i. 206; þetta hóf (drifted) fyrir straumi, iii. 94; þeir létu hefja ofan skipin forstreymis, let the ship drift before the stream, Fms. vii. 253; Birkibeina hefr undan, the B. went back, ix. 528.

2. medic., en er af henni hóf öngvit (acc. when she awoke, of one in a swoon), Bjarn. 68; þá hóf af mér vámur allar (acc. all ailments left me), svá at ek kenni mér nú hvergi íllt, Sturl. ii. 54; ek sé at þú ert fölr mjök, ok má vera, at af þér hafi, I see thou art very pale, but may be it will pass off, Finnb. 236; hóf honum heldr upp brún (acc. his face brightened), Eg. 55.

III. reflex. to raise oneself, to rise; hefjask til ófriðar, to raise war, rebel, Eg. 264.

β. to be raised; hefjask til ríkis, to be raised to the throne, Fms. i. 99; hefjask hátt, to be exalted, Fs. 13; hann hafði hafisk af sjálfum sér, he had risen by himself, Eg. 23; féll Hákon en hófsk upp Magnúss konungr, Sturl. i. 114; Þórðr hófsk (rose) af þessu, Landn. 305, Hom. 152.

2. phrases, hefjask við, to lay to, a naut. term; lét þá jarl hefjask við ok beið svá sinna manna, Fms. viii. 82; hefjask undan, to retire, draw back, Sd. 144: in the phrase, hefjask af höndum e-m, to leave one; hefsk nú aldregi af höndum þeim, give them no rest, Fms. xi. 59.

3. part., réttnefjaðr ok hafit upp í framanvert, Nj. 29.

B. Metaph. to raise, begin, Lat. incipere:

1. to raise; hefja flokk, to raise a party, a rebellion, Fms. viii. 273; h. rannsókn, to raise an enquiry, Grág. ii. 193; h. ákall, to raise a claim, Eg. 39; h. brigð, to make a reclamation, Gþl. 295.

2. to begin; hefja teiti, Fms. vii. 119; h. gildi, Sturl. i. 20; h. Jóla-hald, to begin (keep) Yule, Fms. i. 31; h. boðskap, ii. 44: of a book, þar hefjum vér sögu af hinum helga Jóni biskupi, Bs. i. 151; h. mál, to begin one’s speech, Ld. 2; h. ferð, to start, Fb. ii. 38; h. orrustu.

β. with prep. upp, (hence upp-haf, beginning); hóf Helgi upp mál sitt, Boll. 350; Egill hóf upp kvæðit, E. began his poem, 427; hann heyrði messu upp hafna, Fms. v. 225; hefja upp sálm, to begin a hymn, 623. 35; Flosi hóf upp suðrgöngu sína, F. started on his pilgrimage, Nj. 281; h. upp göngu sína, to start, Rb. 116.

γ. hefja á rás, to take to one’s feet; síðan hefr hann á rás ok rann til bæjarins, Eg. 237; hinir Gautsku höfðu (thus weak vide hafa C. 2) á rás undan, Fms. iv. 120.

δ. absol., hann hóf svá, he began thus, Fms. i. 33; þar hef ek upp, vii. 146; þar skal hefja upp við arftöku-mann, start from the a., Grág. i. 62.

II. impers. to begin; hér hefr Þingfara-bólk (acc.), Gþl. 5; hér hefr upp Kristindóms-bólk, 39, 75, 378; hér hefr Landnáma-bók, Landn. 24; hér hefr upp landnám í Vestfirðinga fjórðungi, 64, 168 (v.l.), 237 (v.l.); hér hefr Kristni-Sögu, Bs. i. 3; nú hefr þat hversu Kristni kom á Ísland, id.; hér hefr sögu af Hrafni á Hrafnsevri, 639; hér hefr upp ok segir frá þeim tíðindum, er …, Fms. viii. 5; áðr en hefi sjálfa bókina, Gþl.; hér hefr sögu Gísla Súrs-sonar, Gísl. (begin.), v.l.: with upp, ok upp hefr Skáldskapar-mál ok Kenningar, Edda (Arna-Magn.) ii. 427; hér hefr upp Konunga-bók og hefr fyrst um þriðjunga-skipti heimsins, Hkr. Cod. Fris. 3; hann kom til Túnsbergs er upp hóf Adventus Domini, Fms. ix. 338.

III. reflex. to begin; þar hefsk saga Harðar, Landn. 62; hvaðan hefir hafizk sú íþrótt, whence originates that art? Edda 47; hér hefjask upp landnám, Landn. 275; hófsk ríki Haralds konungs, king H.’s reign began, Ld. 2; áðr Rómverja-ríki hófsk, Rb. 402; hófusk (höfðusk, Ed. wrongly) þá enn orrostur af nýju, Fms. xi. 184; hvernig hafizk hefir þessi úhæfa, Al. 125; nú hefsk önnur tungl-öldin, Rb. 34; þá hefsk vetr, 70–78, 436.

HEFLA, að, to furl the sail by hauling in the bunts and clews; látum vér Hrapp nú í seglit, þat var heflat upp við rána, Nj. 135; þá lét hann h. ok beið liðs síns, Ó.H. 182; síðan var heflat á konungs-skipinu, ok var sagt á önnur skipin, at öll skyldu sigla jafn-framt, Fms. ix. 285; þá bað jarl hefla ok bíða þeirra er síðarr færi, Fb. ii. 563; þá hafði Erlingr heflat á skeið sinni, at eigi skyldi hón ganga hvatara en önnur skip, Fagrsk. 86, (heflið á skeiðinni, at hón gangi eigi undan öðrum skipum, v.l.)

II. to plane, (mod.)

heflan, f. a hauling in the clews and bunts of a sail, N.G.L. i. 282, v.l.

HEFNA, d, also spelt hemna, N.G.L. i. 19, [Dan. hævne; Swed. hämna]:

—to revenge, with dat. of the person and gen. of the thing, or ellipt. omitting either the gen. or the dat., or adding an adverb:

I. gener. to avenge, take vengeance; hefna Grími sinnar svívirðingar, Fms. ii. 172; vildi jarl nú gjarna h. Þorleifi þessar smánar, Fb. i. 213; á ek at h. honum mikillar sneypu, Fms. x. 341; sagði hvers honum var at hefna, Bret. 50; áttú honum at hefna frænda-láts, Fb. ii. 350; at hann mundi henni þess sárliga h., 381; eða hverr er hér sá ríkis-manna, er eigi muni honum eiga at h. stórsaka? Ó.H. 213; ek skal fara með þér ok skulu vit hefna honum, Eg. 189; því mæli ek eigi í móti, at þér farit við liði ok hefnit þeim, Fms. ix. 306; hón hefnir ok þeim er brigða, Edda 21.

β. with gen., þó skal ek þessa hefna, Nj. 19; Guð hefnir svá reiði sinnar, Sks. 338; goð hefna eigi alls þegar, Nj. 132: h. sín, to avenge oneself; sá maðr er á er unnit á at hefna sín, Grág. ii. 17; hefnit yðar eigi sjálfir, Rom. xii. 19; ok blóðs sinna þjóna hefir hann hefnt, Rev. xix. 2; þeir menn, er þeir áttu minna í at hefna, those men who had less to avenge, Eg. 86; verðr þeim því ekki skjótt hefndr sinn ósómi, Fbr. 22.

γ. with prep. á; hefna e-s á e-m, to avenge a thing upon one, Eg. 425, Fb. i. 471, Sks. 719, Sturl. ii. 148; this also is the mod. usage, og hefnir vors blóðs á þeim, Rev. vi. 10: singly, hefna á e-m, en ef hann vill eigi bæta, þá megu frændr hins dauða h. á honum, N.G.L. i. 122.

II. with a single gen. and referring to the blood revenge; hversu Hákon jarl hefndi föður síns, Fms. i. 56; hefna Rögnvalds, ix. 306; h. myndi Höskuldr þín, Nj. 176; at þú hefnir þeirra sára allra, er hann hafði á sér dauðum, id.; hefndú (imperat.) vár, en vér þín ef vér lifum eptir, 198; þat hlægir mik, segir Skarphéðinn, ef þú kemsk brott, mágr, at þú munt h. mín, 202; sverja þann eið, at hverr skal annars h. sem bróður sins, Gísl. 11; nú vilda ek til þess mæla, at hvárr okkarr hefndi annars, sá er lengr lifði, ef vit höfum líflát af vápnum eðr manna-völdum, Barn. 58; þó er þér meiri nauðsyn at h. föður þíns en spá mér slíkar spár, Mj. 182; en þó væri honum eigi úskyldra at h. föður síns, en at kasta únýtum orðum á mik—konungr mælti, er þat satt, Halli, at þú hafir eigi hefnt föður þíns? Fms. vi. 367; þat var þá mælt, at sá væri skyldr at h. er vápni kipti ór sári, Gísl. 22. For the old blood revenge see the Sagas passim, e.g. Ld. ch. 60, Gísl., Fbr., Grett. (fine), Heiðarv. S., Orkn. ch. 8. But even in the Saga time a more law-abiding spirit began to prevail, and a settlement (görð) took place in many cases instead of the old practice of taking life for life; and so the law distinguishes between mann-hefndir and sektir, i.e. blood-vengeance and temporary exile or the like; indicative of this better spirit is the old saying, jafnan orkar tvímælis þó at hefnt sé, revenge always causes dissension, Nj. 139: revenge amongst kinsmen was forbidden, síðr þú hefnir, þótt þeir sakar göri | þat kveða dauðum duga, Sdm. 22, cp. ætt-víg, cp. also Ld. ch. 53 sqq. and many other passages; a touching instance is recorded in Nj. ch. 146, p. 248; it is characteristic of the old times, that bloodshed might be atoned for, but not slander, calumny, or imprecations, cp. annars dags láttu hans öndu farit, Sdm. 24, 25, and many passages in the Sagas, e.g. Glúm. ch. 7, 18, Lv. ch. 13, Nj. ch. 44, 92, Þorst. Síðu H., cp. also Hm. 28, 72.

III. impers., e-m hefnir e-t, to pay dearly for; svá hefndi honum þat mikla mikillæti, at hann gékk í braut fullr af harmi, Edda 22; þá hljóp Ólafr í fen eitt báðum fótum … því bar svá til, at mér hefndi, Fms. x. 261.

