G

GABB, n. mocking, mockery, Fms. vii. 17, 59, ix. 385, Sturl. i. 155, Sks. 247, Karl. 474, Grett. 101.

gabba, að, [Scot. gab], to mock, make game of one, Fms. i. 72, ii. 67, vi. 112, ix. 385, Stj. 609, Mag. 68, Ísl. ii. 165, Fs. 159; gabb ok gaman, Ó.H. 78: reflex., Bs. i. 319.

gadda, að, to goad, spike, Str. 25, Karl. 172: gaddaðr, part., Sams. 13.

gaddan, n. a kind of head-gear, an ἅπ. λεγ., Orkn. 304; perh. Gaelic.

GADDR, m. [Ulf. gads = κέντρον, 1 Cor. xv. 55, 56; A.S. gadu; Engl. gad, goad; Swed. gadd]:

—a goad, spike, Str. 77, Gísl. 159 (on a sword’s hilt); gadda-kylfa, u, f. a ‘gad-club,’ club with spikes, Fms. iii. 329; gadd-hjalt, n. a ‘gad-hilt,’ hilt studded with nails, Eb. 36 new Ed., Gísl. 159, Fas. iii. 288, cp. Worsaae 494, 495, as compared with 330: metaph. phrase, var mjök í gadda slegit, ’twas all but fixed with nails, i.e. settled, Nj. 280.

II. a sting, Al. 168; (cp. Engl. gad-fly.)

III. perhaps a different root, hard snow, also spelt galdr (Fms. viii. 413, v.l., cp. gald, Ivar Aasen); the phrase, troða gadd, to tread the snow down hard, Fms. vii. 324, viii. 413, ix. 364, 490; en er Birkibeinar vóru komnir upp á galdinn hjá þeim, Fb. ii. 688: even used as neut., gaddit, Fms. viii. l.c. (in a vellum MS.); gaddit. id. (also vellum MS.); hence

gadd-frosinn, part. hard-frozen;

gadd-hestr, m. a jade turned out in the snow.

IV. a ‘gad-tooth,’ a disease in cattle, one or more grinders growing out so as to prevent the animal from feeding, described in Fél. xiv. note 250;

gadd-jaxl, m. a ‘gad-grinder.’

gaffall, m. [Germ. gabel], a fork to eat with, (mod.)

GAFI, a, m. [A.S. geaf = funny], a gaff; fregna eigum langt til gafa, Mkv.: a saying, cp. spyrja er bezt til váligra þegna.

GAFL, m. [Ulf. gibla = πτερύγιον, Luke iv. 9; Engl. gable; Germ. giebel; Dan. gavl; Swed. gafvel]:

—a gable-end, gable, Sturl. ii. 50, Nj. 209, Ísl. ii. 74.

gafl-hlað (gaflað, Nj. 203, 209, Orkn. 244). n. a gable-end, Gísl. 88: in pl. gaflhlöð, Orkn. 470; eystra g., 244; at húsendanum við gaflhlaðit, 450; gaflhlaðit hvárt-tveggja, Ísl. ii. 352; selit var gört um einn ás ok lá hann á gaflhlöðum, Ld. 280.

gafl-kæna,† u, f. a yawl, Safn i. 112, Stef. Ól.

gafl-stokkr, m. a gable-beam, Eg. 90.

gafl-veggr, m. a gable-end, Nj. 197.

gaga, að, to throw the neck back, Flor. 18.

gagarr, m. a dog; gagarr er skaptr því at geyja skal, a dog is so made as to bark, Mkv. 4: used as a nickname, Landn. 145: in a verse in Eg. a shell is called ‘the ever mute surf-dog’ (síþögull brimróta gagarr), prob. from a custom of Icel. children, who in play make shells represent flocks and herds, kú-skeljar (cow-shells), gymbr-skeljar (lamb-shells), and put one shell for a dog.

gagara-ljóð, n. pl. ‘dog-song’ (?), a kind of metre in Rímur.

GAGG, n., onomatop. the fox’s cry.

gagga, að, to howl (of a fox), metaph. to mock at one, 689. 66.

gag-háls, adj. [gagr], with neck thrown back, epithet of a stag, Gm. 33.

GAGL, n. [Ivar Aasen gagl = wild goose, cp. the Scot. a gale of geese = a flock of geese]:

—a wild goose, Edda (Gl.); gagl fyrir gás, a saying, Ó.H. 87: in poetry, of any bird, hræ-gagl, blóð-gagl, etc., a carrion-crow; the word is not used in Icel. except in the saying above; the goshawk is called gagl-fár, n. and gagl-hati, a, m. goose-destroyer.

gagl-bjartr, adj. bright as a goose, an epithet of a lady, Akv. 39; the wild goose is here made to serve for a swan!

gagl-viðr, m. an ἅπ. λεγ., Vsp. 34; explained by the commentators, a forest where there are wild geese, but perhaps better as the name of a plant, the sweet gale or bog-myrtle.

GAGN, n. [a Scandin. word, neither found in Saxon nor Germ.; only Ulf. has the root verb gageigan = κερδαίνειν; Swed. gagn; Dan. gavn; Engl. gain is prob. borrowed from the Scandin.]:

1. sing. gain, advantage, use, avail; hluti þá er ek veit at honum má gagn at verða, things that can be of use to him, Nj. 258; er oss varð at mestu gagni, Ísl. ii. 175; er eigi mun vera gagn í, that will be of no use, Fms. iii. 175; það er að litlu gagni, of little avail, etc., passim.

2. gain, victory; sigr ok gagn, Orkn. 38; hafa gagn, to gain the day, Rb. 398, Hom. 131, Fms. vii. 261; fá gagn, id., Fas. i. 294, freq. in poetry; gagni feginn, triumphant, Fm. 25; gagni lítt feginn, i.e. worsted, Hbl. 29.

3. produce, revenue, chiefly of land; jarðir at byggja ok vinna ok allra gagna af at neyta, Eg. 352; hence the law phrase, to sell an estate ‘með öllum gögnum ok gæðum.’

4. goods, such as luggage, utensils, or the like; síðan fór hann norðr á Strandir með gagn sitt, Sturl. i. 10; ker ok svá annat gagn sitt, Grág. ii. 339; bæta garð aptr ok öll gögn ok spellvirki, Gþl. 421; þeir héldu öllum farmi ok öllu gagni (luggage), því er á skipinu var, Bs. i. 326.

β. in mod. usage almost always in pl. gögn = household implements, esp. tubs, pots, etc.;

bú-gögn, heimilis-gögn, household jars; far-gögn, farar-gögn, q.v.

5. in pl. a law term, proofs, evidence produced in court; at eigi dveli það gögn fyrir mönnum, Grág. i. 25; nefna vátta at öllum gögnum þeim er fram vóru komin, Nj. 87; eptir gögnum ok vitnum skal hvert mál dæma, a law phrase, upon evidence and witnesses shall every case be tried, Gþl. 475; öll gögn þau er þeir skulu hafa at dómi, Grág. ii. 270; þeir menn allir er í dómi sitja eðr í gögnum eru fastir, i. 105, 488, and passim; gagna-gögn, vide below.

compds:

gagna-höld, n. pl. a holding back of proofs, evidence, Grág. ii. 273.

gagn-auðgan, f. wealth, Fms. ii. 215.

gagn-auðigr, adj. wealthy, well stored, Stj. 361, Ld. 38, Bs. i. 643.

gagn-ligr, adj. useful.

gagn-samligr, adj. (gagn-liga, adv.), profitable, Bs. i. 690, 770.

gagn-samr, adj. useful, profitable, Sturl. i. 74, Hrafn. 23, Landn. 83, Ísl. ii. 62, Stj. 92.

gagn-semd and gagn-semi, f. usefulness, profitableness, Hrafn. 24.

gagns-lauss, adj. useless.

gagns-lítill, adj. of little use.

gagns-mikill, adj. of great use.

gagns-munir, m. pl. useful things, Fbr. 22; veita e-m g., to help one, Hkr. ii. 251: mod. gain, profit, eigin g., Pass. 28. 6.

GAGN-, an adverbial prefix:

A. [Cp. the adv. gegn], gain- (in gainsay), counter, esp. in law terms:—hence

gagna-gögn, n. pl. counter-proofs, Grág. i. 106.

gagn-augu, n. pl. ‘counter-eyes,’ temples.

gagn-dyrt, n. adj. with doors opposite one another, Fas. ii. 181.

gagn-gjald, n., prop. a ‘countergild,’ antidote, a Norse law term, which seems identical with mundr or tilgjöf, opp. to heiman-fylgja, dowry, which in case of the husband’s death or divorce was to be the wife’s property; gjöf and gagngjald are distinguished, N.G.L. i. 29; þá skal hon þarnast gagngjalds ok gjafar, 51.

gagn-görð, f. transgression, 15. 1 (MS.)

gagn-hollr, adj. kind to one another, Hm. 31.

gagn-kvöð, f. a counter-summons, Grág. ii. 102.

gagn-mælendr, part. pl. gain-sayers, opponents, Mart. 114.

gagn-mæli, n. gain-saying, contradiction, Fms. x. 403, Stj. 331.

gagn-nefna, u, f. a mutual nomination, of arbitrators, Grág. i. 495.

gagn-staða, u, f. ‘gain-staying,’ resistance, Fms. x. 387, Hom. (St.) 43.

gagnstöðu-flokkr, m. the opposite party, Fms. viii. 323:

gagnstöðu-maðr, m. an opponent, adversary, 623. 12, 655 xvi. B. 3:

gagn-staðleikr (gagn-leiki), m. the contradictory, reverse, Stj. 263.

gagn-staðligr, adj. (gagn-liga, adv.), contrary, opposed to, Fms. i. 263, viii. 326, x. 233, Stj. 29, 73, Ó.H. 195, Sks. 576.

gagn-staðr, adj. id., Stj. 163, Fms. viii. 323.

gagn-stæðligr and gagn-stæðiligr, adj. = gagnstaðligr, Fms. ix. 528, Sks. 111, 130, 337, Stj. 335, Fs. 172.

gagn-sök, f. a counter-action, counter-charge, a law term,—the defendant brought forth counter-charges, to be set off against those of the prosecutor, vide Nj. passim, Grág. i. 294, K.Þ.K. 160, Fs. 74, 125, Grett. 151, Valla L. 204, Rd. 300.

gagn-tak, n. a ‘holder against,’ the strap to which the girth is attached, Fms. vii. 170, Sturl. iii. 114, Glúm. 393, Hkr. iii. 283, Karl. 458, Flor. 78; also called mót-tak.

gagn-vert and gagn-vart, n. adj., used as prep. and adv., over against, with dat., Eg. 206, Fms. vi. 32, vii. 253. xi. 34, Nj. 34, Sd. 163; sitja g. e-m, Fs. 148; g. sólunni, 1812. 133; g. dyrum, Gullþ. 26, Fbr. 37, 64, passim:—as adv., Landn. 62, Fms. ii. 27, xi. 125.

B. [Cp. gegnum and the adj. gegn], through, right through, straight; and so thorough, thoroughly, very (in which sense gay or gey is still used in Scot. and North. E., Jamieson Suppl. s.v.):—hence

gagn-drepa, adj. wet through.

gagn-færiligr and gagn-færr, adj. through-going, used as transl. of the Lat. penetrans, Stj. 89, 656 A. i. 34, 655 xxxii. 19.

gagn-gört, n. adj. straight, Fb. iii. 296, Gísl. 38.

gagn-hræddr, adj. ‘gay’ (i.e. very) frightened, Fms. iv. 147, 625. 18.

gagn-kunnigr, adj. knowing thoroughly.

gagn-leiði, n. the ‘ganest’ (i.e. shortest) way, Al. 92.

gagn-orðr, adj. ‘gane-worded,’ speaking shortly, to the point, Nj. 38; (opp. to marg-orðr or lang-orðr.)

gagn-skeytiligr, adj. to be shot through, Sks. 398 B.

gagn-skorinn, part. scored through, i.e. cut through by fjords, rivers, etc., Fas. iii. 511: also thoroughly scored, i.e. carved all over, Vígl. 48 new Ed.

gagn-stígr, m. a ‘gane’ way, short cut, Al. 109, Sks. 2, Fms. vii. 82 (in a verse).

gagn-sæll, adj. through-seeing, penetrating, Sks. 208, (rare.)

gagn-sær, adj. transparent, Rb. 354; gagnsætt gler, Hom. 128.

gagn-vátr, adj. wet through.

gagn-vegr, m. [Swed. genväg] = gagnstígr, Hm. 33.

gagn-þurr, adj. dry all through, quite dry.

gagna, að, to help, be of use to one, Bs. i. 799; ok lætr sér vel gagna, 655 xxxii: reflex. to avail, be of use, Bs. ii. 141, 143, Vígl. 30, Dipl. i. 6, Jm. 20.

gagn-dagr, gagn-fasta, vide gangdagr, gangfasta.

gagn-stæðr,† adj. reverse, contrary.

gagn-tak,† n. straps on a truss-saddle, (mod.)

GAGR, adj. bowed back; this obsolete word is still used in Norway, e.g. gag ljaa, of a scythe; gagt menneska, a conceited man; cp. gaga, to throw the head back: in compds as gag-háls, q.v. People in Icel. say, hnakka-kertr, one who throws the neck back, but keikr of bending the backbone back; e.g. standa keikr, where the Norse say standa gag. The explanation in Lex. Poët. is guess-work, as the word is not in use in Icel., vide remarks on the word by Bugge in Oldn. Tidsskrift.

gag-vígr, adj. an ἅπ. λεγ.; g. bardagi, wanton strife, Fb. (Sverr. S.) ii. 553.

gal, n. crowing;

hana-gal, cock-crowing.

GALA, pres. gelr, Hm. 28, 150, Vsp. 35; pret. gól, pl. gólu; pret. subj. gœli, Haustl. 20; in mod. usage, pres. galar, áðr en haninn galar, Matth. xxvi. 34, 74, 75, Mark xiv. 30, cp. Pass. 12. 7; but fyrr en haninn gelr, Luke xxii. 61; in pret. the old form is preserved, ok jafnsnart gól haninn, Matth. xxvi. 74; þá gól nú haninn fyrst, Pass. 11. 5; gól haninn annað sinn, 11. 8, Luke xxii. 60; og strax gól haninn, John xviii. 27; but elsewhere in mod. usage weak, galaði: [not recorded in Goth., as Ulf. renders φωνειν l.c. by hrukjan; A.S. galan; Old Engl. and Scot. to gale = to cry; Dan. gale; Swed. gala]:

—to crow; hún heyrir hana gala, Stj. 208; gól um Ásum Gullinkambi, Vsp. 35; en annarr gelr, sótrauðr hani, id.: of a crow, Hm. 84.

II. metaph. to chant, sing, used trans.; gala sér úgott, Hm. 28, Ls. 31; afl gól hann Ásum, Hm. 161; þann kann ek galdr at gala, I can chant that song, with the notion of spell, Hm. 153; svá ek gel, 150; hón (the sibyll) gól galdra sína yfir Þór, Edda 58: ironic., gólu þeir eptir á staðnum* í staðinn, O.H.L. 17; gala at um e-t, to beg blandly, Fms. xi. 113; Herodias gól at um líflát Johannes, 625. 96:

—with acc. to gladden, cheer, Sl. 26.

galarr, m. an enchanter, the name of a dwarf, Vsp.

gald, n. hard snow, = gaddr, q.v.

galdr or galðr, m., gen. galdrs, pl. galdrar, [from gala; A.S. gealdor = cantus, sonitus]:

—prop. a song, hence in names of old poems, Heimdalar-galdr, Edda 17; but almost always with the notion of a charm or spell, vide gala II above; hón kvað þar yfir galdra, Grett. 151, Hkr. i. 8; kveða helgaldra, Fbr. 24; gala galdra, Edda 58, Hm. 153; með rúnum ok ljóðum þeim er galdrar heita, Hkr. i. 11; galdr ok kvæði, Stj. 492: hence

II. witchcraft, sorcery, esp. in pl.; galdrar ok fjölkyngi, Fb. i. 214, K.Þ.K. 76, Grett. 155; galdrar ok gjörningar, Anal. 244; galdrar ok forneskja, Gísl. 41, Grett. 155; með göldrum, 180 (in a verse); sjá við göldrum, Hom. 86, Ísl. ii. 77: a fiend (= Icel. sending), reka þann galdr út til Íslands at Þorleifi ynni at fullu, Fb. i. 213, (rare.)

compds:

galdra-bók, f. a book of magic, 655 xiii, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 514.

galdra-fluga, u, f. a ‘witch-fly,’ a kind of fly, tipula nigra subhirta, Eggert Itin. 604; cp. flugu-maðr.

galdra-fullr, adj. full of sorcery, Fas. i. 108.

galdra-hríð, f. a magic storm, hurricane raised by spells, Fas. i. 108.

galdra-kind, f. a foul witch, Fas. i. 97:

galdra-kinn, f. a ‘spell-cheek,’ a nickname, Eb.

galdra-kona, u, f. a witch, sorceress, Ísl. ii. 73, Stj. 491, v.l.

galdra-ligr, adj. magical, Stj. 91.

galdra-list, f. magic art, Stj. 100, Fas. iii. 237.

galdra-læti, n. pl. magical mummeries, Fas. ii. 373.

galdra-maðr, m. a wizard, Fms. xi. 435, Fas. i. 5, Barl. 102, 149.

galdra-meistari, a, m. a magician, Stj. 437.

galdra-raumr, m. a great sorcerer, Fas. ii. 375.

galdra-samligr, adj. magical, Stj. 91.

galdra-smiðr, m. a ‘spellsmith,’ sorcerer, magician, Hkr. i. 10.

galdra-snapr, m. a wizard-impostor,

galdra-stafir, m. pl. magical characters.

galdra-sögur, f. pl. tales of witches.

galdra-vél, f. a magical device, Post. 80.

GALEIÐ, f. [a for. word; galea, galio, galeida, Du Gauge], a galiot, Fms. vi. 134, 168, vii. 78, 179, Ísl. ii. 394.

gal-gopi, a, m. a coxcomb.

galinn, prop. a part. from gala, enchanted, but used in the sense of mad, Fms. i. 44, vii. 187: frantic, Gísl. 138: voluptuous, sensual, Stj. 55; þú er galin í girnd sem svín, Úlf. 3. 57.

GALL, n. [A.S. gealla; Engl. gall; Germ. galle; Dan. galde; Gr. χολή]:

—gall, bile, Pr. 472–474, Fbr. 137: metaph. an acid drink, Anecd. 10; edik galli blandað, οξος μετα χολης, Matth. xxvii. 34.

gall-harðr, adj. hard as cinders, qs. gjall-harðr, Bs. ii. 65, freq.

GALLI, a, m. [cp. Swed. gall = barren], a fault, flaw, drawback, Hm. 134, freq. in mod. usage (ár-galli, q.v.); hence

galla-lauss, adj. faultless, Hom. (St.) 64, 72:

gallaðr, part. vicious, guileful.

II. a nickname, Bs. i. Laur. S.

gall-opnir, m., poët. a cock, Lex. Poët.

gall-sótt, f., medic. atra bilis.

gall-súrr, adj. sour or hot as gall.

GALM, f. or galmr, m., only in local names, Galmar-strönd, [cp. A.S. gealm = din], prob. called so from the roaring of the surf.

galpín, mod. galapín, n. [for. word; Scot. galopin = lackey], a merry fellow; þú ert mesta galapín!—a nickname, Sturl. iii. 209 C.

galsi, a, m. wild joy;

galsa-ligr, adj. frolicsome.

galti, a, m. (vide göltr), a boar, bog, Fms. iv. 58, Fas. i. 88, Gullþ. 15, Fs. 71, 141;

Galt-nes, n. ‘Hog’s-ness,’ a local name;

Galt-nesingr, m. a man from G., Sturl.

gal-tómr, adj. quite empty, of a tub.

Gal-verskr, adj. from Galilee, Mar.

gamal-dags, as adv. old-fashioned, (mod.)

gamal-karl, m. an old man, Fms. ii. 182.

GAMALL, contr. forms, gamlan, gamla, gamlir, gamlar, gömlum, etc., fem. sing. and neut. pl. gömul; neut. sing. gamalt; the compar. and superl. from a different root, viz. compar. ellri, superl. ellztr, mod. eldri eldstr or elztr: [not recorded in Ulf., who renders αρχαιος by alþeis; but in A.S. gamol and gomel occur, although rarely even in Beowulf; in mod. Engl. and Germ. it is lost, but is in full use in all Scandin. dialects; Swed. gammal; Dan. gammel; Norse gamal, fem. gomol, Ivar Aasen]:

I. old, Lat. senex; in the sayings, þeygi á saman gamalt og ungt, Úlf. 3. 44; opt er gott þat er gamlir kveða, Hm. 134, Fb. i. 212; íllt að kenna gömlum hundi að sitja; gamlir eru elztir, old are the eldest, i.e. the most cunning, clever; tvisvar verðr gamall maðr barn; engi verðr eldri en gamall; en þótt konungr þessi sé góðr maðr … þá mun hann þó eigi verða ellri en gamall, Fms. iv. 282; faðir minn var gamall, Nj. 31; g. spámaðr, an old spae-man, 656 B. 12; hence gamals-aldr, m. old age, Ld. 4, Fms. ii. 71: compds, af-gamall, fjör-gamall, eld-gamall, q.v.; cp. also ör-gelmir = Germ. uralt, a giant in Edda.

2. grown up, old, of animals; arðr-uxi gamall, Grág. i. 502; gamlir sauðir, old rams; gjalda grís fyrir gamalt svín, Ó.H. 86; fyrr á gömlum uxanum at bæsa en kálfinum, a pun, Fms. vi. 28.

3. old, of things, freq. in mod. usage, but the ancients use gamall of persons or living things, and distinguish between gamall and forn (q.v.); a man is ‘gamall,’ but he wears ‘forn’ klæði (old clothes), thus in the verse Fms. xi. 43 gamall prob. refers to Gorm and not to land; Merl. 1. 61 is corrupt; vide gjallr (below); gamall siðr, Anal. 187, does not appear in Fb. iii. 401 (the original of the mod. text in Anal.)

II. old, aged, of a certain age; nokkurra vetra gamall, some years old, Fms. xi. 78; fjögurra vetra gömul, Þiðr. 221; hve gamall maðr ertu, how old art thou? Ísl. ii. 220; tólf vetra gamall, 204; fimm, sex, vetra gamall, Grág. i. 502;

vetr-gamall, a winter old;

árs-gamall, a year old;

misseris-gamall, half a year old;

nætr-gamall, a night old, etc.

III. in pr. names, hinn Gamli is added as a soubriquet, like ‘major’ in Lat., to distinguish an older man from a younger man of the same name; hinn gamli and hinn ungi also often answer to the Engl. ‘father and son;’ thus, Hákon Gamli and Hákon Ungi, old and young H., Fms.; also, Jörundr Gamli, Ketilbjörn Gamli, Örlygr Gamli, Bragi Gamli, Ingimundr hinn Gamli, etc., vide Landn.; Ari hinn Gamli, Bs. i. 26, to distinguish him from his grandson Ari Sterki; cp. the Lat. Cato Major: in some of the instances above it only means the old = Lat. priscus.

B. The compar. is ellri and superl. ellztr; eigi ellra en einnar nætr, 1812. 57; fjórtan vetra gamall eðr ellri, K.Á. 190; enir ellri synir Brjáns, Nj. 269; inn ellzti, 38; ellztr bræðranna, Grág. i. 307; hann var ellztr, Eg. 27, Fms. i. 20, passim.

gamal-ligr, adj. elderly, Fms. ii. 59.

gamal-menni, n. an aged person, Eg. 89, Orkn. 78, Rd. 302.

gamal-órar, f. pl. dotage from age, Eb. 318.

gamal-ærr, adj. in dotage, Nj. 194, Eb. 322, Grett. 116, Fas. ii. 93.

GAMAN, n., dat. gamni, (gafni, Fas. i. 176, Fms. x. 328, Bær. 9); [A.S. gomen, gamen; Engl. game; O.H.G. gaman; mid. H. G. gamen; Dan. gammen]:

—game, sport, pleasure, amusement; in the sayings, lítið er ungs manns gaman; maðr er manns gaman, Hm. 46; and in the phrases, göra e-t að gamni sínu, or, sér til gamans, to do a thing for amusement; mart er sér til gamans gert, Tíma R.; jötni at gamni, Þkv. 23; var þá mest g. Egils at ræða við hana, Eg. 764; þykja g. at e-u, to make game of; þá mun Rútr hlæja ok þykja g. at, Rut will then laugh and be amused by it, Nj. 33: gaman þykir kerlingunni at móður várri, 68; henda g. at e-u, to make game of, Bs. i. 790, Þiðr. 226, Grett. 142 new Ed., Fms. xi. 109.

β. in proverbial sayings; kalt er kattar gamanið, cold is the cat’s play, i.e. she scratches; þá ferr að grána gamanið, the game begins to be rather rude; or, það fer að fara af gamanið, the game fares to be serious:

—love, pleasure, poët., in the allit. phrase, hafa geð ok gaman konu, Hbl. 18, Hm. 98, 162; gamni mær undi, Hbl. 30; unna e-m gamans, Skm. 39, Fsm. 43, 51: coitus, er hann hafði-t gýgjar g., Vþm. 32.

gaman-ferð, f. a pleasure-trip, Fas. ii. 77.

gaman-fundr, m. a merry-making, Nj. 113.

gaman-leikr, m. a game, Grett. 107, Mag. 30.

gaman-mál, n. merry folk, joking, Fms. xi. 151, Ld. 306, Karl. 532.

gaman-rúnar, f. pl. merry talk, Hm. 122, 132.

gaman-ræða, u, f. merry talk, Sks. 165, Fs. 72.

gaman-samligr, adj. amusing, Sks. 118, 621, Fas. i. 332, ii. 459.

gaman-samr, adj. gamesome, merry, Fms. ix. 249, Sks. 634.

gaman-vísa, u, f. a comic ditty, Hkr. iii. 71.

gaman-yrði, n. playful words, fun, Sks. 433.

gaman-þing, n. a meeting of lovers, Lex. Poët.

gamban-, a dubious word, perh. costly; in A.S. poetry gamban occurs twice or thrice in an allit. phrase, gamban gyldan = to pay a fee (Grein):

gamban-reiði, f. splendid gear (?), Skm. 33;

gamban-sumbl, n. a sumptuous banquet, Ls. 8;

gamban-teinn, m. a staff, Skm. 32.

These poems seem to be by one hand, and the word occurs nowhere else in the northern languages.

gambr, m. = gammr, Barl. 39, Þiðr. 92, D.N. ii. 255, iv. 457:

gambrs-kló, f. a griffin’s claw, used as a pedestal for a drinking-horn, D.N.

gambr, n. wanton talk, boasting.

gambra, að, to brag, bluster, Glúm. 332, Al. 138, 655 xiii. A. B, Grett. 134 A, Fms. xi. 147:

—to prate, Stj. 401. Judges ix. 38; við höfum tíðum gambrað Geir, um götu kræktir saman, Sig. Pét. Ný Fél. vii. 194.

gambrari, a, m. a bragger, blusterer.

gambr-mosi, a, m. a kind of moss, Hjalt.

gamlaðr, part. very aged, Hkr. i. 148, Fas. i. 372, Ver. 15, Ld. 250.

gamli, a, m., poët. an eagle, Edda (Gl.): a pr. name, Landn.

gammi, a, m. (a Fin. word), the dwelling of a Finn, Fms. i. 8, x. 379, Fas. ii. 174: of a dwarf’s abode, Þiðr. 21; dwarfs were often confounded with Finns.

gammi, a, m. the gamut in music, Skálda.

GAMMR, m. a vulture, Fms. iii. 207, Nj. 123, Fas. ii. 151, 231, iii. 210, 366, 612, Karl. 527, 544.

gamna, að, with dat. to amuse, divert, Fms. viii. 4.

gams,† n. busks (?), in the phrase, snapa gams, to get nothing, Jón Þorl. i. 343, (mod.)

GAN, n. frenzy, frantic gestures; fara með hlátri ok gani, Nj. 220; hon hljóp með ópi miklu ok gani, Fas. iii. 177.

gana, ð, mod. að, to rush, run frantically; hann spurði hví hann gandi svá, Sturl. ii. 177; ganaði hann langt undan hernum, Fas. iii. 422; ganir at honum ok höggr, Jómsv. 49; þótt þú ganir galinn, Skáld H. 2. 57: of wildfire, Skálda 202 (in a verse); in Fbr. 162 (in a verse) it has the notion to glare in one’s face; akin is góna (q.v.), to stare.

GANDR, m.:—the exact sense of this word is somewhat dubious; it is mostly used in poetry and in compds, and denotes anything enchanted or an object used by sorcerers, almost like zauber in Germ., and hence a monster, fiend; thus the Leviathan of northern mythology is called Jörmun-gandr, the great ‘gand;’ or Storðar-gandr, the ‘gand’ of the earth: a snake or serpent is by Kormak called gandr or gandir, Korm. ch. 8: wildfire is hallar gandr, a worrier of halls, and selju gandr, a willow-worrier, Lex. Poët.: the wolf Fenrir is called Vonar-gandr, the monster of the river Von, vide Edda.

compds:

Gand-álfr, m. a pr. name, a wizard, bewitched demon.

gand-fluga, u, f. = galdrafluga, a ‘gand’ fly, gad-fly, a kind of tipula, Eggert Itin. 604.

gand-rekr, m. a gale brought about by witchcraft, Bs. i. 647 (in a verse), Edda (Gl.)