IV. reflex. to take revenge; at hefnask á e-m, to take revenge on one, Bær. 5; leituðu Norðmenn at hefnask, Fms. i. 108; fóru þau orð um, at Dana-konungr mundi þess hefnask, 29; hefnask sinnar svívirðingar, Gþl. 183; hefnask sín, hefna sín, 184: with gen. of the person, ok svá þeir er hemnask þessara úbóta-manna, as also the persons who take revenge on these miscreants, N.G.L. i. 19 (rare).

2. reflex. impers. (see III. above), to come to make retribution (of Nemesis); e-m hefnisk e-t or e-s, hvárt mun Gunnari aldri hefnask þessi újafnaðr? eigi mun þat segir, segir Rútr, hefnask mun honum víst, the day of retribution will come to him, Nj. 38: very freq. in mod. usage of just retribution, mér hefndisk fyrir það; þér hefnist fyrir það, used even of slight matters.

V. part. as adj. hefndr, revenged; compar., era slíks manns at hefndra sem Gregorius var, þótt þeir komi allir fyrir, Hkr. iii. 399; þótt föður várs sé eigi at hefndra (viz. though he be slain), Fs. 40.

2. hefnandi, part. act. a revenger, Greg. 41: poët. = sons, as the duty of revenge devolved upon the nearest heir, Lex. Poët.

hefnd, f. revenge, vengeance; mun oss verða í því engi hefnd né frami, Nj. 38; mikil, lítil hefnd í e-m, Fas. i. 523; guðlig hefnd, divine vengeance, Nemesis, Fms. v. 224; drepa menn í hefnd eptir e-n, Ísl. ii. 118.

2. esp. in plur. blood revenge; leita hefnda, Ld. 260, passim;

mann-hefndir, life for life revenge;

bróður-hefndir, föður-hefndir, revenge for a brother’s or father’s slaughter.

compds:

hefnda-laust, n. adj. without retribution, Fms. x. 33, Sturl. i. 153.

hefndar-dagr, m. a day of vengeance, Barl. 37.

hefndar-dómr, m. Nemesis, retribution, Greg. 24.

hefndar-gjöf, f. a gift of revenge, ill-fated gift, donum Danaorum.

hefndar-hönd, f. a hand of retribution, Pass. 37. 13.

hefndar-maðr, m. an avenger, Bær. 3.

hefndar-orð and hefndar-yrði, n. pl., read hermdar-yrði, q.v.

hefni-leið (hefnileit, Fær. 254, wrongly), f., in the phrase, róa á h. e-s, to set about taking revenge, to take vengeance, Sturl. iii. 118, 149, Fas. iii. 540, Fær. 254.

hefnir, m. an avenger, heir, son, Lex. Poët.

hefni-samr, adj. revengeful, Hkr. ii. 96, Bs. i. 810.

hefni-semi, f. revengefulness, Hom.

Hefring, f., mythol. one of the northern Nereids, Edda.

hegat, vide hingat.

HEGÐA, að, [hagr]; hegða e-u, to arrange a thing (= haga e-u), Stj. 131, Mar.: hegða sér, to conduct oneself, Bs. i. (Laur.)

hegðan, f. arrangement, H.E. i. 246: mod. usage eccl. conduct, freq.

hegeitill, m. a flint; spelt hegeitel, Bs. i. 674, ii. 56, 134, Karl. 321, Barl. 181 (see note); hegettill, Flóv. 41; the true form is prob. heggeitill, Ivar Aasen heggjeitel, which in Norway is used of nodules (eitill, q.v.) in stones; the word is still used in western Icel. (Ísafjarðar-sýsla).

Heggnir, m. pl. the men of the county Hæggen in Norway, Fms.

HEGGR, m. [Ivar Aasen hegg; Swed. hägg; †Engl. hedge, Germ. hecken], a kind of tree, the bird-cherry, Edda (Gloss.): freq. in old poetry, Lex. Poët.: whence Dan. hægge-bær, hægge-blomst, etc. †From this tree being used for hedging.

hé-gilja (or hé-gylja), u, f. a ‘vain song,’ nonsense, tittle-tattle, = Lat. nugae; þeir tala drambsöm orð hégyljunnar, 2 Pet. ii. 18.

hegja, u, f. [from hagr], fate, condition, Ód. 20, Rekst. 23, Merl. 2. 20, as also Orkn. 188, v.l., where the probable reading is emk hegju jarla trauðr at segja, I am unwilling to tell the earl’s fate.

hegla, ð, [hagl, cp. Dan. hegle], to hail, Art., Lex. Poët.

HEGNA, d, [A.S. hegjan; Engl. hedge; Germ. hegen; Dan. hegne]:

—to hedge, fence, with acc.; allt þat aldin er menn hirða ok hegna með görðum eðr gæzlum, Jb. 429.

2. metaph. to protect; at hegna lönd sín, Fas. i. 376 (Skjöld. S.); allir menn eru skyldir við at hegna Kristni, N.G.L. i. 352; þá hegni þeir selver sín, sem menn hegna eignir sínar á land upp, með laga-kefli, 252;—in this sense the word is obsolete in Icel., but

3. is freq. in eccl. usage,

α. hegna líkam sinn frá munuðum, to keep one’s body from lusts, Hom. 85; h. oss (acc.) at syndum, to keep us from sin, 74.

β. to punish; hann hegndi harðliga allar lögleysur ok úsiðu, Magn. 472.

II. to chastise, with acc., but in mod. usage with dat.; hegna íllþýði ok ráns-menn, Fms. vii. 16, (but dat. v.l. of the Hrokkinskinna, a MS. of the 15th century); the dat. seems to be due to an ellipse, e.g. Haraldr Hárfagri fór á einu sumri vestr um haf at h. víkingum (for hegna land víkingum, to clear the land of vikings, pacify it), Orkn. 10.

hegnaðr, m. defence, Gþl. 56: chastisement,

hegnaðar-hamarr, hammer of punishment, Mar. 200.

hegnuðr, m. a chastiser, is the name of a staff borne in court, Vd. ch. 44.

hegnari, a, m. an avenger, Fms. v. 241.

hegnd, f. castigation, punishment, Stj. 40, 67, Bs. i. 288.

hegning, f. = hegnd, K.Á. 46, Valla L. 209, Fms. iii. 89, v. 320.

hegningar-vöndr, m. a rod of chastisement, Stj. 653.

hegnir, m. a defender, chastiser, Lex. Poët.

hégóma, að, to speak falsely, vainly; Þorbjörn kvað eigi hégómað frá, Th. said it was not untrue, Háv. 45; h. ok ljúga, Stj. 34, 131, 150, Bs. ii. 137; h. á e-n, to slander one, Mag.

hé-gómi, a, m. [the prefixed syllable hé- in hégómi and hégilja has no independent existence, but seems to be identical with Goth. hivi (by which word Ulf. renders the Gr. μόρφωσις, 2 Tim. iii. 5), A.S. hiv, Engl. hue, denoting outward appearance, with a notion of falseness; thus hégómi literally denotes whatever is false to the touch or taste, hé- and gómr, q.v.]:

I. a cobweb, litter, dust, esp. within doors; reykr, hégómi, fölski, fys, fjúkandi lauf og strá, Hallgr., freq. in mod. usage; it can only be accidental that the word is not found in old writers.

II. metaph. falsehood, folly, nonsense; var þat ekki nema hégómi vándra manna, Fms. ix. 449 (v.l. to lygi ein); sumir lásu bækr fyrir honum til þessa hégóma (nonsense), 460, v.l.; en Svíar mæla þessu í mót ok telja hégóma at þar hafi menn farizk, Ó.H. 18; en vér höfum setið hér at hégóma hans ok ginningum, Ld. 322; mikill h., great nonsense, Fms. vi. 445; af alvöru eðr af hégóma, Eg. 729; mæla tál ok hégóma, Nj. 358; h. ok uppslátta, Fms. ix. 285; þú segisk elska mik, en þat er þó ekki nema h. þinn, Stj. 417; hyggja hégóma, to think foolishly, Hom. 69; ekki sinni ek hégóma þínum, Ísl. ii. 214; verða at hégóma, to be set at naught, Barl. 8. 19, Stj. 433; heimsins h., Barl. 91; segja hégóma á e-n, to slander one, Karl. 57; eigi skal þú hafa nafn Drottins í hégóma, Pr. 437; mod., þú skalt ekki leggja nafn Drottins Guðs þíns við h., Exod. xx. 7.

2. mod. vanity, vain things; hégómi hégómans og allt er h., Eccles. i. 2, 14; skepnan er hégómanum undir gefin, Rom. viii. 20; í hégóma síns hugskots, Ephes. iv. 17.

compds:

hégóma-dýrð, f. vain-glory, Bs. i. 373, Stj. 146.

hégóma-líf, n. a vain life, Hom. 93.

hégóma-maðr, m. a charlatan, liar, Karl. 274: mod. a vain, idle person.

hégóma-mál, n. a vain speech, Fms. iv. 258, xi. 248.

hégóma-nafn, n. an empty name, sham name, Hkr. ii. 268.

hégóma-starf, n. vain labour, Stj. 298.

hégómliga, adv. vainly.

hégómligr, adj. vain, false, Stj. 142; h. dyrð, Al. 130; h. kenning, 623. 19, Sks. 620; h. guðir, Stj. 449; h. fortala, Anecd. 3; heimsk ok h., MS. 673. 46; h. draumar, Bret.: h. viðrlagning, superfluous addition, Skálda 187.

HEGRI, a, m. [A.S. higora; Germ. heher; Dan. hejre; Swed. hägar], a heron or hern, Lat. ardea, Edda (Gl.), Hm., Fms. ix. 9: in local names, Hegra-nes, Landn.; Hegranes-þing, Fms. x. 113.

hei, exclam. ey! Sturl. iii. 188.

HEIÐ, n. brightness of the sky; heið ok sólskin, Ó.H. 108, Bs. i. 339; sólina, ef í heiði mætti sjá, K.Þ.K. 96: in plur., frost fylgði mikit veðrinu, ok vóru stundum heið í himininn upp, the gale was followed by sharp frost, and now and then there were bright spots up in the sky, Bjarn. 54; veðr var bjart ok skein sól í heiði, Fms. v. 77; tunglið þá það skín í heiði, Rb. 108; sem þá er roðar fyrir upprennandi sólu í hinu fegrsta heiði, Karl. 111, v.l.; sem röðull renni upp í heiði, Arnór: in poetry the heaven is called heiðs há-rann, the high hall of brightness, Lex. Poët.

HEIÐ, f. a fee, stipend, payment, an obsolete word only found in poets; the phrase, haptsœnis heið, the atoning fee of the gods = poetry, a song, in a verse of Kormak, seems to refer to the tale in Edda 47 (Skáldskapar-mál, ch. 3); whence

heið-fé, n. a fee, stipend, Edda (Gl.):

heið-frömuðr, m. an epithet of a king:

heið-gjöf, f. a gift of fee:

heið-launaðr, part. paid, granted in fee, N.G.L. i. 91:

heið-maðr, m. a king’s man, who holds land in fee from the king:

heið-menningr, m. a nickname, Landn.:

heið-mærr, adj. open-handed:

heið-sær, adj. sowing gold, open-handed, Lex. Poët.:

heið-þegi, a, m. = heiðmaðr, esp. of a king’s man, answering to the mod. soldier; for all these words vide Lex. Poët.

II. hence metaph. worth, value; lítils heiðar, of small worth, of small repute, Fms. vi. 130 (in a verse); Daniel sá einskis heiðar á Bel, D. saw naught of worth in Bel, Blanda: whence the mod. compds,

heiðar-liga, adv. worthily;

heiðar-ligr, adj. worthy, honourable; vide heiðr below.

heiða, dd, to brighten, dispel the clouds, Skáld-H. R. 3. 1.

heið-birta, u, f. brightness of the sky.

heið-bjartr, adj. serene, Lex. Poët., freq. in mod. usage.

heið-gulr,† adj. yellow, jaundiced, (mod.)

heiðin-dómr, m. heathendom, Hkr. ii. 65, freq. in mod. usage, but originally in two words.

heiðingi, a, m. [heiðinn], a heathen, gentile, Ó.H., Nj., Bs. (Kristni S.) passim.

II. poët. a wolf, either metaph. from heiðingi, or from heiðr, a heath, one who lives on heaths and wildernesses, Edda (Gl.), Akv. 8; it occurs besides twice or thrice in poems of the time of king Harald Harðráði, 11th century.

heiðingligr, adj. heathen, Fms. i. 137, passim.

HEIÐINN, adj. [A.S. hæðen; Engl. heathen; O.H.G. heidan; Germ. heide and heidnisch; Dan. hedensk; this word is prob. derived not from heiðr, a heath, but from Gr. ἐθνικός as used in the N.T.; Ulf. in a single passage, Mark vii. 26, renders γυνὴ Έλληνίς by qino haiþno; it is even possible that the eccl. paganus, which, according to Du Cange, only appears after a.d. 365, may be merely a translation of the Teutonic word under the notion that haiþan was derived from haiþi = a heath, open country (Gr. ἀγρός, Lat. pagus): then, as haiþi was pronounced much like ἔθνος, the true etymology of heiðinn was lost; and so the long vowel and the aspirated initial may be accounted for. To the worshippers of Thor and Odin the name heathen was unknown; Christians were the first that used the word, and we meet with it first in Hkm. of Eyvind, who speaks of heiðin goð, heathen gods; heiðinn stallr, a heathen altar, Kristni S., by the missionary Þorvald, a.d. 982; it is also used by Hallfred and Sighvat; heiðinn dómr, heathendom, Sighvat; heiðnar stjörnur, heathen stars, Sól.: the verse in Ísl. ii. 50 is spurious (as are all the verses of that Saga); so also the verses in Landn. 84 (Hb.), and in Bergbúa-þáttr, where the word heiðinn is put into the mouth of a ghost and a giant, in songs which are merely a poetical fiction of later times. The word heiðingi for wolf is curious: probably it is merely a metaph. phrase from heiðinn, gentilis, and if so, it gives an additional evidence to the age of the poem Atla-kviða; which poem, from its nickname the ‘Greenlandish,’ cannot be older than the discovery of Greenland, a.d. 985]:

—heathen, gentilis, ethnicus, the Sagas passim, esp. Nj. ch. 101–106, Kristni S., Ó.T., Ó.H., etc.: a child not christened was in olden times called heathen, N.G.L. i. 340; heiðit morð, the murder of an infant not christened, 339: in mod. Icel. usage, a boy or girl before confirmation is called heathen; this improper use of the word is caused by a confusion between baptism and confirmation: so in Norway a woman between child-birth and churching is called heathen (Ivar Aasen).

heiðir, m., poët. a hawk, Edda (Gl.)

heiðnask, að, dep. to become heathen, Fms. x. 313.

heiðneskr, adj. heathen, H.E. ii. 91 (rare).

II. from Heiðmörk, f. a county in Norway, D.N.

heiðni, f. heathendom, Fms. i. 47, passim: heathen worship, heathen practice, fremja h., N.G.L. i. 182; en síðar fám vetrum vas sú heiðni af numin sem önnur, Íb. 12, Nj. 160: the heathen age, Friðrekr kom í heiðni hér, Íb. 13: a heathen country, Fb. i. 343.

HEIÐR, adj. [vide heið, n.; Germ. heiter], bright, cloudless, only of the sky, in the allit. phrase, heiðr himin, a clear sky, Hbl. 19, Stj. 305, Eb. 48 new Ed., Fms. v. 81: in poetry, heiðar stjörnur, bright stars, Vsp. 57; heiðr dagr, a bright day, Skv. 3. 53.

HEIÐR, f., dat. and acc. heiði, pl. heiðar; mod. nom. heiði, vide Gramm. p. xvii, col. 2, and p. xviii; [Ulf. haiþi = ἀγρός, Matth. vi. 28, 30, Luke xv. 15, xvii. 7, 31; and haiþivisks = ἄγριος; A.S. hæð; Engl. heath; O.H.G. haida; Germ. heide; Dan. hede; Swed. hed]:

—a heath; in Icel. particularly heiðr (or heiði) is chiefly used of a low barren heath or fell; thus in local names heiðr is a common name for the barren tracts of fell between the foot of one fjord or dale and another, see the map of Icel. passim, Nj. 158, Eg. 137, 275, Grág. i. 440.

compds:

heiðar-brekka, u, f. and heiðar-brún, f. the brink or edge of a heath, Hrafn. 28, Fbr. 39, Sturl. i. 33, 84.

heiðar-hæna, n, f. a heath-hen, moor-fowl, Orkn. (in a verse).

heiðar-vegr, m. a road through a heath, Bs. i. 318.

Heiðar-víg, n. a fight on the Heath, Ísl. ii. 259, Landn. i. 70; whence

Heiðarvíga-saga, u, f. the name of a Saga, Eb., cp. Sturl. i. 122:

freq. in local names, Heiða-bær, Fms. xii.

II. a pr. name of a sybil, Vsp., as also freq. in compd names of women, usually dropping the h, Ragn-eiðr, Baug-eiðr: Heið-rekr, m. name of a king.

heiðr, m., gen. heiðrs, [akin to heið, f. above, q.v.; Dan. hæder; Swed. häder]:

—honour; it does not occur in very old or class. writers; til heiðrs ok sæmdar, Stj. 95; stórr heiðr, Fs. (Vd.) 21; heiðr ok tign, Fb. i. 564; h. ok hamingja, 566; Guðs heiðr, Fms. vii. 172 (v.l. of the Hrokkinskinna), Mar. passim: freq. in mod. usage, halda í heiðri, to honour, etc.

compds:

heiðrs-maðr, m. a man of honour, Bs. i. 823.

heiðr-samligr, adj. (heiðr-samliga, adv.), worshipful, Stj.

heiðrs-vel, adv. honourably, Stj. 26.

heiðra, að, to honour, Bs. i. (Laur. S.); freq. in mod. usage, heiðra skaltú föður þinn og móður, the Fifth Commandment.

heiðran, f. worship, honouring, H.E. i. 477.

heið-ríkja, u, f. brightness of the sky.

heið-ríkr, adj. bright, serene, of the sky; h. veðr, Ísl. ii. 409, Gísl. 33.

heiðr-ligr, adj. (heiðr-liga, adv.), honourable, befitting, Stj., Mar., H.E. passim, Fs. 5.

heiðr-samligr, adj. (heiðr-samliga, adv.), = heiðrligr, Stj. passim.

heið-skírr, adj. bright, cloudless, of the sky, = heiðríkr; h. veðr, Stj. 17; h. himinn, Art.; í heiðskíru, in bright weather, Bret. 46.

heið-vanr, adj. epithet of a tree, shady (?), Vsp.

heið-verða, ð, [heið, f.], to honour, Hom. 160: this and the following three words are derived from heið, f., q.v.

heið-verði (heið-virði), n. honour; dýrð ok h., Hom. 157, 160.

heið-verðliga (mod. heið-virðiliga), adv. respectfully, Hom. 150.

heið-viðri, n. bright weather, Nj. 143, Fms. iv. 246, ix. 482, xi. 132.

heið-virðiligr and heið-virðr, adj. honourable, worthy.

heið-þornir, m., poët. the sky, Edda (Gl.)

heigull, m. a kind of onion growing on the thatches of houses, Norse taklög, Björn.

II. metaph. a laggard. heiguls-ligr, adj., heiguls-skapr, m.

heikil-nef, n. ‘hook-nose’ (?), a nickname, Fms., Fb, iii.

heila, að, to make whole; h. e-m skaða sinn, to make good one’s scathe, N.G.L. i. 387.

heilag-leikr, m. holiness, Fms. x. 319, xi. 207, Bs. passim.

heilag-liga, adv. holily, inviolably, 623. 53, Magn. 480, passim.

heilag-ligr, adj. ‘holy-like,’ holy, Bs. i. passim, Hkr. ii. 338.