Gand-vík, f. ‘Gand’ bay, i.e. Magic bay, the old name of the White Sea, for the Lapps were famous sorcerers.

gand-reið, f. the ‘witches’ ride;’ in nursery tales a witch is said to ride on a broomstick, Germ. besenstiel; in old lore they were said to ride by night on wolves, which are hence in poetry called ‘the steeds of witches;’ fá þú mér út krókstaf minn ok bandvetlinga því at ek vil á gandreið fara, Fms. iii. 176; ekki skorti gandreiðir í eynni um nóttina, Fas. ii. 131; hann kvað hann séð hafa gandreið, ok er þat jafnan fyrir stórtíðindum, Nj. 195; cp. also on this subject Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 440 sqq.; renna göndum, to slide on ‘gands,’ ride a witch-ride; víða hefi ek göndum rennt í nótt, of a witch in Fbr. 124; víta ganda, to bewitch ‘gands,’ i.e. to deal in sorcery, Vsp. 25, cp. the passage in Þiðr. S., fór Ostracia út ok rœrði gand sinn, then O. (a witch) went out (cp. útiseta) and reared her ‘gands,’ i.e. raised ghosts, or gener. exercised her black art,—the MSS. have here even neut. gannd (gönd) sín.

The compd spá-gandar in Vsp. seems to mean ‘spae-ghosts’ or spirits of divination.

☞ Some commentators render gandr by wolf, others by broom; but the sense no doubt lies deeper. Gunnar Pálsson (died 1793) says that gandr is used in Icel. of the helm of a ship; but no such word is known, at least in the west of Icel.

GANGA, pret. gekk or gékk, 2nd pers. gékkt, mod. gékst; pl. gengu, geingu, or géngu, and an old poët. gingu; gengengu in Vsp. 12 is a mere misspelling (vide Sæm. Möb. 258); pres. geng, pl. göngum; pret. subj. gengi (geingi); imperat. gakk and gakktú; with the neg. suffix geng-at, gengr-at, gékk-at, gakk-attu, passim; a middle form göngumk firr, go from me, Gm. 1: a contracted form gá occurs now and then in mod. hymns; it is not vernacular but borrowed from Germ. and Dan.: [cp. Ulf. gaggan; A.S. and Hel. gangan; Scot. and North. E. gang, mod. Engl. go; Dan.-Swed. gange or gå; Germ. gehen; Ivar Aasen ganga: Icel., Scots, and Norsemen have preserved the old ng, which in Germ. and Swed.-Dan. only remains in poetry or in a special sense, e.g. in Germ. compds.]

A. To go:

I. to walk; reið jarl en Karkr gékk, Fms. i. 210, Rm. 1, 2, 6, 14, 23, 24, 30, Edda 10, Grág. ii. 95, passim; ganga leiðar sinnar, to go one’s way, Fms. x. 290, Krók. 26: adding acc., g. alla leið, Fms. xi. 202, 299; g. berg, to climb a cliff; g. afréttar, to search the fell-pastures (fjallganga), Háv. 39; also g. (to climb) í fjall, í kletta, Fms. x. 313: Icel. also say, ganga skó og sokka, to wear out shoes and socks; hann gékk tvenna skó; ganga berserks gang, q.v.

β. absol. to go a-begging, Grág. i. 226, 232, Ísl. ii. 25; ganga vergang, húsgang, id. (göngumaðr).

II. adding adverbs, infinitives, adjectives, or the like,

α. an adverb denoting direction; g. út ok inn, Vkv. 4, Lv. 26; g. inn, Fms. i. 16, vi. 33; g. út, to go out, Lat. exire, Nj. 194; g. aptr, to return, Fms. x. 352; g. fram, to step forward, Hm. 1, Eg. 165; g. upp, to go up, ashore; g. ofan, niðr, to go down; g. heiman, 199; g. heim, to go home; gakk hingat, come hither! 488; g. móti, í gegn e-m, to go against, to meet one; g. braut, to go away; g. til e-s, or at e-m, to go to one; g. frá e-m, to leave one; g. með e-m, to go with one; g. hjá, to pass by; g. saman, to go together; g. yfir, to go over; g. gegnum, to go through; g. undir, to go under; g. undan, fyrir, to go before; g. eptir, to go behind; g. um, to rove, stroll about, and so on passim; g. í sæti, to go to one’s seat, take a seat, Eg. 551; g. til hvílu, to go to bed, Nj. 201; g. til matar, to go to dinner, Sturl. iii. 111, Eg. 483; g. til vinnu, verks, to go to one’s work, cp. Hm. 58; g. í kirkju, to go to church, Rb. 82; g. á fjall, to go on the fells, Hrafn. 34; g. á skip, to go on board, Fms. x. 10; g. af skipi, to go ashore.

β. with infin., in old poems often dropping ‘at;’ ganga sofa, to go to sleep, Fm. 27; g. at sofa, Hm. 19; g. vega, to go to fight, Vsp. 56, Ls. 15; g. at eiga konu, to go to be married, Grág. i. 318.

γ. with an adj.; g. hræddr, to be afraid; g. úviss, to be in ignorance, etc., Fms. vii. 271, Sks. 250, 688.

2. in a more special sense; g. til einvígis, bardaga, to go to a duel, battle, Nj. 64; g. á hólm (hólmganga), Eg. 504, 506; g. á eintal, Nj. 103; g. til máls við e-n, to speak to one, Eg. 199, 764; g. í glímu, to go a-wrestling, Ísl. ii. 246; g. á fang, id., Ld. 206; g. í danz, to go a-dancing; g. til skripta, to go to shrift, Hom. 157; g. at brúðkaupi, to go to be married, Fms. vii. 278; g. í skóla, klaustr, to go to school, go into a cloister (as an inmate), (hence skóla-genginn, a school-man, scholar), Bs. passim; g. í þjónustu, to take service, Nj. 268; g. í lið með e-m, to enter one’s party, side with one, 100; g. í lög, to enter a league with one; g. ór lögum, to go out of a league, passim; g. í félag, ór félagi, id.; g. á mala, to take service as a soldier, 121; g. á hönd, g. til handa, to submit to one as a liegeman, surrender, Eg. 19, 33, Ó.H. 184, Fms. vii. 180; g. á vald e-m, to give oneself up, Nj. 267; g. á hendr e-m, to encroach upon, Ver. 56; g. í skuld, to bail, Grág. i. 232, Dipl. ii. 12; g. í trúnað, to warrant, Fms. xi. 356; g. til trygða, Nj. 166, and g. til griða, to accept truce, surrender, Fas. ii. 556; g. í mál, to enter, undertake a case, Nj. 31; g. í ánauð, to go into bondage, Eg. 8; g. til lands, jarðar, ríkis, arfs, to take possession of …, 118, Stj. 380, Grág., Fms. passim; g. til fréttar, to go to an oracle, take auspices, 625. 89; g. til Heljar, a phrase for to die, Fms. x. 414; g. nær, to go nigh, go close to, press hard on, Ld. 146, 322, Fms. xi. 240 (where reflex.); var sá viðr bæði mikill og góðr því at Þorkell gékk nær, Th. kept a close eye on it, Ld. 316.

B. Joined with prepp. and adverbs in a metaph. sense:

—g. af, to depart from, go off; þá gékk af honum móðrinn ok sefaðisk hann, Edda 28; þá er af honum gékk hamremin, Eg. 125, Eb. 136, Stj. 118; g. af sér, to go out of or beyond oneself; mjök g. þeir svari-bræðr nú af sér, Fbr. 32; í móti Búa er hann gengr af sér (rages) sem mest, Fb. i. 193; þá gékk mest af sér ranglæti manna um álnir, Bs. i. 135: so in the mod. phrases, g. fram af sér, to overstrain oneself; and g. af sér, to fall off, decay: to forsake, g. af trú, to apostatize, Fms. ii. 213; g. af vitinu, to go out of one’s wits, go mad, Post. 656 C. 31; g. af Guðs boðorðum, Stj. passim: to pass. Páskar g. af, Ld. 200: to be left as surplus (afgangr), Rb. 122, Grág. i. 411, K.Þ.K. 92:

—g. aptr, to walk again, of a ghost (aptrganga), Ld. 58, Eb. 278, Fs. 131, 141, passim; and absol., g. um híbýli, to hunt, Landn. 107: to go back, be void, of a bargain, Gþl. 491:

—g. at e-m, to go at, attack, Nj. 80, 160: to press on, Grág. i. 51, Dipl. ii. 19 (atgangr): g. at e-u, to accept a choice, Nj. 256; g. at máli, to assist, help, 207: to fit, of a key, lykla þá sem g. at kístum yðrum, Finnb. 234, Fbr. 46 new Ed., N.G.L. i. 383: medic. to ail, e-ð gengr at e-m; ok gengr at barni, and if the bairn ails, 340, freq. in mod. usage of ailment, grief, etc.:

—g. á e-t, to go against, encroach upon; ganga á ríki e-s, Fms. i. 2; g. upp á, to tread upon, vii. 166; hverr maðr er ólofat gengr á mál þeirra, who trespasses against their measure, Grág. i. 3: to break, g. á orð, eiða, sættir, trygðir, grið, Finnb. 311, Fms. i. 189, Ld. 234; g. á bak e-u, to contravene, Ísl. ii. 382; ganga á, to go on with a thing, Grág. ii. 363; hence the mod. phrase, mikið gengr á, much going on; hvað gengr á, what is going on? það er farið að g. á það (of a task or work or of stores), it is far advanced, not much left:

—g. eptir, to go after, pursue, claim (eptirgangr), Nj. 154, Þórð. 67, Fms. vii. 5; g. eptir e-m, to humour one who is cross, in the phrase, g. eptir e-m með grasið í skónum; vertu ekki að g. eptir stráknum; hann vill láta g. eptir ser (of a spoilt boy, cross fellow): to prove true, follow, hón mælti mart, en þó gékk þat sumt eptir, Nj. 194; eptir gékk þat er mér bauð hugr um, Eg. 21, Fms. x. 211:

—g. fram, to go on well in a battle, Nj. 102, 235, Háv. 57 (framgangr): to speed, Nj. 150, Fms. xi. 427: to grow, increase (of stock), fé Hallgerðar gékk fram ok varð allmikit, Nj. 22; en er fram gékk mjök kvikfé Skallagríms, Eg. 136, Vígl. 38: to come to pass, skal þess bíða er þetta gengr fram, Nj. 102, Fms. xi. 22: to die, x. 422:

—g. frá, to leave (a work) so and so; g. vel frá, to make good work; g. ílla frá, to make bad work; það er ílla frá því gengið, it is badly done:

—g. fyrir, to go before, to yield to, to be swayed by a thing; heldr nú við hót, en ekki geng ek fyrir slíku, Fms. i. 305; þó at vér gangim heldr fyrir blíðu en stríðu, ii. 34, Fb. i. 378, Hom. 68; hvárki gékk hann fyrir blíðyrðum né ógnarmálum, Fms. x. 292; hann gékk þá fyrir fortölum hennar, Bs. i. 742: in mod. usage reflex., gangast fyrir íllu, góðu: to give away, tók hann þá at ganga fyrir, Fb. i. 530: Icel. now say, reflex., gangast fyrir, to fall off, from age or the like (vide fyrirgengiligr): to prevent, skal honum þá eigi fyrnska fyrir g., N.G.L. i. 249; þá er hann sekr þrem mörkum nema nauðsyn gangi fyrir, 14; at þeim gangi lögleg forföll fyrir, Gþl. 12:

—g. í gegn, to go against, to meet, in mod. usage to deny, and so it seems to be in Gþl. 156; otherwise in old writers it always means the reverse, viz. to avow, confess; maðr gengr í gegn, at á braut kveðsk tekit hafa, the man confessed and said that he had taken it away, Ísl. ii. 331; ef maðr gengr í gegn legorðinu, Grág. i. 340; sá goði er í gegn gékk (who acknowledged) þingfesti hans, 20; hann iðraðisk úráðs síns, ok gékk í gegn at hann hefði saklausan selt herra sinn, Sks. 584,—this agrees with the parallel phrase, g. við e-t, mod. g. við e-u, to confess, both in old and mod. usage, id.:

—g. hjá, to pass by, to waive a thing, Fms. vi. 168:

—g. með, to go with one, to wed, marry (only used of a woman, like Lat. nubere), þú hefir þvert tekit at g. með mér, Ld. 262, Sd. 170, Grág. i. 178, Þiðr. 209, Gkv. 2. 27, Fms. xi. 5: medic., g. með barni, to go with child, i. 57; with acc. (barn), Bs. i. 790, and so in mod. usage; a mother says, sama sumarið sem eg gékk með hann (hana) N. N., (meðgöngutími); but dat. in the phrase, vera með barni, to be with child; g. með burði, of animals, Sks. 50, Stj. 70; g. með máli, to assist, plead, Eg. 523, Fms. xi. 105, Eb. 210; g. með e-u, to confess [Dan. medgaae], Stj., but rare and not vernacular:

—g. milli, to go between, intercede, esp. as a peacemaker, passim (milli-ganga, meðal-ganga):

—g. í móti, to resist, Nj. 90, 159, 171: of the tide, en þar gékk í móti útfalls-straumr, Eg. 600:

—g. saman, to go together, marry, Grág. i. 324, Fms. xi. 77: of a bargain, agreement, við þetta gékk saman sættin, Nj. 250; saman gékk kaupit með þeim, 259:

—g. sundr, to go asunder, part, and of a bargain, to be broken off, passim:

—g. til, to step out, come along; gangit til, ok blótið, 623. 59; gangit til, ok hyggit at, landsmenn, Fms. iv. 282: to offer oneself, to volunteer, Bs. i. 23, 24: the phrase, e-m gengr e-ð til e-s, to purpose, intend; en þat gékk mér til þess (that was my reason) at ek ann þér eigi, etc., Ísl. ii. 269; sagði, at honum gékk ekki ótrúnaðr til þessa, Fms. x. 39; gékk Flosa þat til, at …, Nj. 178; gengr mér meirr þat til, at ek vilda firra vini mína vandræðum, Fms. ii. 171; mælgi gengr mér til, ’tis that I have spoken too freely, Orkn. 469, Fms. vi. 373, vii. 258: to fare, hversu hefir ykkr til gengið, how have you fared? Grett. 48 new Ed.; Loka gékk lítt til, it fared ill with L., Fb. i. 276: mod., þat gékk svá til, it so happened, but not freq., as bera við is better, (tilgangr, intention):