HEILAGR, adj., usually contracted before a vowel, whereby the root vowel becomes short, thus helgan, helgir, helgum, helgar, and the definite helgi, helga; but also uncontractcd, esp. in mod. usage, heilagir, heilagan, heilögum, definite heilagi; [Ulf. seems not to have known the word, and renders αγιος etc. by veihs; so also in Dan. and Swed. local names, holy places and temples are marked by a prefixed or suffixed vi-, e.g. Vi-borg, Odens-e (= Óðins-vé): heilagr is derived in a metaph. sense from heill, whole, and is consequently not so old as the primitive vé, veihs; so A.S. hâlag; Engl. holy; Hel. hêlag; Germ. heilig; Dan. hellig; Swed. helig]:

I. holy in heathen usage, helgar kindir, holy beings, Vsp. I; hár baðmr heilagr, 19, v.l.; heilög goð, holy gods; ginnheilög goð, Vsp.; heilakt land, Gm. 4; heilög (grind) fyrir helgum dyrum, 22; heilög vötn, 29, Hkv. 2. 1; heilög fjöll (hélug?), Fm. 26; helgu fulli, the holy toast of Odin, i.e. song, poetry, Edda (in a verse); af helgu skutli, from the holy table, Haustl. 4; þat vatn er svá heilakt, at …, Edda 11; brunnr mjök heilagr, 10: in local names, þat fjall kallaði hann Helga-fell, Holy-fell, Eb. 10; at þeir görði lönd sín helgari en aðrar jarðir, 20; ok kallar þá jörð nú eigi helgari en aðra, 24:

—heilagir fiskar (mod. heilag-fiski), a halibut, Dan. helle-flynder, Bs. i. 365.

2. as a law term (and this is no doubt the original sense of the word), inviolable, one whose person is sacred, who cannot be slain with impunity, esp. within certain boundaries; hann (fjörbaugs-maðr, q.v.) skal heilagr vera at þeim heimilum ok í örskots-helgi við á alla vega, etc., Grág. i. 89; hann er heilagr á þeirri götu ok í örskots-helgi við þá götu, 132; hann verðr eigi heilagr ef eigi var sagt til heimilis hans at féráns-dómi, ok eigi verðr hann heilagr ef eigi gelzk fé þat er þar skyldi gjaldask, 133; hann er jamheilagr á götu er hann ferr til skips, 90, vide Þ.Þ. ch. 33 sqq.; falla óheilagr, to fall unholy, to be slain as an outlaw for whom no weregild was to be paid, Grág. and Sagas passim, cp. the interesting passages in Landn. 5. ch. 4, Sturl. 1. ch. 14; frið-heilagr, ‘peace-holy,’ protected, a term for birds and animals protected by law; úheilagr, outlawed, exlex: closely akin are the above phrases, in which heilagr is used as an epithet of places, h. land, fjöll, etc.

II. eccl. holy, Lat. sanctus, Bs. passim, N.T., hymns, sermons, etc.; Heilagr Audi, the Holy Ghost; helgir dagar, holy days; halda heilagt, vide halda; helgir dómar, holy relics; but helgi-dómr, holidom, sanctuarium; heilög orð, holy words; helgir siðir, holy rites; helgar bækr, holy books; helgar tíðir, horae canonicae; helgir menn, saints of the Roman church; Heilagir = Άγιοι, i.e. Christians, N.T.

2. of special feasts, Helga Vika, the Holy Week, the week after Whitsuntide, Dipl. iii. 10; Nóttin Helga, the Holy Night, cp. Germ. Weihnachten; Helgi Þórs-dagr, Holy Thursday, Fms. ix.

heilan, f. healing, Fms. v. 217.

heil-brigði, f. [bragð], health, freq. in mod. usage.

heil-brigðr, adj. hale, healthy, Fas. iii. 319, 644, freq. in mod. usage.

heil-brjóstaðr, adj. ‘hale-breasted,’ sincere, Fas. i. 23.

heild, f. wholeness, totality, (mod.)

heil-eygr, adj. ‘hale-eyed,’ Nj. 165, Grág. 1. 433, Fms. v. 143, Bs. i. 376.

heil-fættr, adj. ‘hale-legged,’ sound, Grett. 83.

heil-hjartaðr, adj. ‘hale-hearted,’ sincere, Sks. 90, v. 1.

heil-hugaðr, adj. ‘hale-minded,’ sincere, Sks. 90, Fagrsk. 14.

heil-hugi, a, m. sincerity; heilhuga ráð, Fms. vii. 319; heilhuga friðr, Orkn.

2. a. sincere person; þetta líkaði Magnúsi jarli sem fullkomnum heilhuga, Orkn. 162; þvíat hann er heilhugi, Fms. v. 32; nú skal af slíku marka hversu mikill h. hann var, Sks. 730.

heil-hugliga, adv. sincerely, Barl. 10, Str. 87.

HEILI, a, m. the brain, Gm. 40, Edda 6, Hkr. i. 42, Grág. it. 11, Nj. 114, Fbr. 137, passim.

compds:

heila-brot, n. beating the brain, (mod.)

heila-bú, n. the cerebellum, (mod.)

heila-böst, n. pl., medic. the brain membrane; fyrir framan ok aptan h., denoting the forehead and occiput, N.G.L. i. 172; þá er maðr heilundi er kora (a probe) kennir inn til heilabasta, Grág. ii. 91.

heila-köst, n. pl. = heilabrot.

heilindi, n. health, Hm. 67 (heilyndi), Hom. 149, 160, K.Þ.K., Grág. i. 278, ii. 134.

compds:

heilindis-far, n. state of health, Mar. 125.

heilindis-kveðja, u, f. a wishing one health, Stj. 482, Karl. 93, v. 1.;

van-heilindi, bad health, illness.

heilindr, adj. wholesome; vötn hrein ok heilend, Stj. 609; værir þú heilendr sem Moyses, Eluc. 49.

heili-vágr, m. healing liquor, balm, Trist.

HEILL, n. and f. [Dan. held], good luck; the gender of this word varies.

A. Neut., which seems to be the older gender, an omen, auspice, foreboding; hver’ro bözt heill (pl.), which are the best auspices? the answer, mörg eru góð heill, there are many good auspices, Skv. 2. 19, 20, cp. 22; giptusamlegt heill, a favourable omen, Al. 13; the neut., which is obsolete elsewhere, has remained in the phrases, góðu heilli (bono augurio), íllu heilli (malo augurio), in a good, evil hour; íllu heilli bauð ek þér barnfóstr, Ísl. ii. 141; íllu heilli vartú skapað, Hom. 153; íllu heilli höfu vér hér dvalizt, Nj. 241; fórtú fá heilli heiman, with small luck, Ó.H. 107; verstu heilli, Heir. 4; góðu heilli, in a good hour, Fms. ix. 236, x. 18 (in a verse): talismans, of hidden magical runes written on ‘gumna heillum’ (on talismans?), Sdm. 16.

B. Fem. good luck, happiness:

1. plur., with the notion of being the gift of auspices or of an oracle, esp. in pl., so that the gender is dubious; fékk Ingólfr at blóti miklu ok leitaði sér heilla um forlög sín, Landn. 33; skal Þórólfr blóta ok leita heilla þeim bræðrum, Eg. 257; hefir þessi flokkr leitað sér heilla at tilvísan fjölkunnigra manna, at þeir skyldi um nætr berjask, Fms. vii. 296; Hallsteinn skaut setstokkum fyrir borð í hafi til heilla sér eptir fornum sið, Fs. 123, Landn. 34; þá skaut Steinþórr spjóti at fornum sið til heilla sér yfir flokk Snorra, Eb. 228 (an old heathen rite); þótti þat líkast til langlífis ok heilla, 126 new Ed.; ok var brugðit heillum sverðsins, the spell of the sword was broken, Korm. 84; áttú, Sigmundr, af þeim hring heillir at taka, Fær. 103.

2. esp. (also in pl.) with the personal notion of a good spirit or angel, cp. hamingja; eigi veit ek hvárt vit eigum heill saman, i.e. if we shall have luck together, of two persons having one life and one heart, Nj. 3; þótti stór heill til hans horfit hafa, Fs. 194; Leifr kvað hann enn mundu mestri heill stýra af þeim frændum, Fb. i. 538; hann bað þeim heill duga, he wished them good speed, Gullþ. 14; fær þú braut bú þitt ok vestr yfir Lagarfljót, þar er heill þín öll, Hrafn. 1; heillum horfinn, forsaken by luck, Grett. 150.

3. sayings, íllt er fyrir heill at hrapa, ’tis ill to rush on and leave one’s good luck behind, Skv. 2. 25; hátíðir eru til heilla beztar (mod. hátíð er til heilla bezt), denoting that high feasts ought to be chosen for momentous affairs, Ld. 176 (of one being christened at Yule time); fall er farar-heill, a fall is a good omen (in departing), Fms. vi. 414: the phrase, vera e-m lítil heilla-þúfa, to be a stumbling-block to one, the metaphor prob. taken from the popular lore as to mounds with hidden hoards, ek heft orðit lítil heilla þúfa um at þreifa flestum mönnum, Grett. 143.

4. in mod. usage as a term of endearment, heillin, heillin mín, dear! my dear! the address of a husband to his wife; the bride asks, hverjum ætlarðú at bjóða í veizluna okkar, hjartað mitt? the bridegroom answers, eg veil það nú ekki, heillin mín! Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 243; getrþu ekki gefið manninum hressingu, heillin? Hrólfr. 8; hann (our son) er svo kargr, heillin mín! hann nennir ekki neitt að gera, látum við strákinn stúdiera, Grönd. 72; cp. Bb. 3. 21—hún (the wife) kyssir og með klappi segir, komdú blessaðr, heillin mín!—heillin góð! is in many Icel. houses the address of the servants to the mistress: æ! hvernig getið þér nú farið að tala, heillin góð? Piltr og Stúlka, 36; sælir og blessaðir, Auðun minn! sælar og blessaðar, heillin góð! Hrólfr. 6.

compds:

heilla-brigði, n. pl. a turn of luck, Fs. 151.

heilla-drjúgr, adj. fortunate, Grett. 150.

heilla-lauss, adj. luckless.

heilla-leysi, n. ill luck, Nj. 206.

heilla-maðr, m. a lucky man.

heilla-ráð, n. good advice or a lucky deed, Sks. 670, Fms. ii. 208.

heilla-vænligr, adj. (heilla-liga, adv.), hopeful, promising, Grett. 93 A.

heilla-vænn, adj. promising, Fms. xi. 235: mann-heill, orð-heill, q.v.

HEILL, adj. [Ulf. hails = ὑγιής, ὑγιαίνων, χαιρε, etc.; A.S. hâl; Engl. hail and hale are of Scandinavian origin, whole of Saxon; O.H.G. heil; lost in mod. Germ.; Dan. heel; Swed. hel]:

—whole:

I. hale, sound; ílla heill, in ill health, Hm. 68; heilir hildar til, heilir hildi frá, fara þeir heilir hvaðan, hale, unscathed, 157; heilar hendr, Gkv. 3. 10; heilar sjónir, hale eyes, Lex. Poët.; spurði Þorsteinn hvernig þar væri heilt, hann sagði at þar var vel heilt, Th. asked how they were in health, and he said that they were well, Eg. 743; heilir, opp. to sárir, Am. 56; heilan (unbroken), Hvm. 29; heill hjálmstofn, hale skull, 31; hvergi var heilt hold á líkam hans, 623. 44; græða at heilu, to cure so as to be hale and well, 655 xi. 3; Önundr var svá frækinn maðr at fáir stóðusk honum þótt heilir væri, that few men were a match for him, though they were hale and sound, Grett. 87; sjórinn var hvergi heill, the sea was nowhere hale, i.e. the waves rose high, Vígl. 22; silki-ræma heil ok ú-sökuð, Fms. iv. 110.

2. healed, of wounds, illness, in gen. pl.; verða heill sára sínna, Eg. 35; Helga dóttir bónda var þá á fonun ok heil meina sinna, 586; ok var þó eigi heill sársins, Fbr. 164.

3. phrases, gróa um heilt (see gróa), Fms. xi. 87; binda um heilt, to bind up a hale limb; er um heilt bezt at binda, ’tis better to bind a hale than a hurt limb, Ld. 206; betra heilt en gróið, better hale than healed; með heilu ok höldnu, safe and sound, Fms. x. 376; þar skal hverr heill verða sem haltr varð, he that was halt must be made hale, a law phrase, he that has a blemish upon him must clear himself of it, N.G.L. i. 326: cp. the phrase, svelta heill hungri (mod. svelta heilu hungri), to starve, Ls. 62: a guest is asked, hvað er í fréttum, what news? to which the reply is, mannheilt og ósjúkt, all hale and ‘unsick,’ i.e. all well! eigi heil, not hale, i.e. enceinte, þú ert kona eigi heil, Fas. i. 52; húsfreyja þín er eigi heil, ok mun hón fæða meybarn, Ísl. ii. 196; Freydís vildi fylgja þeim ok varð heldr sein, því at hón var eigi heil, Þorf. Karl. 428.

4. answering to Gr. χαιρε, in exclamation; njótið heilir handa, ‘bless your hands!’ well done! Nj. 71; mæl drengja heilastr, well spoken, Fms. viii. 97; báðu hann tala konunga heilstan (i.e. cheered him), vi. 240; mæltu, at hann skyldi mæla allra höfðingja heilastr, viii. 290.

β. in greeting, Vþm. 4, 6, Sdm. 3, 4; kom heill, welcome! hail! Blas. 42; far heill, farewell! Fms. vii. 197; heill, Magnús frændi! 171; sít heill, sit hail! Glúm. 391, Fms. x. 201; heill svá! Stj. 621; heilir svá! 475; heilar svá! 124, Karl. 507; ek svá heill, by my soul! forsooth! Fms. v. 230; svá vil ek heil! Grett. 170 new Ed.; bað þá heila fara ok heila hittask, Fms. iv. 171.

5. whole, entire, Lat. integer; sjau hundruð heil, full seven hundred, Íb. 16; heil vika, 7, K.Þ.K. 102; heil dægr (opp. to hálf), Rb. 16; heil alin, N.G.L.; heilt ár, Bs. ii. 152.

II. metaph. true, upright; allit., heilt ráð ok heimilt, a hale and good bargain, without fraud or flaw, Grág. i. 317; með heilum fortölum, Dipl. i. 3; ráða e-m heilt, to give wholesome (good, wise) advice to one, Nj. 31, (heilræði); með heilum hug, sincerely, cp. Hm. 106; heilum sáttum, Háv. 50 new Ed., Al. 60.

β. safe; prestinum þótti eigi heilt at setja hann annat sinn undir sama váða, Fms. x. 417.

heilla, að, [heill, f.; cp. Dan. hilde = to allure], to bewitch, enchant, spell-bind one; Ketill kvað þær heillaðar, Fms. vi. 110; síðr þik (?) um heilli halir, Hm. 130; ok muntú vera heilluð af úvætti þessum, Fas. iii. 177; heilluð ertu (thou art infatuated) ef þú ætlar minn hug grimman við þik, i. 194; sprota er hann heillar með augu þeirra manna er hann vill, Od. v. 47.

heilleikr (heil-leiki), m. health, Fms. ii. 230: uprightness, Fas. iii. 160, Karl. 213.

heilliga, adv. fairly, candidly, Sturl. ii. 67, Bs. i. 736.

heilligr, adj. looking hale, whole.

heil-mikill, adj. considerably great.

heil-næmi, f. wholesomeness.

heil-næmiligr, adj. (heil-næmiliga, adv.), wholesome, Hkr. i. 269.

heil-næmr, adj. wholesome, Fas. i. 411.

heiló, f., qs. heið-ló, [heidelo, Ivar Aasen], a sandpiper.

heil-ráðr, adj. giving wholesome counsel, Nj. 30, Fms. ix. 262, Grett. 110.

heil-ráðugr, adj. = heilráðr, Hom. 109.

heil-ræði, n. wholesome, wise counsel; ráð þú mér h. nokkur, segir Gunnarr, Nj. 85 (Gunnar to Njal); Gunnarr mælti til Njáls, heilræði em ek kominn at sækja at þér um eitt vanda-mál,—Makligr ertú þeirra, segir Njáll, ok réð honum ráðin, 71, Landn. 117, Sks. 548, Fb. ii. 52.

heilsa, u, f. [Dan. helsen; Swed. helsa], health, Fms. vii. 241, x. 215, Sks. 620. Al. 24, Hom. 10, Bs. i. 337; sterk, góð h., strong, good health; veyk, lin, tæp h., poor, weak health, passim.

compds:

heilsu-bót, f. health-bettering, healing, Hkr. ii. 386; til heilsubótar, Magn. 414, Bs.

heilsu-bragð, n. a cure, ek skal sýna þér öruggt h., Fb. i. 439.

heilsu-drykkr, m. a potion, draught, Al. 24, 656 B. 12.

heilsu-far, n. state of health, Grett. 153.

heilsu-gjafari, a, m. a healer, eccl.

heilsu-gjöf, f. a ‘gift of health,’ cure, Fas. iii. 277, Magn. 532: eccl. salvation, Stj. 141.

heilsu-góðr, adj. in good health.

heilsu-gæði, n. strong health.

heilsu-lauss, adj. ‘health-less,’ in bad health.

heilsu-leysi, n. bad health. Mar.

heilsu-linr, adj. = heilsulítill.

heilsu-lítill, adj. in weak health, Sturl. iii. 34.

heilsu-orð, n. a word of salvation, (MS.) 656 and 555

heilsu-ráð, n. counsel whereby to recover health, Fms. ii. 229.

heilsu-samligr, adj. (heilsu-samliga, adv.), wholesome, salutary, Bs.

heilsu-samr, adj. wholesome, Sks. 96.

heilsu-sterkr, adj. strong in health.

heilsu-tapan, f. perdition, eccl., K.Á. 76.

heilsu-tæpr, adj. in poor health.

heilsu-veiki, f. weak health.

heilsu-veykr, adj. having weak health.

heilsa, að, [Dan. hilse], to say hail to one, greet one, with dat.; it was an ancient custom for the host to welcome (heilsa) the stranger, as may be seen from the following references:—Osvífr (the guest) kvaddi út Höskuld ok Rút (the master of the house), þeir gengu út báðir ok heilsuðu Osvífi, Nj. 21; hann (the master) gengr út ok heilsar Gísla (dat. the stranger), Gísl. 83; kona ein gékk til hurðar ok heilsar þeim ok spyrr þá at nafni, Fbr. 44 new Ed.; Þorsteinn gékk þegar til búðar Þorkels, en hann (Thorkel) heilsar honum vel ok spyrr hvat hann árnar, Lv. 33; Ólafr gengr inn á gólfit … en enginn heilsar honum ok þögðu allir, Háv. 39; in case the host was a great personage (a king, earl, or the like), the stranger used in token of honour or homage to walk up to him and greet him, ‘sit hail!’ ok er hann kom inn, heilsaði hann konungi, konungr tók kveðju hans, Eg. 63; jarlinn (the guest) gékk fyrir hann (the host in his high-seat) ok heilsaði honum, Ó.H. 66; Haukr heilsaði konungi, Fb. i. 47: h. á en, id.; Ásgrímr (the guest) gékk at honum ok heilsaði á hann, Nj. 182, Fms. i. 16; ok er hann kemr á fund Knúts konungs, gékk hann fyrir hann ok heilsar upp á konunginn, konungr tók ekki kveðju hans, xi. 264. In mod. usage a coming guest is said ‘heilsa,’ a parting guest ‘kveðja,’ q.v.

heil-samligr, adj. wholesome, salutary, Stj. 69, K.Á. 20, Fms. i. 141.

heil-samr, adj. salutary, Sks. 96, Skálda 210.

heilsan, f. [Dan. hilsen], greeting, salutation, Fb. iii. 309, Fbr. 62, Hkr. iii. 79, Bs. i. 755.

compds:

heilsanar-kveðja, u, f. greeting, Stj. 482.

heilsanar-orð, n. id., Bs. i. 707.

heil-smiðliga, adv. uprightly, Bs. i. 522.

heil-spen and heil-spenuð, f. adj. ‘hale-teated,’ of a cow, Gþl. 503.

heil-und, f. a law term, a brain wound, Grág. ii. 11, passim.

heilundar-sár, n. = heilund, Nj. 217.

heilundi, a, m. one with a brain wound, Grág. ii. 91.

heil-vita, adj. indecl. ‘hale-witted,’ sane, Greg. 45, Bs. i. 755, N.G.L. i. 145.