—g. um e-t, to go about a thing; g. um sættir, to go between, as peacemaker, Fms. v. 156; g. um beina, to attend guests, Nj. 50, passim: to manage, fékk hón svá um gengit, Grett. 197 new Ed.; hversu þér genguð um mitt góðs, 206: to spread over, in the phrase, má þat er um margan gengr; þess er um margan gengr guma, Hm. 93: to veer, go round, of the wind, gékk um veðrit ok styrmdi at þeim, the wind went round and a gale met them, Bs. i. 775:

—g. undan, to go before, escape, Ver. 15, Fms. vii. 217, Blas. 49: to be lost, wasted, jafnmikit sem undan gékk af hans vanrækt, Gþl. 338: to absent oneself, eggjuðusk ok báðu engan undan g., Fms. x. 238:

—g. undir, to undertake a duty, freq.: to set, of the sun, Rb. 468, Vígl. (in a verse): to go into one’s possession, power, Fms. vii. 207;—g. upp, to be wasted, of money, Fær. 39, Fms. ix. 354: of stones or earth-bound things, to get loose, be torn loose, þeir glímdu svá at upp gengu stokkar allir í húsinu, Landn. 185; flest gékk upp þat sem fyrir þeim varð, Háv. 40, Finnb. 248; ok gékk ór garðinum upp (was rent loose) garðtorfa frosin, Eb. 190: to rise, yield, when summoned, Sturl. iii. 236: of a storm, gale, to get up, rise, veðr gékk upp at eins, Grett. 94, Bárð. 169; gengr upp stormr hinn sami, Bs. ii. 50: of an ice-bound river, to swell, áin var ákafliga mikil, vóru höfuðísar at báðum-megin, en gengin upp (swoln with ice) eptir miðju, Ld. 46, Fbr. 20 new Ed., Bjarn. 52; vötnin upp gengin, Fbr. 114; áin var gengin upp ok íll yfirferðar, Grett. 134:

—g. við, in the phrase, g. við staf, to go with a staff, rest on it: with dat., g. við e-u, to avow (vide ganga í gegn above):

—ganga yfir, to spread, prevail, áðr Kristnin gengi yfir, Fms. x. 273; hétu á heiðin goð til þess at þau léti eigi Kristnina g. yfir landit, Bs. i. 23: the phrase, láta eitt g. yfir báða, to let one fate go over both, to stand by one another for weal and woe; hefi ek því heitið honum at eitt skyldi g. yfir okkr bæði, Nj. 193, 201, 204, Gullþ. 8: so in the saying, má þat er yfir margan gengr, a common evil is easier to bear, Fbr. 45 new Ed. (vide um above); muntu nú verða at segja slíkt sem yfir hefir gengið, all that has happened, Fms. xi. 240; þess gengr ekki yfir þá at þeir vili þeim lengr þjóna, they will no longer serve them, come what may, Orkn. 84: to overrun, tyrannize over, þeir vóru ójafnaðar menn ok ganga þar yfir alla menn, Fms. x. 198 (yfirgangr): to transgress, Hom. 109: to overcome, þótti öllum mönnum sem hann mundi yfir allt g., Fms. vii. 326: a naut. term, to dash over, as spray, áfall svá mikit at yfir gékk þegar skipit, Bs. i. 422; hence the metaph. phrase, g. yfir e-n, to be astonished; það gengr yfir mig, it goes above me, I am astonished.

C. Used singly, of various things:

1. of cattle, horses, to graze (haga-gangr); segja menn at svín hans gengi á Svínanesi, en sauðir á Hjarðarnesi, Landn. 124, Eg. 711; kálfrinn óx skjótt ok gékk í túni um sumarit, Eb. 320; Freyfaxi gengr í dalnum fram, Hrafn. 6; þar var vanr at g. hafr um túnit, Nj. 62; þar var til grass (görs) at g., Ld. 96, Grág. passim; gangandi gripr, cattle, beasts, Bjarn. 22; ganganda fé, id., Sturl. i. 83, Band. 2, Ísl. ii. 401.

2. of shoals of fish, to go up, in a river or the like (fiski-ganga, fiski-gengd); vötn er netnæmir fiskar g. í, Grág. i. 149; til landauðnar horfði í Ísafirði áðr fiskr gékk upp á Kvíarmiði, Sturl. ii. 177; fiskr er genginn inn ór álum, Bb. 3. 52.

3. of the sun, stars, vide B. above, (sólar-gangr hæstr, lengstr, and lægstr skemstr = the longest and shortest day); áðr sól gangi af Þingvelli, Grág. i. 24; því at þar gékk eigi sól af um skamdegi, Landn. 140, Rb. passim:

—of a thunder-storm, þar gékk reiði-duna með eldingu, Fb. iii. 174:

—of the tide, stream, water, vide B. above, eða gangi at vötn eða skriður, K.Þ.K. 78.

4. of a ship, gékk þá skipit mikit, Eg. 390, Fms. vi. 249; létu svá g. suðr fyrir landit, Eg. 78; lét svá g. suðr allt þar til er hann sigldi í Englands-haf, Ó.H. 149; réru nótt ok dag sem g. mátti, Eg. 88; gékk skipit brátt út á haf, Ó.H. 136.

β. to pass; kvað engi skip skyldi g. (go, pass) til Íslands þat sumar, Ld. 18.

II. metaph. to run out, stretch out, project, of a landscape or the like; gengr haf fyrir vestan ok þar af firðir stórir, Eg. 57; g. höf stór ór útsjánum inn í jörðina; haf (the Mediterranean) gengr af Njörva-sundum (the Straits of Gibraltar), Hkr. i. 5; nes mikit gékk í sæ út, Eg. 129, Nj. 261; í gegnum Danmörk gengr sjór (the Baltic) í Austrveg, A.A. 288; fyrir austan hafs-botn þann (Bothnia) er gengr til móts við Gandvík (the White Sea), Orkn. begin.: frá Bjarmalandi g. lönd til úbygða, A.A. 289; Europa gengr allt til endimarka Hispaniae, Stj. 83; öllum megin gengr at henni haf ok kringir um hana, 85; þessi þinghá gékk upp (extended) um Skriðudal, Hrafn. 24: of houses, af fjósi gékk forskáli, Dropl. 28.

2. to spread, branch out; en af því tungurnar eru ólíkar hvár annarri, þær þegar, er ór einni ok hinni sömu hafa gengit eða greinzt, þá þarf ólíka stafi í at hafa, Skálda (Thorodd) 160: of a narrative, gengr þessi saga mest af Sverri konungi, this story goes forth from him, i.e. relates to, tells of him, Fb. ii. 533; litlar sögur megu g. af hesti mínum, Nj. 90; um fram alla menn Norræna þá er sögur g. frá, Fms. i. 81.

III. to take the lead, prevail; gékk þaðan af í Englandi Valska, thereafter (i.e. after the Conquest) the Welsh tongue prevailed in England, Ísl. ii. 221; ok þar allt sem Dönsk tunga gengi, Fms. xi. 19; meðan Dönsk tunga gengr, x. 179:

—of money, to be current, hundrað aura þá er þá gengu í gjöld, Dropl. 16; eigi skulu álnar g. aðrar en þessar, Grág. i. 498; í þenna tíð gékk hér silfr í allar stórskuldir, 500, Fms. viii. 270; eptir því sem gengr (the course) flestra manna í millum, Gþl. 352:

—of laws, to be valid, ok var nær sem sín lög gengi í hverju fylki, Fms. iv. 18; Óðinn setti lög í landi sínu þau er gengit höfðu fyrr með Ásum, Hkr. i. 13; þeirra laga er gengu á Uppsala-þingi, Ó.H. 86; hér hefir Kristindóms-bálk þann er g. skal, N.G.L. i. 339; sá siðr er þá gékk, Fb. i. 71, (vide ganga yfir):

—of sickness, plague, famine, to rage, þá gékk landfarsótt, bóla, drepsótt, hallæri, freq.; also impers., gékk því hallæri um allt Ísland, Bs. i. 184; mikit hallæri ok hart gékk yfir fólkið, 486, v.l.; gékk sóttin um haustið fyrir sunnan land; þá gékk mest plágan fyrri, Ann. 1402, 1403.

IV. to go on, last, in a bad sense, of an evil; tókst síðan bardagi, ok er hann hafði gengit um hríð, Fs. 48: impers., hefir þessu gengit (it has gone on) marga manns-aldra, Fms. i. 282; gékk því lengi, so it went on a long while, Grett. 79 new Ed.; gékk þessu enn til dags, Nj. 272; ok gékk því um hríð, 201; ok gékk því allan þann dag, Fms. vii. 147; lát því g. í allt sumar, xi. 57; gengr þessu þar til er …, Fb. i. 258.

V. denoting violence; létu g. bæði grjót ok vápn, Eg. 261; létu þá hvárir-tveggju g. allt þat er til vápna höfðu, Fms. ix. 44; láta höggin g., to let it rain blows, Úlf. 12. 40; háðung, spottyrði, hróp ok brigzl hver lét með öðrum g. á víxl, Pass. 14. 3, (vápna-gangr); Birkibeinar róa þá eptir, ok létu g. lúðrana, and sounded violently the alarum, Fms. ix. 50, (lúðra-gangr); láta dæluna g., to pour out bad language, vide dæla.

VI. to be able to go on, to go, partly impers.; ef þat gengr eigi, if that will not do, Fms. vi. 284; svá þykt at þeim gékk þar ekki at fara, they stood so close that they could not proceed there, Nj. 247; þá nam þar við, gékk þá eigi lengra, there was a stop; then it could go no farther, Fms. xi. 278; leiddu þeir skipit upp eptir ánni, svá sem gékk, as far as the ship could go, as far as the river was navigable, Eg. 127: esp. as a naut. term, impers., e.g. þeim gékk ekki fyrir nesið, they could not clear the ness; þá gengr eigi lengra, ok fella þeir þá seglið, Bs. i. 423; at vestr gengi um Langanes, 485, v.l.

VII. with adverbs; g. létt, fljótt, to go smoothly; g. þungt, seint, to go slowly; oss munu öll vápna-viðskipti þungt g. við þá, Nj. 201; þungt g. oss nú málaferlin, 181; gékk þeim lítt atsóknin, Stj. 385; at þeim feðgum hefði þá allir hlutir léttast gengit, Bs. i. 274; seint gengr, Þórir, greizlan, Ó.H. 149; g. betr, verr, to get the better, the worse; gékk Ribbungum betr í fyrstu, Fms. ix. 313; gengu ekki mjök kaupin, the bargain did not go well, Nj. 157, cp. ganga til (B. above):

—to turn out, hversu g. mundi orrostan, 273; gékk þá allt eptir því sem Hallr hafði sagt, 256; ef kviðir g. í hag sækjanda, if the verdict goes for the plaintiff, Grág. i. 87; þótti þetta mál hafa gengit at óskum, Dropl. 14; mart gengr verr en varir, a saying, Hm. 39; þykir honum nú at sýnu g. (it seems to him evident) at hann hafi rétt hugsað, Fms. xi. 437; g. andæris, to go all wrong, Am. 14; g. misgöngum, to go amiss, Grág. i. 435; g. e-m í tauma, to turn false (crooked); þat mun mér lítt í tauma g. er Rútr segir, Nj. 20; g. ofgangi, to go too high, Fms. vii. 269.

VIII. of a blow or the like; hafði gengit upp á miðjan fetann, the axe went in up to the middle of the blade, Nj. 209; gékk þegar á hol, 60; gékk í gegnum skjöldinn, 245, Fb. i. 530.

IX. of law; láta próf g., to make an enquiry; láta vátta g., to take evidence, D.N.

X. to be gone, be lost; gékk hér með holdit niðr at beini, the flesh was torn off, Fb. i. 530: esp. in pass. part. genginn, dead, gone, eptir genginn guma, Hm. 71; moldar-genginn, buried, Sl. 60; hel-genginn, 68; afli genginn, gone from strength, i.e. powerless, Skv. 3. 13.

β. gone, past; gengið er nú það görðist fyr, a ditty; mér er gengið heimsins hjól, gone for me is the world’s wheel (luck), a ditty.

XI. used as transit. with acc.; hann gengr björninn á bak aptr, he broke the bear’s back in grappling with him, Finnb. 248; ok gengr hana á bak, ok brýtr í sundr í henni hrygginn, Fb. i. 530.

2. medic. with dat. to discharge; ganga blóði, to discharge blood (Dan. blodgang), Bs. i. 337, 383; Arius varð bráðdauðr ok gékk ór sér öllum iðrum, Ver. 47.

D. Reflex.:

I. singly, gangask, to be altered, to change, be corrupted; gangask í munni, of tradition; var þat löng ævi, ok vant at sögurnar hefði eigi gengisk í munni, Ó.H. pref.; má því eigi þetta mál í munni gengisk hafa, Fb. ii. Sverr. S. pref.; ok mættim vér ráða um nokkut, at málit gengisk, that the case could miscarry, be lost, Glúm. 380:

—láta gangask, to let pass. waive; lét Páll þá g. þá hluti er áðr höfðu í millum staðit, Sturl. i. 102; ef þú lætr eigi g. þat er ek kref þik, Fms. xi. 61.

2. e-m gengsk hugr við e-t, to change one’s mind, i.e. to be moved to compassion, yield; sótti hón þá svá at honum gékksk hugr við, Eb. 264; þá gékksk Þorgerði hugr við harma-tölur hans, Ld. 232; ok mun honum g. hugr við þat, svá at hann mun fyrirgefa þér, Gísl. 98; nú sem hann grét, gékksk Ísak hugr við, Stj. 167; er sendimaðr fann at Birni gékksk hugr við féit, Ó.H. 194; við slíkar fortölur hennar gékksk Einari hugr (E. was swayed) til ágirni, Orkn. 24.