HEIM, adv. (prop. an acc. of heimr), home, homewards, Lat. domum, Nj. 4, 11, Fms. i. 51, Hrafn. 20; fara heim, to return home, Bs. i. 337; síðan fóru þau heim á leið, id.; en er hón var komin náliga heim, 341, and in endless phrases.

2. in phrases as, bjóða e-m heim, to bid one to a feast, heimboð; sækja e-n heim, to visit, attack one, in a hostile sense, passim: bæta heim fyrir sér, to make for one’s soul’s weal, Fms. iv. 63.

HEIMA, adv.

I. neut. [Engl. home; Germ. heimath; Dan. hjem and hjemme]:

—home, = heimili; en er kaupmenn drifu af skipi hverr til síns heima, Fms. vi. 109; skulu hvárigir öðrum þar íllt gera at heima mínu, Nj. 256; urðu þeir at ganga langa leið til síns heima, Bs. i. 47, Korm. 222, Stj. 393; til þíns heima, 484; ef eigi kemr tröll milli húss ok heima, Fms. viii. 41.

2. the phrase, eiga heima, to have a home, live; Hallfreðr átti heima at Haukagili, Fms. ii. 9; þeim megin árinnar sem hann átti h., Bs. i, Hkv. 2. 4, and passim.

II. at home; var Rútr h. at Rútsstöðum til sex vikna, Nj. 10; heima hafðir þú vit þitt, er þú sagðir mér til, Hrafn. 8; fátt var manna heima, Landn. 152; heima glaðr, cheerful, gladsome at home, Hm. 102; h. í görðum goða, Vþm. 2, passim: sayings, dælt er h. hvat, Hm. 5; halr er h. hverr, 35.

β. phrases, standa h., to square, be all right, of a measure or the like: the phrase, sitja heima sem mær til kosta (heima-sæta), to stay at home as a maid, Sams. S.; þat þykkjumk ek vita, at eigi munum vit allan aldr okkar úgiptar heima sitja, Sturl. i. 206.

B. Compds:

heima-alinn, part. home-bred.

heima-alningr, m. one home-fed.

heima-ból, n. a homestead, mansion, Fms. ii. 90.

heima-bóndi, a, m. a franklin or yeoman in a heimaból, H.E. ii. 114.

heima-brunnr, m. a home well, Glúm. 390, Sturl. i. 191.

heima-bær, m. the home-buildings, homestead, opp. to outlying storehouses and byres, Ann. 1319.

heima-dyrr, n. pl. the ‘home-doors,’ the entrance to dwelling-bouses, Fær. 264, Grett. 121 A, Fs. 42 (= mod. bæjardyr).

heima-dýr, n. domestic animals, Barl.

heima-elskr, adj. ‘home-loving,’ a laggard, afraid to go out in the world, Fs. 4.

heima-fastr, adj. having a fixed home, H.E. ii. 85.

heima-fólk, n. home folk, Fms. ii. 160, Grett. 140.

heima-friðr, m. home-peace, Js. 95.

heima-griðungr, m. (heima-naut, n.), a bull kept at home, Vápn. 46, Sturl. i. 78.

heima-hagar, m. home-pastures.

heima-hestr, m. a ‘home-horse,’ stallion, opp. to útigangs-hestr, a working horse, Hm. 82.

heima-hús, n. pl. dwelling-houses, opp. to out-buildings, Fær. 264.

heima-jörð, f. = heimaból, Pm. 53.

heima-kominn, part., in the phrase, göra sik h., to make oneself as at home.

heima-kona, u, f. = griðkona, a house-maid, Sturl. i. 73, iii. 193, Njarð. 370: medic. erysipelas, cp. farkonu-sótt.

heima-land, n. home-land, the home estate, Fms. ii. 90, Bs. i. 287, 841, D.I. i. 240, Vm. passim; an estate on which a church is built.

heima-lið, n. = heimafólk, Sturl. i. 196.

heima-maðr, m. = griðmaðr, a ‘home-man,’ dweller, servant, Eg. 52, 60, 165, Sturl. i. 72, Nj. 11, Stj. 482, Vm. 23.

heima-prestr, m. a resident priest, the parson, Fms. iv. 265, Bs. i. 652, Jm. 24.

heima-ríkr, adj. tyrannical at home, Bjarn. (in a verse),

heima-seta, u, f. sitting at home, Grág. i. 41.

heima-sveit, f. = heimafólk, Sturl. ii. 53.

heima-sæta, u, f. a maid ‘sitting at home,’ unmarried.

heima-taða, u, f. the hay from the home-field, Finnb. 340.

heima-tíund, f. ‘home-tithe,’ i.e. the tithe of the estate on which a church is built, to be paid to the lay landlord, Vm. 19, Am. 90, D.N.

heima-vist, f. staying at home, Bs. i.

heima, d and að, to take one in, in the allit. phrase, hýsa ok heima e-n, ef maðr hýsir ok heimir útlagan mann, Gþl. 144; hafa hýst þá ok heimat, N.G.L. i. 123, (rare.)

heim-alinn, part. = heima-alinn.

heim-alningr, m. = heima-alningr.

heiman, adv. from home, Hbl. 2, Nj. 11, 142, passim; cp. héðan, handan, þaðan.

β. in the phrase, henni fylgdi heiman Breiðabólstaðr, the estate B. went with her from home, i.e. was her dowry, Landn. 61, 177; gefa heiman, to give from home, i.e. give in marriage, D.N. i. 723; göra heiman, to endow; ek görða þik heiman í þá ferð sem dóttur mína, Fms. vii. 121, Band. 31 new Ed., passim.

heiman-búnaðr, m. preparation for a journey from home, Stj. 366.

heiman-ferð (heiman-för), f. a going from home, Nj. 195, Eg. 10, Jb. 388: = heimanfylgja, Stj. 175, N.G.L. i. 233.

heiman-fylgð, f. = heimanfylgja, N.G.L. i. 233.

heiman-fylgja, u, f. the dowry which a bride brings with her from home, opp. to mundr, Grág. i. 174. 313, Nj. 11, Sturl. iii. 179, Korm. 134, Stj. 570, N.G.L. i. 232, Gísl. 16, Ísl. ii. 9, 378, passim.

2. metaph. of a son, Dipl. iv. 5; but mostly of a church, cp. Engl. endowment, the church being regarded as the bride of Christ; h. kirkjunnar, Bs. i. 287, K.Á. 24.

☞ Fylgja is here prop. akin and another form of the word fúlga, q.v., and heiman-fylgja, qs. heiman-fúlga.

heiman-för, f. = heimanferð, Grág. i. 147, Eg. 23.

heiman-förull, adj. strolling from home, Fas. i. 525.

heiman-gengt, n. adj. in the phrase, eiga ekki h., to be bound to stay at home.

heiman-gjöf, f. = heimanfylgja, Jb. 118.

heiman-görð, f. an endowing, endowment, Grág. i. 336, D.N. passim.

heiman-kvöð, f. a summoning of neighbours, Grág. i. 130.

heim-boð, n. a ‘home-bidding,’ invitation, a feast, Nj. 51, Fms. i. 54, Eg. 66, Orkn. 320: a law phrase, reclamation, N.G.L. i. 41, Gþl. 406, Grág. i. 381, passim.

heim-böllr, m., Lat. orbis terrarum, the globe, world, Eluc. 19.

Heim-dalr, m., with single l, not Heimdallr, as shewn from the gen. -dalar, not -dalls; a later form used in the Rímur was Heimdæl-l, Þrymlur 1. 8:

—the god Heimdal, Edda, whence the poem Heimdalar-galdr, m. id. The etymology has not been made out: Heimdal was the heavenly watchman in the old mythology, answering to St. Peter in the medieval legends; respecting him vide Edda 17 (Sksm.) and passim, Gm. 13: he was also regarded as the father and founder of the different classes of mankind, see Rm. and Vsp. 1,—meiri ok minni mögu Heimdalar, the higher and lower sons of H., i.e. all men.

II. a ram in Edda (Gl.) is called heimdali.

heim-dragi, a, m. a ‘home-dragger,’ laggard, Fms. vii. 121, Fs. 177 (in a verse), Art. 89, Konr. 10, Lex. Poët.

heim-ferð, f. a going home, Eg. 66, Fms. iv. 269, ix. 474, Jb. 8: an inroad into one’s home = atför, heimsókn, Ld. 262, Eg. 73, Fms. viii. 9, xi. 239.

compds:

heimferðar-dagr, m. the day for returning home, Magn. 512.

heimferðar-leyfi, n. ‘home-leave,’ Fms. ix. 318.

heim-friðr, m. a law term, home-peace, home security, D.N. i. 215, 245.

heim-fúss, adj. longing for home, Fms. vii. 48, vi. 238, Sturl. i. 84, Fb. ii. 360.

heim-fýsi, f. a longing for one’s home.

heim-för, f. a going home, return home, Fms. vii. 48, xi. 60, Hkv. 2. 34: an inroad, Eg. 12, v.l.

compds:

heimfarar-leyfi, n. ‘home-leave,’ leave to go home, Eg. 31, Fms. viii. 395, Orkn. 284.

heimfara-þing, n. a law term, a meeting to settle terms in case of distress for payment of debt; cp. the mod. phrase, undir atför at lögum, D.N. v. 424 (Fr.)

heim-ganga, u, f. a going home, Sturl. i. 43.

heim-gás, f. a home goose, a tame goose, Grett. 90, Korm. 206, Edda (Gl.)

heim-hagi, a, m. [cp. átt-hagi, Dan. hjem-stavn], a home-field, D.N. i. 581; in Hm. 156 we propose to read heimhaga for heimhuga.

heim-hamr, m. ‘home-skin,’ one’s own skin, Hm. 156; vide hamr.

heimila, d and að, to give a title to a thing; þá hefir maðr heimild til ef maðr heimilar honum er forráð á aura sinna, Grág. ii. 191; hvárt sá maðr heimildi honum landit eðr eigi, 209; ef maðr selr manni eðr gefr þat er hann veit at þjófstolit er, ok villir hann heimild at, þó at hann vissi eigi þá er honum var heimildr, ok varðar skóggang, 190; hvar sem þeir kæmi við, heimilaði jarl þeim þat er þyrfti at hafa, Nj. 122; ábúð heimilar tekju, en landskyld heimilar lóð, N.G.L., Gþl. 329.