II. with prepp. (cp. B. above);

—gangask at, to ‘go at it,’ engage in a fight; nú gangask þeir at fast, Dropl. 24, Ísl. ii. 267; gengusk menn at sveitum, of wrestlers, they wrestled one with another in sections (Dan. flokkevis), Glúm. 354; þeir gengusk at lengi, Finnb. 248:

—gangask fyrir, vide B. above:

—gangask í gegn, at móti, to stand against, fight against; at vér látim ok eigi þá ráða er mest vilja í gegn gangask (i.e. the extreme on each side), Íb. 12, cp. Fms. ii. 241; at þeir skipaði til um fylkingar sínar, hverjar sveitir móti skyldi g., i.e. to pair the combatants off, ix. 489; þeir risu upp ok gengusk at móti, Stj. 497. 2 Sam. ii. 15:

—g. nær, to come to close quarters (Lat. cominus gerere), Nj. 176, Fms. xi. 240:

—gangask á, to dash against one another, to split; á gengusk eiðar, the oaths were broken, Vsp. 30: to be squared off against one another, sú var görð þeirra, at á gengusk vígin húskarlanna, Rd. 288; ekki er annars getið en þeir léti þetta á gangask, i.e. they let it drop, Bjarn. 47; gangask fyrir, to fall off, Fms. iii. 255:

—gangask við, to grow, gain strength; áðr en við gengisk hans bæn, before his prayer should be fulfilled, x. 258; ef þat er ætlað at trúa þessi skuli við g., Nj. 162; hétu þeir fast á guðin, at þau skyldi eigi láta við garrgask Kristniboð Ólafs konungs, Fms. ii. 32; þetta gékksk við um öll þau fylki, vii. 300; mikit gékksk Haraldr við (H. grew fast) um vöxt ok afl, Fb. i. 566; Eyvindr hafði mikið við gengizk um menntir, E. had much improved himself in good breeding, Hrafn. 24; vildi hann prófa hvárr þeirra meira hafði við gengisk, which of them had gained most strength, Grett. 107: to be in vogue, in a bad sense, ok löngum við gengisk öfund ok rangindi, Fms. i. 221, cp. Pass. 37. 7:

—gangask ór stað, to be removed, Fms. xi. 107.

III. in the phrase, e-m gengsk vel, ílla, it goes well, ill with one, Hom. 168, Am. 53; ílls gengsk þér aldri, nema …, the evil will never leave thee, thou wilt never be happy, unless …, 65.

ganga, u, f. a walking, Bs. i. 225, Vþm. 8; tóku heyrn daufir, göngu haltir, 625. 82, cp. Matth. xv. 31; nema sýn eðr göngu frá mönnum, Post. 645. 70: the act of walking, Korm. 182, Fms. vi. 325; ganga göngu, to take a walk, Korm. (in a verse):

—a course, ganga tungls, the course of the moon, Edda 7; hvata göngunni, id.; ganga vinds, the course of the wind, 15, Rb. 112, 476:

—a procession, Fms. x. 15, Fs. 85, Ísl. ii. 251; vera sarnan í göngu, to march together, Band, 11;

lögbergis-ganga, the procession to the hill of laws, Grág. Þ.Þ. ch. 5, Eg. 703;

kirkju-ganga, a going to church;

her-ganga, a war-march;

hólm-ganga, a duel, q.v.;

fjall-ganga, a walk to the fell (to fetch sheep):

—of animals,

hrossa-ganga, grazing, pasture for horses, Dipl. v. 14;

sauð-ganga, sheep-pasture: esp. in pl. fetching sheep from the fell-pastures in autumn (fjall-ganga), Grág. ii. 310, cp. Korm. ch. 3, Vd. ch. 44, Vápn. 22;

ó-göngur, straits.

compds:

göngu-drykkja, u, f. a drinking-bout, Fms. viii. 209.

göngu-færi, n. = gangfæri, Fms. viii. 400.

göngu-kona, u, f. a vagrant woman, Grág. i. 340, Nj. 142, Bs. i. 494.

göngu-lag, n. gait.

göngu-lið, n., collect. footmen, Bær. 17.

göngu-maðr (pl. göngu-menn), m. a vagrant, beggar, Grág. i. 163, 295, 341, K.Þ.K. 34, 80, Gísl. 54–56, 141.

göngumanna-erfð, n. taking the inheritance of a vagrant, Grág. i. 190.

göngumann-liga, adv. (göngumann-ligr, adj.), beggarlike, beggarly, Fms. iii. 209, Fas. iii. 202.

göngu-móðr, adj. weary from walking.

göngu-stafr, m. a walking-stick.

göngu-sveinn, m. a beggar-boy, Korm. 192.

gangari, a, m. [Dan. and Scot. ganger, a transl. of the mid. Lat. ambulator]:

—an ambling nag, a palfrey, Sturl. iii. 117; spelt gangvari in Þiðr. 16, 23; passim in the romances.

Gang-dagr, freq. spelt by metath. Gagn-dagr, m. [A.S. Gang-däg], the Rogation-days, called ‘Ganging days’ from the practice of going in procession round the boundaries on those days, K.Þ.K., Rb., N.G.L. passim: the 25th of April is called Gangdagrinn eini, the minor Rogation-day, K.Þ.K. 106, Rb. 46, 544; in pl., Grág. i. 325, Fms. vii. 228, N.G.L. i. 24, 348, K.Þ.K. 102, vide Bs. ii. 247.

compds:

Gangdaga-helgr, f. Rogation-holidays, N.G.L. i. 10.

Gangdaga-vika, u, f. Rogation-week, K.Þ.K. 100, 102, Rb. 544, 558.

Gangdaga-þing, n. a meeting during Rogation-week, Fms. vii. 217, 347.

In all these compds spelt variously ‘gagn-’ or ‘gang-.’ The word Gangdagar is undoubtedly borrowed from the A.S.

gang-fagr, adj. with a graceful gait, Eb. (in a verse).

Gang-fasta (Gagn-fasta), u, f. the Rogation-fast, in the Rogation-week, Vm. 94, N.G.L. i. 17.

gang-færi, n. [Dan. före or gangföre], the condition of a road; íllt (gott) g., bad (good) walking, Fms. viii. 400.

gang-færr, adj. able to walk, Hom. 152.

gang-lati, a, m. a ‘lazy goer,’ an idler; and

gang-löt, f. id., pr. names of the servants in the hall of Hela, Edda.

gang-leri, a, m. obsolete, except as a pr. name of the mythical wanderer Edda; in Scot. still found as an appell. in the true sense, a gangrel = stroller, vagabond.

gang-limir, m. pl. ‘gang-limbs,’ shanks.

gang-mikit, n. adj. a great crowd, tumult.

gang-prúðr, adj. with stately gait, Sks. 291.

gangr, m. [A.S. gong; Scot. gang = a walk, journey; Dan. gang; Swed. gång; cp. Germ. gehen]:

—a going, walking, Sks. 370; vera á gangi, to be walking to and fro, Grett. 153: metaph., röng eru mál á gangi, bad reports are going about, Bs. i. (in a verse); vápn á gangi, weapons clashing (vide II. 2. below), Grág. ii. 8; þá var hvert járn á gangi, Fb. i. 212:

—gefit mér gang, give me way, passage, let me go, Fms. xi. 275, 347:

—pace, a horseman’s term, engan (hest) hafa þeir slíkan séð bæði sakir gangs ok vaxtar, Róm. 422: Icel. say, það er enginn g. í honum, he has no pacing or ambling in him; or gang-lauss, adj. not pacing:

—grazing, úti-gangr, útigangs-hestr, opp. to a stall-fed horse:

—course, of the sun, stars, moon, gangr himin-tungla, Edda (pref.), hence sólar-gangr, the course of the sun above the horizon = day; stuttr, lítill, langr sólar-gangr, a short, long day:

—course, of money.

II. metaph.,

1. a going onward, prevailing, being in vogue; hafa mikinn gang, to be much in vogue, Al. 87; heldr er vaxandi g. at þeim, they were rather on the increase, Gísl. 66; þótti þeim hann hafa ofmikinn gang (favour) af konungi, Fms. ii. 54;

með-gangr, good luck;

mót-gangr, adversity;

upp-gangr, thrift;

á-gangr, inroad;

yfir-gangr, tyranny.

2. rapid or furious going; þá var svá mikill gangr at um aptr-göngur Þórólfs, at …, the huntings of Th. (a ghost) went so far, that …, Eb. 314; ok nú görisk svá mikill g. at, Gísl. 151; svá görðisk mikill g. at þessu, Eb. 174; svá mikill g. var orðinn at eldinum, the fire had got to such a height, Bs. i. 445;

elds-gangr, fire;

vápna-gangr, a clash of weapons;

vatna-gangr, a rush, flood of water;

öldu-gangr, sjáfar-gangr, high waves;

brim-gangr, furious surf;

skriðu-gangr, desolation from earth-slips;

berserks-gangr, berserker fury:

—trampling, horns g. ok hófs, Grág. ii. 122.

3. law term, a process; laga-gangr, Skálda 201, rare in old writers, but freq. in mod., Dan. rettergang.

4. medic. a discharge, esp. from the stomach;

vall-gangr, excrement;

þarfa-gangr, urine; þeir vóru sumir er drukku gang sinn, Al. 168;

niðr-gangr, diarrhoea;

upp-gangr, expectoration:

—a privy, ganga til gangs, Grág. ii. 119; þeir skyldu hafa búðar-tópt Skútu fyrir gang, Rd. 305; nú er hundr bundinn í gangi, Grág. l.c.

III. collective, a gang, as in Engl.;

drauga-gangr, a gang of ghosts;

músa-gangr, a gang of mice;

gaura-gangr, a gang of roughs;

trolla-gangr, a gang of trolls (giants);

þjófa-gangr, a gang of thieves.—

vide göng, n. pl. a lobby.

gang-rúm, n. a passage-room, lobby, Grett. 99 B.

gang-silfr, n. current money, Sturl. iii. 307, Fms. ix. 470, Jb. 157, Grág., N.G.L. passim.

gang-skör, f., in the phrase, göra g. at e-u, to make steps in a thing.

gang-stigr, m. a footpath, Sks. 4, Greg. 59.

gang-tamr, adj. pacing (of a horse), Hðm. 3.

gang-vari, a, m. (gang-ari, gang-verja, u, f.), collect. a suit of clothes, Grág. i. 299, Sks. 288, Bs. i. 876, Ann. 1330.

gang-verja, u, f. = gangvari, Stj. 367, 616.

ganti,† a, m. [Dan. gante], a coxcomb, (mod.) ganta-skapr, n., Vídal.

GAP, n. [A.S. geap; Engl. gap; Dan. gab; cp. gapa], prop. a gap, empty space, whence Ginnunga-gap, the Chaos of the Scandin. mythol., Edda, Vsp.

2. metaph. gab, gibes; óp ok gap, háreysti ok gap, Fb. iii. 425, cp. Nj. 220.

gaps-maðr, m. a gaping fool, a gaby, Fbr. 12.

gapa, pret. gapði, Edda 20, Mart. 118; and gapti, pres. gapi, Bs. i. 647; sup. gapat, imperat. gapi, Skm. 28: [Dan. gabe; Germ. gaffen]:

—to gape, open the mouth wide, Edda l.c.; með gapanda munn, of a wolf, 41, Fms. iv. 57; með gapandi höfðum, Þórð. 94 new Ed.

gapaldr, m. a Runic character used as a spell, Ísl. Þjóðs.

gapi, a, m. a rash, reckless man, freq.; Icel. say, angr-gapi (q.v.), sólar-gapi, hann er mesti sólargapi, perhaps with reference to the Wolf and the Sun, Edda 7.

compds:

gapa-legr, adj. (gapa-lega, adv.), hare-brained.

gapa-muðr, m. a gaping, heedless fellow, a nickname, Fms.

gapa-skapr, m. recklessness.

gapa-stokkr, m. the stocks or pillory.

gap-uxi, a, m. a blusterer, a bully, Fs. 71.

gap-lyndi, n. bluster, Karl. 493.

gap-ripur, f. pl., or gap-riplar, m. pl. an ἅπ. λεγ., for the reading vide Johnson. Nj. Lat. l.c., gaping, staring with open mouth, Nj. (in a verse).

gap-þrosnir, m. = gapi, Edda (Gl.), an ἅπ. λεγ.

garð-bót, f. reparation of a fence, Grág. ii. 263 sqq., Gþl. 454.

garð-brjótr, m. (garð-brytill, Gþl. 388), a fence-breaker, N.G.L. i. 41.

garð-brot (garða-brot), n. breach of a fence, Gþl. 350, 391.

garð-fóðr, n. hay for fodder in a farm-yard, N.G.L. i. 38.

garð-hlið, n. a gate, Fms. ix. 414.

garð-hús, n. a privy, Fms. iv. 169, vi. 15, Stj. 629.

garð-hverfa, u, f. a fence, pinfold, Bs. i. 46.

garði, a, m. the wall in a stall supporting the manger (in western Icel.)

garð-lag, n. the laying of a fence, Grág. ii. 262 sqq., Sd. 180: a pound, Vm. 87.

garðlags-önn, f. the work (season) for fencing, Grág. ii. 261.

garð-lauss, adj. fenceless, N.G.L. i. 8.

garð-leiga, u, f. house-rent, Gþl. 93.

GARÐR, m. [Ulf. gards = οικος; A.S. geard; Engl. yard, garth, garden; O.H.G. gart; Germ. garten; Dan.-Swed. gård; Lat. hortus]:

I. a yard (an enclosed space), esp. in compds, as

kirkju-garðr, a church-yard;

vín-garðr, a vineyard;

stakk-garðr, a stack-yard;

hey-garðr, a hay-yard;

kál-garðr, a kale-yard;

urta-garðr, a kitchen-garden;

aldin-garðr and

gras-garðr, a garden;

dýra-garðr, a ‘deer-yard,’ a park:

—garðr, alone, is a hay-yard (round the hay-ricks); hence garðs-seti or garð-seti, q.v.

2. a court-yard, court and premises; þeir ganga út í garðinn ok berjask, Edda 25, a paraphrase from ‘túnum’ in Gm. 41; þeir Grímr hittu menn at máli úti í garðinum, Eg. 109; þá sá hann at öðrum-megin í garðinum brunaði fram merkit, Ó.H. 31; ganga til garðs, 71; mikill kamarr (privy) var í garðinun, id.; en er þeir Hrærekr sátu í garðinum, 72; fóru þegar þangat í garðinn sem líkin vóru, id.; er hann kom heim í þorpit ok gékk um garðinn, Fms. x. 218; gengið hef eg um garðinn móð, gleðistundir dvína, a ditty; innan stokks (within doors) eða í garði úti, Gþl. 136; eigi nenni ek at hann deyi undir görðum mínum, Lv. 59:

—a fishyard, Vm. 14.

3. esp. in Norway, Denmark, and Sweden, a house or building in a town or village, [Dan. gaard = Icel. bær]; hann var í Hróiskeldu ok átti þar garð, Bjarn. 6; Egill spurði hvar g. sá væri í borginni (in York) er Arinbjörn setti, Eg. 407; hann var í garði þeim er Hallvarðs-g. var kallaðr, Bs. i. 634; í garð Arons, 636; konungs-garðr, the king’s yard, Fms. passim and in records referring to Norway. garða-leiga, u, f. house-rent, H.E. i. 394. garða-sól, f., botan. the orach, Hjalt. garðs-bóndi, a, m. a house-owner, Grett. 103, Jb. 157. garðs-horn, n. a ‘yard-nook,’ cottage, Fas. iii. 648: esp. in tales, in the phrase, kongur og drottning í ríki sínu og karl og kerling í Garðshorni, Ísl. Þjóðs. passim: the saying, það er ekki krókr að koma í Garðshorn. garðs-húsfreyja, u, f. a town-lady, Grett. 158 A: in Icel., where the whole population are country-folk, this sense of garðr is only used in metaph. phrases, saws, = home, house; kemr engi sá til garðs (to the house) at viti hvat í sé, Band. 13; fátækum manni er til garðs kemr, Dipl. ii. 14; hyggjum ver at í yðvarn garð hafi runnit, into your hands, your possession, Ld. 206; helmingr skal falla í minn garð, the half shall fall into my share, Fær. 117; skal aukask þriðjungi í þínum garði, in thy keeping, Nj. 3; þótt nökkut komi þat ór várum garði, 54; leggja málaferli í garð e-s, to bring a case home to one, Sturl. ii. 27; þess alls ens ílla sem þá var honum í garð borit, all the evil that was brought to his door, Hom. 119; Guð í garði ok góð Jól, a greeting, Grett. 99 (MS.); líðr vetr ór garði, the winter passed by, Nj. 112; ríða í garð, to arrive (of a rider), Sturl. iii. 185; ríða ór garði, to depart, Ld. 96; ríða um garð, to pass by; vísa gestum á garð várn, Fas. iii. 5; göra e-n af garði (mod. ór garði), to equip one when departing, e.g. a son, a friend, or the like; eigi ertú svá af garði görr sem ek vilda (a mother to a departing son), Grett. 94; hversu herralega keisarinn görði hann af garði, Karl. 148; ok hefða ek gört þik af garði með gleði ok fagnaði, Stj. 181; but esp. to endow a daughter when married, göra dóttur sína vel (ílla) ór garði, etc.; búa í garð, to prepare; hann hefir svá í garðinn búit, he has made his bed so: the phrase, það er allt um garð gengið, all past, done, bygone; föður-garðr, father house, paternal house; bú-garðr, an estate: also in poets, í Eyjafirði upp á Grund á þann garðinn fríða, a ditty:

—a local name of several farms in Icel., Garðr, sing., or more usually Garðar, Landn., prob. from corn-fields: the saying, víðar er Guð enn í Görðum, addressed to presumptuous people who think God is God only for themselves.

4. denoting a stronghold;

tann-garðr, the ‘tooth-wall,’ the teeth and gums, Gr. ερκος οδόντων;

Ás-garðr, the hold of the gods, Edda;

Mið-garðr, Middle-hold, i.e. the earth;

Út-garðar, Outer-hold, where the giants dwell, Edda:

the phrase, ráðast á garðinn þar sem hann er laegstr, to assault the weakest part, to encroach upon the weak and helpless.

5. in western Icel. a heavy snow-storm is called garðr.

II. in Icel. sense a fence of any kind; garðr of þjóðbraut þvera, Grág. ii. 264: in the law phrase, garðr er granna sættir, a fence (yard) is a settler among neighbours (i.e. forms the landmark), Gþl., Jb. 258; leggja garða, to make fences, Rm. 12, Landn. App. 325; þeir biðu hjá garði nokkurum, Nj. 170: esp. the fence around the homefield, also called tún-garðr, Grág. i. 82, 453, Nj. 83, 114, Eg. 766, Ld. 148. Ísl. ii. 357, passim;

skíð-garðr, a rail fence;

grjót-garðr, a stone fence;

torf-garðr, a turf fence;

haga-garðr, the hedge of a pasture, Eb. 132;

tún-garðr, a ‘tún’ fence;

virkis-garðr, a castle wall, Fb. ii. 73 (in a verse);

stíflu-garðr, a ditch:

rif-garðr, a swathe.

compds:

garðs-endi, a, m. the end of a fence, Grág. ii. 263.

garðs-hlið, n. a gate, = garðhlið, Eg. 713, Fms. vii. 245, viii. 170, N.G.L. i. 290.

garðs-krókr, m. a nook of a fence, Sturl. i. 178.

garðs-rúst, f. the ruin of a fence, Sturl. ii. 227.

garðs-önn, f. = garðönn.

III. Garðar, m. pl. (í Görðum), Garða-ríki or Garða-veldi, n. the empire of Gardar, is the old Scandin. name of the Scandinavian-Russian kingdom of the 10th and 11th centuries, parts of which were Hólm-garðar, Kænu-garðar, Nov-gorod, etc.; the name being derived from the castles or strongholds (gardar) which the Scandinavians erected among the Slavonic people, and the word tells the same tale as the Roman ‘castle’ in England; cp. the interesting passage in Ó.H. ch. 65—ok má enn sjá þær jarðborgir (earth-works, castles) ok önnur stórvirki þau er hann görði,—K. Þ. K. 158, Fms., Ó.H. passim, (cp. Munch Det Norske Folks Hist. i. 39 sqq.); the mod. Russ. gorod and grad are the remains of the old Scandin. garðr = a castle; cp. Gerzkr, adj. from Gardar, i.e. Russian,

β. Mikli-garðr—the ‘Muckle-yard’ the Great town, i.e. Constantinople, passim. compds:

Garðaríkis-menn, m. pl. the men from G., Russians, Fas. iii. 314.

Garðs-konungr, m. the Greek emperor, Fms. vi. 167, Fas. iii. 671, Mar. 141.

garð-rúm, n. a court-yard, D.N.

garð-saurr, m. sewage, N.G.L. iii. 14.

garð-seti, a, m. a ‘yard-sitter’ the end of a hay-rick, Eb. 190.

garð-skipti, n. partition by a fence, Js. 100.

garð-smugall, adj. creeping through a fence, N.G.L. i. 41.

garð-staðr, m., mod. garð-stæði, n. the place of a fence or hay-yard, Dipl. iv. 9, v. 16.

garð-staurr, n. a stake for fencing, 623. 58, Eg. 80, Fms. ix. 56: the phrase, enginn skal öðrum at garðstauri standa, no one is bound to stand up as a rail stake for another, i.e. an inroad into an unfenced field is no trespass, the owner must fence it himself, N.G.L. i. 40.

garð-sveinn, m. a ‘yard-boy,’ valet, hence Fr. garçon, Þiðr. 230.

garð-torfa, u, f. a slice of turf, a sod, Eb. 190.

garð-virki, n. fencing materials, Grág. ii. 263.

garð-vörðr, m. a ‘court-warder,’ overseer, Karl. 10.

garð-önn, f. the season of fence-work, Grág. ii. 261.

GARG, n. a shrieking, bawling; and

garga, að, [from Gr. γαργαρίζω through Ital. gargagliare, Engl. gargle], to shriek with a coarse voice.

gargan, n. a serpent, Edda (Gl.); a nickname, Sturl. ii. 142.

garland, n. (for. word), a garland, Fms. x. 149.

GARMR, m. the name of a dog in the mythol. Edda, Vsp.

2. a tatter, rag, pl. garmar. rags; so also fata-garmar, hence metaph. in addressing any one, garmrinn, poor wretch! cp. tetrið! ræfillinn!

GARN, n. [A.S. gearn; Engl. yarn; Dan.-Swed. garn]; spinna gam, to spin yarn, Eb. 92; ek hefi spunnit tólf álna gam, I have spun yarn for a twelve ells web, Ld. 224; lín ok gam, Js. 78;

silki-garn, silk yarn;

tvinna-garn, twine yarn, twisted yarn; opp. to ein-girni, q.v.

II. the warp, opp. to vipt, the weft, Nj. 275.

garn-dúkr, m. a cloth of yarn, D.N.

garnir, f. pl. guts, vide görn;

garn-engja, u, f. constriction of the bowels;

garn-mörr, m. suet.

garn-vinda, n, f. a skein of yarn.

garp-ligr, adj. martial, Eg. 16, Ld. 274, Hom. 143.

garp-menni, n. a martial man, Ld. 42, Fms. iii. 83.

GARPR, m. a warlike man, but often with the notion of a bravo, Grett. 155; g. eða afreksmaðr, Nj. 261; mikilúðligr ok g. enn mesti, Fms. xi. 78; garpar miklir ok afætor, 111, Fb. ii. 72, Vápn. 19, Bjarn. 34: even of a woman (virago), hón var væn kona ok g. mikill í skapi, Sturl. i. 148.

β. the name of an ox, Gullþ. 23, whence Garps-dalr, m. the name of a farm, Landn.: of a horse, hvat mun garprinn vilja er hann er heim kominn, Hrafn. 8.

γ. the Hanseatic traders in Sweden and Norway were in the Middle Ages called Garpar, D.N., Boldt, Verel.; hence

Garpa-skuld, n. a debt due to the Garps, D.N.

garp-skapr, m. bravery, Korm. 142, Fms. xi. 151, Grett. 131, Þórð. 36.

garri, a, m. in compds. garra-legr, adj. [from Ital. garrulo], garrulous.

gaskóna-háttr, m. (for. word), gasconade.

gaspr, n. gossip, prating.

gaspra, að, to gossip, a mod. word, prob. from the Engl.

gassi, a, m. a gander: metaph. a noisy fellow, a ‘goose,’ Gísl. 10. Band. 8 (in a verse), Karl. 474; g. ok glópr, El. 15.

compds:

gassa-glæpr, m. a law term, a ‘goose’s crime,’ such as hitting one person when one has thrown at another, N.G.L. i. 72.

gassa-ligr, adj. (gassa-liga, adv.), boisterous, waggish.

gassa-skapr, m. waggery.

GAT, n., pl. göt, [A.S. geat and Engl. gate = entrance; Hel. gat = foramen], a hole, Fms. iii. 217, Fas. iii. 486;

skrár-gat, a key-hole;

lúku-gat, a trap-door;

cp. the following word.

GATA, u, f. [Ulf. gatva = πλατεια; Old Engl. and Scot. gate = way; O.H.G. gaza, mod. gasse; Swed. gata; Dan. gade]:

—prop. a thoroughfare (cp. gat above), but generally a way, path, road, Nj. 75, Grág. i. 89, 93, Fms. ix. 519, Ld. 44, Ver. 21, passim; á götu e-s, in one’s way, Blas. 40; þótt slíkir sveinar væri á götu minni, Nj. 182; alla götu, as adv. ‘algates,’ always; ek hefi verit alla götu (throughout) lítill skörungr, Bs. i. 297, Stj. 119, 164, 188, 194, 252; götur Guðs, the ways of God, Post. 656 C. 14; gata til Guðs, 655 iv. 1; ryðja götu fyrir e-m, to clear the road for one, Hom. 146; búa götu e-s, 625. 96. Mark i. 2: the name of a farm, Fær.;

Götu-skeggjar, m. pl. the name of a family in the Faroes, Ld., Fær.;

reið-gata, a riding road;

skeið-gata, a race-course;

hlemmi-gata, a broad open road;

fjár-götur, a sheep path;

snið-gata, a zigzag path;

kross-götur, four cross roads, for popular tales about them vide Ísl. Þjóðs.

compds:

gatna-mót, n. pl. junction of roads, Grág. ii. 161, Landn. 306, Stj. 197, Fms. viii. 171, Karl. 456, Finnb. 328.

götu-breidd, f. the breadth of a road, Eg. 582.

götu-garðr, m. a road fence, D.N.

götu-nisti, n. the Lat. viaticum, Bs. i. 249.

götu-skarð, n. a slip in a road, Fs. 90.

götu-stigr, m. a foot-path, Fas. iii. 279.

götu-þjófr, m. a law term, a thief who has to run the gauntlet through a defile, Swed. gatu-lopp, N.G.L. i. 334.

GAUÐ, f. [geyja], a barking, Rb. 346; hunda-gauð né ulfa-þytr, Post. 645. 73.

II. neut. a poltroon, Bb. 3. 47.

gauða, að, to bark at, scold one; út-gauða e-m, to out-scold one.

gauð-rif, n. abuse, barking, Sks. 435.

GAUFA, að, (and gauf, n., gaufari, a, m.), to saunter, be sluggish, freq. akin to gafi, cp. Goth. gepanta in a reference by Jornandes—nam lingua eorum ‘pigra’ gepanta dicitur, whence ‘Gepidi,’ the name of an ancient Teut. people.

GAUKR, m. [A.S. geâc; Scot. gowk], a cuckoo, Edda 79, Gs. 7;

hrossa-gaukr, the horse cuckoo, a name given to the green sand-piper, because of its neighing cry.

compds:

gauk-mánuðr, m. cuckoo-month, the first summer month, about the middle of April to the middle of May, Edda 103.

gauk-messa, u, f. cuckoo-mass, = the 1st of May, D.N., N.G.L.

gauk-þjór, m. a kind of bird, Edda (Gl.)

GAUL, n. a lowing, bellowing, Fms. iii. 201, passim:

—medic., garnagaul, ‘stomachus latrans.’

II. fem. a river in Norway, hence

Gaular-dalr, m. the name of a county;

Gaul-verjar, m. pl. the men from G.;

Gaulverja-bær, m. a farm in Icel.;

Gaul-verskr, adj., Landn.

gaula, að, to low, bellow, Ó.T. 70, Bev. 22, Fms. iii. 201, Hom. 69.

gaulan, f. a lowing, bellowing, Fms. v. 90, Ó.H. 135, 222, Barl. 3, Róm. 234.

gaum-gæfa, ð, to observe, give heed to, Str. 37, Rb. 4.

gaum-gæfð, f. attention, heed, 625. 166, Str. 24.

gaum-gæfi, mod. gaum-gæfni, f. a heeding, attention, Barl. 75, 100.

gaumgæfis-leysi, n. heedlessness, Anecd. 18.

gaumgæfi-liga, adv. (gaumgæfi-ligr, adj.), carefully.

GAUMR, m.; fem. gaum also occurs, góða, litla gaum, Hom. 33. 69, and so sometimes in mod. writers; [A.S. geâme and gymen, Ormul. gom]:

—heed, attention; only used in the phrase, gefa gaum at e-u, to give heed to a thing, Nj. 57, Eg. 551, Fms. viii. 18, Hom. 69; var engi gaumr gefinn at því, Ó.H. 71, 116; gefa góða, litla (fem.) g. at e-u, Hom. l.c.

GAUPA, u, f. the lynx, Al. 167, 168, 173, N.G.L. iii. 47, Þd. 5, Merl. 2. 61; vide hergaupa.

GAUPN, f. [Scot. goupen or goupin; O.H.G. coufan; mid. H. G. goufen; Swed. göpen], prop. both bands held together in the form of a bowl; in the phrases, sjá, horfa, líta, lúta í gaupnir sér, to look, lout (i.e. bend down) into one’s goupen, to cover one’s face with the palms, as a token of sorrow, prayer, thought, or the like, Sturl. iii. 113, Orkn. 170, Al. 115, O.H.L. 13; hón sá í gaupnir sér ok grét, she covered her face and wept, Vápn. 21, cp. Grett. 129; þá laut hón fram í gaupnir sér á borðit, Greg. 65; ilja gaupnir, poët. the hollows in the soles of the feet, Þd. 3; hafa e-n í gaupnum sér (better reading greipum), to have a person in one’s clutch, O.H.L. l.c.