heimild (heimold, Stj. 134), f. [Dan. hjemmel = authority; undoubtedly derived from Goth. haimoþli, by which Ulf. renders ἀγρός, Mark x. 29, 30, and thus nearly akin to heimili and heimoll; in Icel. only used in law phrases]:

—a title, right, jus possessionis; hann seldi síðan þann sama graptar-reit ok heimoldir, Stj. 134; stefna til heimildar, to summon one for h., Grág. ii. 205; villa heimild at e-u, to give out a false account of one’s title to a thing, of stolen things, 190; nú ferr maðr á jörð manns ok tekr eigi heimild af þeim er á, N.G.L. i. 39; þau ríki er konungr hafði þá heimildum á tekit, to which the king had got the title, Fms. x. 45; heimild skal hverr maðr taka af sínum dróttni verka-sveins síns, Anal. 278; en veit ek at hann hefir eigi réttar heimildir á skóginum, Eb. 170.

compds:

heimildar-kviðr, m. a verdict of neighbours as to right of possession, Grág.

heimildar-maðr, m. a man from whom a title is derived, Grág. ii. 205, Gþl. 537.

heimildar-tak, n. a taking possession, title; honum þótti eigi at lögum hafa farit heimildartak á skóginum, i.e. he thought it was a bad, unlawful bargain, Eb. 178, N.G.L. i. 324.

heimildar-taka, u, f. id., Gþl. 493, 537.

heimildar-taki, a, m. = heimildarmaðr, N.G.L. i. 324, Jb. 356.

heimildar-váttr, m. a witness in case of disputed title, Grág. ii. 319.

heimilda-vandr, adj. fastidious in regard to title, Sturl. ii. 146.

II. in mod. usage gener. authority; það er engin heimild fyrir því, there is no authority for it.

heimildar-laust, n. adj. without authority.

HEIMILI, n.; for an older form heimi see the compds with heimis-; [originally a compd from heima, home, and óðal, heimiðli, as seen from Ulf. haimoþli = ἀγρός, Mark x. 29, 30]:

—a house, homestead, domicile, Eg. 535, Fms. vi. 358, xi. 18, Grág. i. 99, 146, Hkr. i. 184, Nj., passim in old and mod. usage.

compds:

heimilis-bragr, m. home-life.

heimilis-búi, a, m. a law term, a homestead neighbour summoned from the same house, Grág. i. 26, 191.

heimilis-fang, n. a law term, a domicile, Grág. i. 19, 146, 147, Nj.

heimilis-fastr, adj. having a fixed homestead, Grág. i. 52, ii. 45, Vm. 97, D.I. i. 277, 303.

heimilis-fólk, n. folk of the same homestead.

heimilis-hús, n. a closet, Stj. 151, 199, Am. 37: a privy, Fb. i. 416, ii. 87, Fs. 183.

heimilis-kviðr, m. a verdict given by heimilisbúar, Grág. i. 145, Fas. i. 380*; also called heimiskviðr, q.v.:

heimiliskviðar-vitni, n. the evidence of h., N.G.L. i. 140, 160, 316.

heimilis-maðr,* m. an inmate, Grág. i. 145, Fas. i. 380.

heimilis-njóli, a, m., a botan. term, rumex acutus, Hjalt.

heimilis-prestr, m. a chaplain, Vm. 15, D.I. passim.

heimilis-sök, f. a law phrase, a ‘home-charge,’ a charge that can be brought home to one, Valla L. 226.

heimilis-tíðir, f. pl. home-service, Am. 37.

heimilis-vist, f. a domicile, Hkr. iii. 364, Stj. 94.

heimill, vide heimoll.

heimis-búi, a, m. = heimilisbúi, Grág. i. 191.

heimis-garðar, m. pl. ‘home-yards,’ a homestead, Hm. 8.

heimis-haugr, m. a ‘home-how,’ Hbl. 45 (Bugge’s Emend.); vide haugr.

heimis-kviðr, m. = heimiliskviðr, defined in N.G.L. ii. 505 sqq.: a home-verdict, report made by one’s mates and fellows; in the saying, hættr er h. nema sér góðan geti, Sdm. 25; eigi skal heimiskvið annan at henda eðr ílltyngdir, no notice is to be taken of house-talk or evil tongues, Grág. i. 361.

heim-kváma (heim-koma), u, f. return home, Fms. i. 290, Sturl. i. 213: the phrase, missa heimkvámu, to miss one’s return, be slain in foreign parts, answering to ἀπολέσαι νόστιμον ημαρ, Od.; misti þar margr maðr heimkvámu, Fas. i. 385, (Skjöld. S., which is a paraphrase from an old lost poem); at margr missi heimkvámu í þeima styr, Sighvat, Hkr. iii. 40 (in a verse).

heimkvámu-dagr, m. the day of coming home, νόστιμον ημαρ, Lex. Poët.

heim-kynni, n. a home, household, Ísl. ii. 392, Magn. 484, Hkr. ii. 273.

heim-leið, f. ‘home-way,’ going homewards, Mart. 129, Hom. (St.)

heim-leiðis, adv. homewards, Eg. 589, Fms. iv. 278, xi. 55, Fs. 57, Ld. 48, passim.

heim-lenzkr, adj. native, Sks. 375.

heim-leyfi, n. = heimfararleyfi, Fms. vi. 445, vii. 182, xi. 248, Hkr. ii. 261.

heim-ligr, adj. worldly, Magn. 466, Stj. 546, Bs. i. 97.

heim-nár, m. a law term, ‘home-corpse,’ thus defined, sá maðr heitir h. er dreginn er til stokks eða til stumns (= stofns) ok höggnar af bæði hendr ok fætr, en um þat verk verða þrír menn útlagir nema hann vili færum kenna, N.G.L. ii. 506; cp. gálgnár etc.

heimoll, adj., so spelt in Nj. 220, Eg. 163, 199, Fms. vi. 161, 185, Fs. 154, etc.; heimholt (wrongly), Sks. 60 new Ed.; heimull, Fms. vi. 207, vii. 160; later and usually heimill; [cp. Goth. haimoþli and Icel. heimili]:

—prop. ‘household,’ homely, domestic, of a thing or property, cp. Germ. ‘heimisch, einheimisch;’ hann lét öngu tortýna þar nema kvikfé heimilu (home cattle); but this sense is rare and obsolete.

II. metaph. as a law term, property in one’s full possession, at one’s free disposal; heimöl jörð, appropriated land, Fms. vi. 161 (in a verse); þér varð jörð heimöl, 185 (in a verse):

—in the phrase, vera e-m heimill; enda er eigi mundrinn heimill, sá er hann handsalar hinn heimski maðr, i.e. it is not a good, lawful bargain, it is not valid, Grág. i. 177; en hann hirdir aldri, at hverjum hann keypti, ef honum var heimilt selt, Ó.H. 114; því eru borð sett at heimoll er matr þeim er hafa þurfu, the meat is at the free disposal of those who wish to have it, Nj. 220; ok vera öllum matr heimill (heimöll, Hb.), Landn. 193; kvað honum heimilan skyldu sinn styrk nær sem hann þyrfti, his help should be at his disposal whensoever he stood in need of it, Orkn. 86; en heimil munu þar til vár orð, Lv. 36; heimult skal Þórði at vera með mér, Fms. vi. 207; skal þér ok heimilt vera, at hafa fé mitt til styrks þér, Ó.H. 33; þat er heimilt þeim er fara vilja með mér, Fs. 23; nú er þat heimilt at þú sér hér af þú vilt þat, Fbr. 37 new Ed.; segir at þat var skylt ok heimilt, due and just, Ó.H. 156; segir svá, at þat var skylt ok heimolt at hann görði slíkan forbeina sem þurfti, Eg. 163; allt mitt góz er þér heimolt, Fs. 154; allt mitt skal yðr jafnheimolt sem mér, 182; Þórir segir, at þat var heimolt þó at Þórólfr vildi fleiri menn hafa með sér þangat, 199: in a bad sense, at honum sé heimill hæðilegr dauði, i.e. it serves him right, Sks. 280: eiga heimilt, to have a right to, to have at one’s disposal, etc.; mik áttú heimilan til fylgda við þik ok ráða-görðar, Fms. xi. 29; en heimilt á Glúmr at lofa þat, Nj. 23; þvíat konungr á heimult at drepa mik, Fms. vii. 160; hans menn trúðu því at hann ætti heimilan sigr í hverri orrostu, Hkr. i. 6; heimilt á biskup at taka tíund fvrir kirkjum, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 214; nú á ek hér nokkuru heimilla (compar.) at veita nokkura fríon, Ó.H. 205; þat muntú eiga allra heimilast (superl.) at veita öðrum þitt en ekki mitt, Ísl. ii. 137; láta, göra e-m heimilt, to allow, give a right to another; lét Þorvaldr honum heimilan hest sinn, Th. made him free of his horse, placed it at his disposal, Gísl. 20; ok lét honum heimilan sinn vinskap, Fms. v. 183; hann görði sér allar konur jafnheimilar, i. 207.

III. cp. Germ. heimlich = private, secret, only in the following derivatives.

heimolleikr (heimul-leikr), mod. heimugleikr (heimug-leiki), m. privacy, intimacy; kærleiki með h., Bs. i. 809; h. ok vinátta, Fms. v. 176 (v.l.), Bs. (Laur. S. passim), Mar.

2. mod. secrecy; þeir töluðu milli sín margan heimuleik, Bs. ii. 54.

heimolliga (heimul-liga), mod. heimugliga, adv. duly, with full title to possession; hvert er þat land er ek má fá Haraldi heimolliga, ef ek hefi úskert Dana-veldi? Fms. i. 85, cp. Hkr. (l.c.) 197; at þér mættuð byggja h. ok einsliga í þessari landsins hálfu, Stj. 223.

2. privately, Fb. i. 83, Bs. ii. 28.

β. mod. secretly, Fms. xi. 443 (MS. of the 15th century).

heimolligr, mod. heimugligr, adj. intimate, Bs. i. 801 (Laur. S. passim); kærastr ok heimolligastr, Mar.