2. as a measure, as much as can be taken in the hands held together, as in Scot. ‘gowd in goupins;’ gaupnir silfrs, goupens of silver, Fas. ii. 176; gaupnir moldar, goupens of earth, id.

gaupna-sýn, f. a looking into one’s palms, covering one’s face, O.H.L. l.c.

GAURR, m. [Ulf. gaurs = sad], a rough, a ‘sad fellow,’ used in Kormak 240, but esp. freq. in old romances translated from French; seldom used in genuine old writers; in exclamations, gaurr! vándr gaurr! etc., Flóv., Art., Str. passim, Fas. iii. 6.

gaura-gangr, m. a gang of ruffians, Gísl. 53.

gauta, að, to prate, brag, Fas. i. 485; still used in the east of Icel.

gautan, f. prating, Lv. 53, Gd. 16.

GAUTAR, m. pl. a Scandin. people in western Sweden, called in A.S. Geâtes, and to be distinguished from Gotar, Goths; hence

Gaut-land, n. the land of the Gauts;

Gaut-Elfr, f. the river Gotha, the ‘Elbe of the Gauts;’

Gauta-sker, n. pl. the Skerries of the north-western coast of Sweden;

cp. also the mod. Göteborg, Ó.H., Fms., passim.

Gautr, m., a poët. name of Odin, Vtkv., Edda; it seems to mean father, vide gjóta: poët. a man, sá ógæfunnar gautr, that hapless man, Hallgr.; váða-gautslegr, adj. miscreant-like.

Gautskr, adj. from Gautland, Fms. passim.

GÁ, ð, pres. gái, part. gáð; pret. subj. gæði, Am. 70: [cp. Lat. caveo]:

—to heed, mark, with infin. or gen., Landn. 30, Fb. i. 210; jarl gáði varla at lúka málum sínum fyrir tali þeirra, Orkn. 300: with gen., er miklu meiri hans ofsi, en hann muni nú þess gá eðr geyma, Ísl. ii. 239, Sks. 446, Hm. 115; Guðs hann gáði, he gave heed to God, Sl. 4; gá sín, to take heed to oneself:

—gá til e-s, to mark, Fb. ii. 193:

—in mod. usage, gá að e-u, to heed, observe; gef mér Jesu að gá að því, Pass. 1. 27; freq. in phrases such as, gáðu að þér, take heed! beware! gáðu að Guði, take heed to God! take care what thou art doing! with infin., eigi mun gáð hafa verit at setja fyrir lokurnar, they have not taken care to lock the door, Lv. 60, Fms. vi. 368: without the mark of infin., glýja þú né gáðir, thou didst not care to be gleeful, thou wast sorrowful, Hðm. 7.

GÁ, f. barking; hund-gá, Lv. 60;

goð-gá (q.v.), blasphemy.

gáði, a, m. a scoffer, mocker, Edda (Gl.), Korm. 172 (in a verse).

GÁFA, u, f. [from Germ. gabe], a gift in a spiritual sense;

skáldskapar-gáfa, a poetical gift: esp. in pl. gifts, wit.

gáfaðr, part. gifted;

flug-gáfaðr, vel-gáfaðr, clever;

ílla-gáfaðr, treg-gáfaðr, dull-witted.

gála, u, f. a lively girl, Lex. Poët.

gálast, að, dep. to make jokes.

gá-lausliga, adv. heedlessly, Grett. 93 A.

gá-lausligr, adj. heedless, wanton, Fms. viii. 4, Hom. 57.

gá-lauss, adj. wanton, careless, Hom. 73, Eluc. 28, Sks. 301.

gá-leysi, n. heedlessness, Gþl. 162, Bs. ii. 172.

GÁLGI, a, m. [Ulf. renders σταυρός by galga; A.S. gealga; Engl. gallows; Hel. galgo; Germ. galgen; Dan.-Swed. galge]:

—the gallows; in olden times they were worked by a lever, and the culprit was hauled up (spyrna gálga), Fms. vii. 13; hence also the phrase, hengja á hæsta gálga, festa upp, and the like, vide Gautr. S. ch. 7; an old Swed. allit. law phrase, á gálga ok gren, on gallows and green tree (Fr.), as trees were used for gallows (cp. the Engl. ‘gallows-tree’); reisa, höggva gálga, Orkn. 436, Ó.H. 46, Am. 37, 55, Grett. 128: in poetry (vide Lex. Poët.) the gallows are called the horse of Sigar, from the love tale of the Danish hero of that name: the cross is now and then called gálgi, e.g. Mar. S., and even in mod. eccl. writers (Vídal.), but very rarely, and only in rhetorical phrases.

compds:

gálga-farmr, m. load of the gallows, referring to the myth told in Hm. 139 sqq., of Odin hanging in the tree Vinga-meid or Ygg-drasil.

gálga-gramr, gálga-valdr, m. the king, ruler of the gallows, poët. names of Odin, Lex. Poët.

gálga-tré, n. a gallows-tree, Fms. vii. 13, viii. 261, Fas. i. 215.

A hook is poët. called agn-gálgi, ‘bait-gallows,’ Lex. Poët.

gálg-nár, n. ‘gallows-carrion,’ the corpse of one hung in chains, a law phrase, Grág. ii. 131.

GÁLI, a, m. a wag.

compds:

gála-ligr, gála-samligr, adj. waggish, Fas. iii. 399.

gála-skapr, m. waggery.

GÁLKN, n. [prob. a Fin. word; Lap. galco = a beast], a monster; in old poetry weapons are called hlífa-gálkn; randar-gálkn, the beast of shield and armour, Lex. Poët.; else in prose, finn-gálkn, q.v.; hrein-gálkn, a dub. word, Hým. 24.

gáll, m. a fit of gaiety; það er gállinn á honum núna.

gá-mikill, adj. waggish, noisy, Grett. 128 A.

gámr, m. a kind of cod-fish.

gáningr, m. attention;

ó-gáningr, heedlessness.

GÁR, n. buffoonery, Sturl. i. 24.

gáraðr, part. full of chinks or sparks;

sól-gáraðr, a poët. epithet of waves tipped by the sun, Vígl. (in a verse).

gár-fenginn, adj. given to buffoonery, Bs. i. 646.

GÁRI, a, m. the chinks in a tree;

gára-lauss, adj. chinkless;

gáróttr, adj. wood full of chinks.

gárungr, m. a buffoon, Grett. 144 A, Sturl. i. 172, Stj. 424. Ruth iii. 10 (young men);

gárungs-háttr, m. buffoonery, Bb. 3. 49.

GÁS, f., gen. gásar, nom. pl. gæss, acc. gæs, mod. nom. gæs, gæsar, pl. gæsir, gæsa, gæsum, keeping the æ through all cases: [Dan. gaas, pl. gjæs; A.S. gôs, pl. gês or gees; Engl. goose, pl. geese; O.H.G. ganzo; Germ. gans, pl. gänse; cp. Lat. anser, dropping the initial; Gr. χήν]:

—a goose, Grág. ii. 346, 347, N.G.L. i. 211 (Js. 78), Korm, 206, Ó.H. 86, Gkv. 1. 16;

heim-gás, a tame goose;

grá-gás, a ‘grey goose,’ wild goose;

brand-gás, q.v.

compds:

gása-fiðri, n. a goose feather, D.N.; mod. gæsa-fjaðrir, etc.

2. gás, cunnus, (i.e., vulva) Fms. xi. 52.

II. Gásir, f. pl. the local name of a harbour in Icel., Landn.

gá-samr, adj. (gá-semi, f.), attentive, Hom. (St.) 62.

gás-haukr, m. a gos-hawk, Edda (Gl.), N.G.L. i. 242, Str., Karl., passim.

gáski, a, m. wild joy.

gás-veiðr, f. goose catching, Vm. 140.

GÁT, f. [gá, gæta], heed, attention, Pass. 21. 4; í ógáti, inadvertently.

gát, n. [geta], a dainty, Lex. Poët.;

mun-gát, q.v., Dan. mundgodt.

GÁTA, u, f. [geta; Dan. gaade; Swed. gåta], a guessing;

til-gáta, a suggestion;

get-gáta, guess-work, but in old writers scarcely used in this sense.

II. a riddle, Stj. 411, Fas. i. 464 sqq.; Icel. bera upp gátu, to ask a riddle; ráða gátu, to read a riddle; hence the saying, myrk er óráðin gáta, mirk (dark) is an unread riddle, cp. Bs. i. 226; koll-gáta, in the phrase, eiga kollgátuna, to guess the riddle; cp. geta í kollinn.

GÁTT, f. [gaatt, Ivar Aasen], the rabbet of a door-sill, against which the door shuts; hann gengr þá útar frá konungi til gáttar, to the door-sill, Jómsv. 12; hence such phrases as, hurð hnigin á gátt, a door shut but not locked, Gísl. 29, Fas. ii. 345; sá gægðisk út hjá gáttinni, Bárð. 171; cp. gætti; hurð á hálfa gátt, a door half open, = á klofa in old writers;

innan-gátta, in-doors, Eb. 302;

utan-gátta, out-of-doors, Stj. 436.

gáttar-tré, n. a door-post, Gþl. 345.

II. in pl. the door-way, the place nearest to the door, Hm. 1; hón lauk upp hurðinni ok stóð í gáttum stund þá, Fb. i. 547.—Gátt is now in Icel. esp. used of the space (esp. in stalls) between the door-post and the wall, hence troða upp í gáttina, to fill up the ‘gatt.’

GEÐ, n. [a Scandin. word, neither found in Ulf., Saxon, nor Germ.; lost in mod. Dan. and Swed.; gje, Ivar Aasen]:

—mind, mood; the old Hm. often uses the word almost = wits, senses; hann stelr geði guma, he steals the wits of men, steeps them in lethargy, 12; vita til síns geðs, to be in one’s senses, 11, 19; heimta aptr sitt geð, of a drunkard, to come to one’s senses again, to awake, 13; vera gætinn at geði, to be on one’s guard, 6; cp. gá (geyma) síns geðs, Fms. vii. 133, x. 10: in pl., lítil eru geð guma, many men have little sense, Hm. 52:—this meaning is obsolete.

2. spirits; uppi er þá geð guma, then folk are in high spirits, Hm. 16.

3. mind; hverju geði styrir gumna hverr, Hm. 17; ok þér er grunr at hans geði, and thou trustest not his mind towards thee, 45.

4. in prose, favour, liking; at Þorgilsi var eigi geð á, whom Th. liked not, Ld. 286; féllsk hvárt öðru vel í geð, they liked one another well, Band. 3, 9; ok þat geð at ek görða mér vísa fjándr at vilöndum, and such grace (engaging mind) that I made open foes into well-wishers, Stor. 23; blanda geði við e-n, to blend souls with one, Hm. 43; hann var vel í geði til Freysteins, he was well disposed to Fr., Fb. i. 255:

—ó-geð, dislike:

—in mod. usage also vigour of mind; Icel. say of a boy, það er ekkert geð í honum, there is no ‘go’ in him, he is a tame, spiritless boy.

compds:

1. denoting character, temper, or the like;

geð-fastr, adj. firm of mind;

geð-góðr, adj. gentle of mood;

geð-íllr, adj. ill-tempered;

geð-lauss, adj. spiritless, tame, Rd. 241, Stj. 424, v.l.;

geð-leysi, n. fickleness, Hom. 24;

geð-mikill and geð-ríkr, adj. choleric;

geð-stirðr, adj. stiff of temper;

geð-styggr, adj. hot-tempered;

geð-veykr, adj. brain-sick, of unsound mind; and geð-veyki, f. hypochondria;

geðs-lag, n., and geðs-munir, m. pl. temper:

or adjectives in inverse order,

bráð-geðja, fljót-geðja, of hasty temper;

harð-geðja, hardy;

laus-geðja, fickle;

lin-geðja, weak-minded, crazy;

stór-geðja, proud;

þung-geðja, hypochondriac.

2. denoting grace, pleasure;

geð-feldr, adj. pleasant;

ó-geðfeldr, unpleasant:

geð-ligr or geðs-ligr, adj. engaging, Sks. 407, Fas. i. 233:

geð-þekkni, f. good-will, content:

geð-þekkr, adj. beloved, dear to one:

geð-þokki, a, m. loveliness, engaging manners.

3. rarely of wit;

geð-spakr, adj. witty (better get-spakr).

4. in many poët. compd adjectives, geð-bjartr, geð-framr, geð-frækn, geð-horskr, geð-hraustr, geð-rakkr, geð-skjótr, geð-snjallr, geð-strangr, geð-svinnr, bold, valiant, and the like, Lex. Poët.

GEDDA, u, f. [cp. gaddr; Swed. gädda; Dan. gjæde], a pike, Edda Gl., Fas. i. 152, 489, Sæm.

geð-ferði,† n. temper, disposition.

geð-fró, f. heartsease, Sks. 114: the name of an Icel. poem.

geðjask, að, dep. to be pleased with, like, Fms. iii. 97; e-m g. vel at e-u, to be well pleased with, Vígl. 25.

geð-mannligr,† adj. fine-looking, portly, Safn i. 63.

GEFA, pret. gaf, 2nd pers. gaft, mod. gafst, pl. gáfu; pres. gef; pret. subj. gæfi; part. gefinn; with neg. suff. gef-at, gaft-attu, Fm. 7; mid. form gáfumk (dabat or dabant mihi, nobis), Stor. 23, Bragi, Edda: [Goth. giban = διδόναι; A.S. gifan; Engl. give; Dutch geven; O.H.G. gepan; Germ. geben; Swed. gifva; Dan. give.]

A. To give, with acc. of the thing, dat. of the person; g. gjafar, to give gifts, Fm. 7, Fms. vii. 40, Nj. 29, Hm. 48; mikit eitt skala manni gefa, 51; hann kvaðsk eingin yxn eiga þau áðr at honum þætti honum gefandi (gerundial, worth giving to him), Rd. 256; hann gaf stórgjafir öllu stórmenni, Ld. 114; hann gaf þeim góðar gjafir at skilnaði, Gísl. 9; Rútr gaf henni hundrað álna, Nj. 7; viltú g. mér þá, 73, 75, 281, passim.

II. to give in payment, to pay; gefa vildim vit þér fé til, we will give thee money for it, Nj. 75; yðr væri mikit gefanda (gerundial) til, at þér hefðit ekki íllt átt við Gunnar, you would have given a great deal not to have provoked Gunnar, 98; ek mun g. þér til Guðrúnu dóttur mína ok féit allt, id.: to lay out, hann gaf sumt verðit þegar í hönd, Gísl. 12; gefa e-t við e-u, to pay for a thing; at þér gefit mjök margra Kristinna manna líf við yðvarri þrályndi, that you will cause the loss of many Christian lives with your stubbornness, Fms. iv. 195; þat er líkara at ek gefa mikit við, Nj. 53; gefa sik við e-u, to give oneself to a thing, attend to, be busy about, mod.: gefa í milli, to discount; hygg at hvat þú gefr í milli tveggja systra, Fms. iv. 195 (hence milli-gjöf, discount).