2. private; h. hús ok herbergi, a private closet, Stj. 105; hans h. fólk, his household folk, id.; h. klerkr, a private clerk or chaplain, Fms. xi. 443; h. vinr, Fas. ii. 490; h. hús, a privy, Grett. 98 A.

β. mod. secret, Germ. heimlich.

HEIMR, m. [Ulf. heimos (fem. pl.) = κώμη; A.S. hâm; cp. Eng. home, and in local names -ham; O.H.G. haim; Germ. heim; Dan. hjem; Swed. hem]:

—prop. an abode, village, and hence land, region, world:

I. abode, land,

1. partly in a mythol. sense, each heimr being peopled with one kind of beings, gods, fairies, men, giants, etc.; níu man ek heima, I remember nine abodes, Vsp. 2, and also Alm. 9 sqq., Vþm. 45, refer to the mythol. conception of nine heavens, nine kinds of beings, and nine abodes, cp. Goð-heimr, God-land, Yngl. S., Stor.;

Mann-heimar, Man-land, the abode of men, Yngl. S.;

Jötun-heimar, Giant-land;

Álf-heimr, Elf-land, Fairy-land;

Nifl-heimr, Mist-land, the world below, Edda, Gm.;

Undir-heimar, the nether world, Fms. iii. 178, Fas. iii. 391;

Upp-heimr, the ‘Up-land,’ Ether, Alm. 13;

cp. also Sól-heimar, ‘Sun-ham,’ Sunniside, freq. as a local name, Landn.;

vind-heimr, ‘wind-ham,’ the heaven, Vsp. 62;

sá heimr er Múspell heitir, Edda 3; heyrir blástr hans í alla heima, 17: the phrase, spyrja einn í alla heima, to ask one freely; er slíkt harla úhöfðinglegt at spyrja úkunna menn í hvern heim, Fb. i. 211.

2. the region of the earth or sky;

Austr-heimr, the East;

Norðr-heimr, the North;

Suðr-heimr, the South;

Vestr-heimr, the West;

Jórsala-heimr, Palestine: poët.,

dvalar-heimr, a dwelling-place, Sól. 35;

ægis-heimr, 33;

alda-heimr, the abode of men, 41;

heimar goða, the abode of gods, Hkm. 13;

munar-heimr, a place of bliss, Hkv. Hjörv. 42;

ljóð-heimr, the abode of men, Gg. 2;

myrk-heimr, the mirky abode, Akv. 42;

sólar-heimr, the sun’s abode, heaven, Geisli.

3. a village, in local names, Engl. -ham, Germ. -heim; but in mod. Dan., Norse, and Swed. local names contracted to -om or -um, so that in many instances it is doubtful whether it is from heim or a dat. pl. in um, thus Veom, Viom may be Véheimr or Véum; Sæ-heimr = mod. Norse Sæm; Há-heimr = Hæm; Fors-heimr = Forsum, Munch, Norge’s Beskr. Pref.: in Icel. not very freq., Sól-heimar, Man-heimar (cp. Safn i. 353 note), Vind-heimr: the mythical Glaðs-heimr, ‘Bright-ham,’ Þrym-heimr, Þrúð-heimr, Gm. 4, 8, 11.

II. this world, opp. to Hel or other worlds; fyrst fólkvíg í heimi, Vsp. 26; segðu mér ór heimi ek man ór Helju, Vtkv. 6, Hkv. Hjörv. 40, Skv. 3, 62, Vþm. 49, Am. 83, Stor. 19, Vsp. 46, Helr. 4; koma í heiminn, to be born, Fas. ii. 513; þessa heims, in this world, 623. 48, Gþl. 42, Hom. 48; opp. to annars heims, in the other world; þessa heims ok annars, Nj. 200, Sks. 354; kringla heimsins, the globe, orbis terrarum, Hkr. (init.); um allan heim, Grág. i. 169; heimr er bygðr, Ísl. ii. 381; spor þín liggja lengra út í heim en ek fæ séð, Orkn. 142; var heimrinn allr greindr í þriðjunga, Al. 117, Sks. 194, Rb. 134;

al-heimr, the universe;

minni-heimr, microcosmos, Eluc. 19.

2. phrases, liggja (vera) milli heims ok Heljar, to lie between life and death, in extreme illness, Fb. i. 260 (of a swoon); lá Þorsteinn þá milli heims ok heljar ok vætti sér þá ekki nema dauða, Fas. ii. 437; þá sigaði svá at honum, … ok lá náliga í milli heims ok heljar, Grett. 114; sýna e-m í tvo heimana, to make one look into two worlds, i.e. to treat a person roughly; cp. laust hann svá at hann vissi lítið í þenna heim, he struck him so that he nearly swooned, Karl. 35.

3. eccl. the world, mundus; heims ágirni, Hom. 73; stíga yfir heiminn, to overcome the world, 49, N.T. passim, e.g. John xvi. 8, 11, 20, 33; heims börn, the children of the world, Pass.; heims dýrð, the glory of the world, Post.; heims skraut, the pomp of the world, Hom. 83; hold ok heimr, the flesh and the world, N.T. 4. denoting people, only in the compd þing-heimr, an assembly, cp. Fr. monde.

compds:

heims-aldr, m. aetas mundi, Stj. 25, Rb. 392, Fas. ii. 13.

heims-álfa, u, f. a quarter of the world, Edda 151 (pref.)

heims-brestr, m. crash of the world, Nj. 272.

heims-bygð, f. the peopled world, Rb. 380, Stj., Hom.

heims-endi, a, m. the world’s end, Stj. 68, 92: temp. the end of the world.

heims-kringla, u, f. orbis terrarum, Sks. 606, Trist. 7: the name of the work of Snorri, given it by Thormod Torfæus (died 1719), from the first words in one of the vellum MSS., ‘Kringla heimsins,’ etc., whence Heimskringla; as the old name of the Aeneid was ‘Arma.’ This name was for the first time used in the Edit. of Peringsköld 1697.

heims-skapan (heims-sköpun), f. creation, Stj. 279.

heims-skaut, n. pl. the poles, Fs. ii. 97 (in a verse); the earth being conceived as a sheet stretched out (mod.),

Norðr-heimsskaut, the North pole;

Suðr-heimsskaut, the South pole.

heims-slit, n. pl. the end of the world, Bs. i. 432, Stj. 124.

heims-sól, f. the sun, Fms. vi. 422.

heims-staða, u, f. aetas mundi, 625. 178, Rb. 82, 84, 88, Fb. i. (pref.), Bs. ii. 3.

heims-stjórn, f. the ruling of the world, Mar.

heims-stýrir, m. the ruler of the world, Lex. Poët.

heims-vist, f. living, dwelling, 625. 93, Magn. 428, Fms. ii. 239: dwelling in a place, N.G.L. i. 391, Hom. 115.

heims-þriðjungr, m. = heimsálfa (in the old sense), Hkr. i. 5.

heim-reið, f. a ‘home-raid,’ inroad, attack, Eg. 279.

heim-röst, f. a lane leading up to houses (Icel. traðir), Gþl. 414, 445.

heimska, u, f. folly, Am. 83, Fbr. 142, Fms. ii. 156, Ó.H. 109, Anal. 246, passim.

compds:

heimsku-liga, adv. foolishly, Sks. 685.

heimsku-ligr, adj. foolish,

heimsku-tal, n. foolish talk,

heimsku-verk, n. a foolish deed, Karl. 20.

heimska, að, to mock one, 656 C. 35, H.E. i. 505 (impers.)

heimskingi, a, m. a fool, simpleton.

heimsk-liga (proncd. heimsliga, Fb. i. 259), adv. foolishly; láta h., to play silly pranks, behave like an idiot, Fms. iii. 179, vi. 217, Fas. i. 9, Fs. 32, 150; fara h., Boll. 352; hlaupa hart ok heimsliga, Fb. i. 259.

heimsk-ligr (proncd. heimsligr, 623. 19, Sturl. ii. 34 C, Fas. ii. 326), adj. foolish, silly, Sks. 73, 302, Fms. vi. 208; h. orð, foolish (foul) language, Sturl. ii. 34, passim; h. gaman, Fs. 71.

heimsk-máligr, adj. foolish-spoken, 686 B. 2.

heimsk-orðr, adj. = heimskmáligr, Pass. 13. 2.

HEIMSKR, adj. [heima], foolish, silly, prop. ‘homish,’ of one who has never been from home, as in the saying, heimskt er heimalit barn, homish (silly) is the home-bred bairn: heimskr, dull, is opp. to horskr, Hm. 93; h. maðr, 19; heimskir halir, fools, bad men, Sdm. 24: the saying, verðr opt heitum heimskr maðr feginn, fair words make a fool’s heart leap for joy, Þorst. St. 55; heimskir menn, Nj. 33: an idiot, Grág. i. 177; h. ok úráðvandr, Fs. 51; sá skal hýðing valda er heimskastr er á þingi, N.G.L. i. 349: nicknames, Ketill Heimski, Hrafn H., Hreiðarr H., Óttarr H., Landn., Hdl., Fms.; cp. Lat. Brutus.

heim-sókn, f. [cp. Scot. hamesucken], an inroad or attack on one’s home, Nj. 197, Fms. iii. 23, vii. 299.

compds:

heimsóknar-vargr, m. one who makes an inroad, a burglar, N.G.L. i. 405.

heimsóknar-vitni, n. a witness in a case of heimsókn, Gþl. 155.

II. a visit, Sturl. i. 72.

heim-speki, f. philosophy, Col. ii. 8; and heim-spekingr, m. a philosopher, now freq. and prob. formed in the 16th century from the Germ. welt-weisheit; a poem Heimspekinga-skóli exists, written at the end of the 17th century.

heim-stefna, u, f. a law term, a citation served at one’s home, Gþl. 264.

compds:

heimstefnu-váttr, m. a witness in a case of h., N.G.L. i. 217.

heimstefnu-vitni, n. testimony in a case of h., Gþl. 475.

heim-stöð, f. a homestead, Vsp. 56.

heim-sækja, sótti, [Dan. hjemsöge], to visit, Lv. 108, Fms. v. 236, Valla L. 218, Glúm. 354, (better in two words.)