III. in special sense, to give in matrimony; Njáll bað konu til handa Högna ok var hon honum gefin, Nj. 120; Vígdís var meir gefin til fjár en brautargengis, V. had been more wedded to the money than to her advancement, Ld. 26; segir at dóttir þeirra muni eigi betr verða gefin, 114:

—gefa saman, to betroth, Fms. x. 381:

—in mod. sense to marry, of the clergyman.

2. to give as a dowry, portion; búum þeim er Sveinn hafði gefit til hennar, Fms. x. 310 (hence til-gjöf, dowry); eigi skal ok í klæðum meira heiman gefask með konu en þriðjungr (hence heiman-gjöf, dowry), Gþl. 212:

—so also, gefa í erfðir, to give as inheritance, Bs. i. 285:

—gefa ölmusu, to give alms, Bs. passim; gefa fátækum, to give to the poor, passim.

IV. to give, grant; hann gaf honum vald yfir öllu landi, Fms. i. 18; gefa heimleyfi, to grant ‘home-leave,’ furlough, ix. 474; gefa orlof, ii. 64; gefa grið, to grant a truce to one, pardon, Nj. 165, Fms. ix. 479; gefa e-m líf, to grant one his life, 470.

V. in various phrases; gefa e-m nafn, to give one a name, Nj. 91, Fms. i. 23, Grág. ii. 146; gefa þakkir, to give thanks, Fms. i. 231; gefa e-m tillæti, to indulge one, Nj. 169; gefa e-m rúm, to give place to one, Fms. ii. 254, vi. 195; gefa ráð, to give counsel, advice, Nj. 75, 78; gefa góð orð, to give good words, answer gently; gefa e-m stór orð, to give one big words, Fms. v. 158; gefa slög, to deal blows, ix. 313; gefa gaum at, to give heed to, Nj. 57, Eg. 551; gefa hljóð, to give a hearing, in public speaking, Nj. 230; gefa tóm, to give time, leisure, 98; gefa ró reiði, to calm one’s wrath, 175:

—gefa e-m sök, to bring a charge against, complain of, 82; ok gaf ek þó hjálminum enga sök á því, I did not like the helmet less for that, Ld. 128; at eigi sé mælt, at þú gefir dauðum sök, that thou bringest a charge against a dead man (which was unlawful), Nj. 82; en hvártki okkat gefr þat öðru at sök, neither of us likes the other the less for that, 52; ekki gef ek þér þat at sök þótt þú sér engi bleyðimaðr, 54; engi þorði þó sakir á at gefa, none durst complain, Al. 123; Sigurðr jarl bað konung eigi gefa Þrændum þetta at sök, Fms. i. 57; gefa kæru upp á e-n, to give in a complaint against one, Dipl. ii. 13.

2. gefa sér um …, to give oneself trouble about, take interest in, mostly followed by a noun; gefa sér fátt um e-t, to take coolly; gefa sér mikit um, to take great interest in; Þorfinnr lét gefa honum mat, en gaf sér lítið at honum, but else took little notice of him, Grett. 96; ekki er þess getið, at hann gæfi sér mikit um, that he shewed great interest, Fms. i. 289; mun ek mér ok ekki um þetta gefa, I will let this pass, not take offence at it, Boll. 354; en ef til mín kæmi tveir eða þrír, þá, gaf ek mér ekki um, then I took no notice of it, Fms. ii. 151; konungr gaf sér fátt um þat, Fb. i. 261; hann þóttisk vita hvat keisaranum mislíkaði ok gaf sér þó ekki um at sinni, Fms. vi. 71; ok gáfu sér ekki um viðbúnaðinn, vii. 87; so also, Skúli gaf sér litið at hvat biskup sagði, S. troubled himself little at what the bishop said, Bs. i. 873:

—akin is the mod. phrase, eg gef ekki um það, I do not want it; gefðu ekki um það, do not care for it, mind it not; eg gaf ekki um að sjá það, I did not want to see it, etc.

3. gefa staðar, to stop; lét hann þá staðar gefa róðrinn, he stopped rowing, Fms. vi. 384; konungr gaf staðar ok hlýddi til frásagnar þeirra, viii. 400; ok þá er sá íss gaf staðar ok rann eigi, Edda 3; ok þeir gefa eigi stað ferðinni fyrr en þeir kómu norðr, 151 (pref.); svá at staðar gaf (MS. naf) höndin við sporðinn, 40.

VI. to give out, deal out; hón bað gefa sér drekka, bade give him to drink, Eg. 604: to give a dose, gefa e-m eitr, Al. 156:

—absol. to give fodder to cattle, gefa göltum, Hkv. 2. 37; gefa nautum, kúm, hestum, Sturl. ii. 42, Gísl. 28:

—gefa á, to dash over, of sea-water, cp. ágjöf: to pour water on, var gluggr á ofninum syá at útan mátti á gefa, Eb. 134; síðan lét hann gefa útan á baðit í glugg, 136; gefa á ker, to fill a goblet, Clar.: metaph. to press on, gefr Ormr þá á, Fb. i. 530 (in wrestling).

VII. with prepp.,

—fyrir-gefa, to forgive, freq. in mod. usage, but scarcely found in old writers; so also gefa til, cp. Dan. tilgive, D.N., vide Safn i. 96, (rare and obsolete):

—gefa upp, to give up; gefa upp gamalmenni, to give old people up, let them starve, Fms. ii. 225; gefa upp föður eða móður, 227; bændr báðu hann gefa upp eyna, Grett. 145: to remit, en þó vil ek nú upp gefa þér alla leiguna, Nj. 128; gaf honum upp reiði sína, Fms. x. 3, 6; ok gefit oss upp stórsakir, ii. 33; Brján konungr gaf upp þrysvar útlögum sínum inar sömu sakir, Nj. 269: absol., hvárt vilit þér gefa honum upp, pardon him, 205; gefa upp alla mótstöðu, to give up all resistance, Fms. ix. 322; gefa sik upp, to give oneself up, surrender, i. 198; þá gefum vér upp várn stað, 104; gefa upp ríki, konungdóm, to give up the kingdom, abdicate, resign, x. 4, xi. 392: to give up, hand over to one, Magnús konungr gaf honum upp Finnferðina með slíkum skildaga, vii. 135; ek vil gefa ykkr upp búit at Varmalæk, Nj. 25; allir hafa þat skaplyndi at gefa þat fyrst upp er stolit er, 76: to give up, leave off, gefa upp leik, to give up playing, Fas. iii. 530; gefa upp horn, Fms. vi. 241: to exhaust, empty, upp ætlu vér nú gefnar gersimar yðrar, vii. 197.

B. Impers., a naut. term; e-m gefr byri, byr (acc. pl. or sing.), one gets a fair wind; gaf þeim byr ok sigla þeir í haf, Nj. 4; gaf þeim vel byri, 138; er þeir vóru búnir ok byr gaf, Eg. 99: so also absol. with or without dat. of the person, gaf kaupmönnum burt af Grænlandi, the sailors got a wind off Greenland, so as to sail from it, Fb. iii. 454; því at eigi gaf suðr lengra, Fms. ii. 185; gaf þeim vel, ix. 268; gaf honum ílla, x. 4; gaf honum eigi austan, Nj. 63: so in the saying, svo gefr hverjum sem hann er góðr.

2. in other phrases, to get a chance; ef færi (acc.) gefr á, if you get a chance, Nj. 266; halda njósnum, nær bezt gæfi færi á honum, to keep a look-out, when there was best chance to get at him, 113; til þess gefr nú vel ok hógliga, ’tis a fair and easy opportunity for that, Al. 156; mæltu menn at honum hafði vel gefit til (had good luck) um hefndina, Fms. vii. 230; ef yðr (dat.) gefr eigi missýni í þessu máli, if you are not mistaken in this matter, Fbr. 32; gaf þeim glámsýni (q.v.) er til vóru komnir, Sturl. i. 179, Stj. 401; þá gaf mér sýn, then I beheld (in a vision), Fms. vii. 163; þat gaf öllum vel skilja, it was clear for all to understand, it lay open to all, vi. 70; e-m gefr á að líta, one can see, i.e. it is open and evident.

C. Reflex., gefask vel (ílla), to shew oneself, prove good (bad); það sé ván at þú gefisk honum eigi vel, er þú gefsk öllum öðrum mönnum ílla, Nj. 32; eigi deilir litr kosti ef þú gefsk vel, 78; hversu gafsk Björn þér, Kári, 265; opt hafa mér vel gefisk yður ráð, your counsels have often proved good to me, Ld. 252; hefir þeim þat ok aldri vel gefisk (it has never turned out well) í þessu landi, Fms. vii. 22; ílla gefask ílls ráð, a saying, Nj. 20; hétu allir góðu um at gefask vel (i.e. to fight manfully), Fms. vii. 262:

—to happen, turn out, come to pass, sem síðan gafsk, x. 416; svá honum gafsk, so it turned out for him, Sl. 20; ok svá gæfisk, ef eigi hefði Guð þá sína miskun til sent, and so it would have come to pass, unless …, Fms. x. 395:

—gefsk mér svá, it seems to me so, methinks it is so, Karl. 290, 308 (vide A. V. 2. above); þat allsheri at undri gefsk, to all people it is a wonder, Ad. 18; e-m er e-t svá gefit, to be so and so disposed, to think so and so of a thing; ef þér er þetta svá gefit sem þú segir, Fms. v. 236; svá er mér gefit, son minn, at ek em þér fegin orðin, Ó.H. 33; sagði hann at svá mundi jarli gefit, Fms. ix. 244; en svá ætla ek flestum lendum mönnum gefit, at eigi munu skiljask frá Skúla jarli, 429, v.l.; þyki mér ok sem svá muni flestum gefit, at fé sé fjörvi firr, Ld. 266; en þat mun þó mestu um stýra hversu Þórdísi er um gefit, 302; síðan talaði konungr þetta mál við systur sína, ok spurði hversu henni væri um þetta gefit, Fms. ii. 221: of the gifts of nature, mikill máttr er gefinn goðum várum, Nj. 132; ok er þat mál manna, at henni hafi allt verit ílla gefit þat er henni var sjálfrátt, i.e. that she was a bad woman in everything of her own making (but well gifted by nature), 268; ok svá er sagt at honum hafi flestir hlutir höfðinglegast gefnir verit, 254.

2. with prepp.,

—gefask upp, to give up, give in, surrender, Nj. 64, 124, Eg. 79: mod. to lose one’s breath: upp gefinn, upset; eigi þykjumk ek upp gefinn þó at ek sjá smávofur, Grett. 112; eigi þyki mér vit upp gefnir, ef vit veitumk at, 131; en þó at þeir feðgar sé ríkir menn, þá eru vér þó ekki upp gefnir fyrir þeim, Fb. ii. 195: in mod. usage, exhausted, having lost one’s breath, eg er uppgefinn; also of a horse, hann gafsk upp, harm er stað-uppgefinn:

—e-m gefsk yfir, to do wrong, commit a fault, fail; þat mæla menn at þessi hlutr hafi konunginum yfir gefisk helzt, Fms. xi. 283; ef göfgum mönnum gáfusk stórir hlutir yfir, if the noble gave gross offence, did evil things, Bs. i. 107; engi er svá vitr at eigi gefisk yfir nokkut sinn, Karl. 451:

—to give oneself to one, gefask Kristi, N.G.L. i. 339; gefsk þú hánum þá í dag með Guði, Nj. 157; gefask á vald e-s, to give oneself into another’s power, Fms. ix. 479.

II. recipr. to give to one another; gefask gjöfum, Bret. 48; gáfusk þeir gjöfum áðr þeir skildu, Bs. i. 274.

III. part. gefinn, given to a thing, in a spiritual sense, devout; g. fyrir bækr, lestr, smíðar, etc., given to books, reading, workmanship, etc.

gefendr, part. pl. givers, Hm. 2, Grág. ii. 169.

gefins, adv. gratis, (mod.)

gefja, u, f. [Gael. gwayw], a missile, Edda (Gl.)

Gefjon, f. the name of the goddess, Yngl. S. ch. 1, Edda ch. 1; in the Middle Ages the Icel. used to render Diana by Gefjon, e.g. mikil er G. gyðja, great is the goddess Diana, 655 xvi. B, Acts xix. 28; hof Gefjonar = Lat. templum Dianas, Bret. 20 note, passim: rarely = Venus, Stj. 90, or = Minerva, Bret. 20:

—name of a woman, Dropl. 36.

Gefn, f., poët. name of the goddess Freyja, Edda 21; prop. a giver, in poët. periphr. descriptions of women, Lex. Poët.

gefna-geð, n. even temper, good temper, Sks. passim.

gegða,† u, f. a loose woman, Edda (Lauf.)

geggjast, að, dep. to get out of joint;

geggjaðr, part. disordered.

GEGN, adv., old form gögn, with dat. [not found in Ulf., who uses and and viþra; A.S. gegn in compds; Engl. gain- (in gain-say), a-gain; Germ. gegen; Dan. igjen; Swed. gen: cp. the adj. gegn]:

—against, right opposite; í gegn vindi sem forvindis, Bs. i. 22; gegn veðri, Bjarn. 52; sjá í gegn sólu, to look straight at the sun, Fms. viii. 114; þeir áttu at vega í gegn jelinu, xi. 136.

2. metaph. against, contrary to; Örn var til móts, en mestr hluti manna honum í gegn, voted against him, Ld. 74; rísa í gegn e-m, Fms. i. 221; í gegn slíku ofrefli, viii. 29; í gegn eðli, against nature, Bs. i. 335; þat eitt er eigi mæli því í gegn, which is not contrary to it, Grág. i. 7; ok mælti því manngi í gegn, Íb. 17, Anecd. 72: in medic. sense, þar eru alls-kyns tré ok aldin í gegn (against) meinum manna, Eluc. 24, (rare.)

β. absol. or ellipt., svá bjartr at þeir þorðu eigi í gegn at vega, Fms. v. 161; þó vörðusk þeir eigi né í gegn hjöggu, 655 xi. 1: so the law phrase, ganga í gegn e-u, to avow or meet a charge; mod. to gainsay, deny, vide ganga.

γ. þar er vígt í gegn þeim öllum, Grág. ii. 9; skalat húsum skipta í gegn land, i.e. land shall not be exchanged against houses, 256.

3. [Engl. again], in turn; hann sendi rit Drottni ok tók við í gegn af honum, 623. 52; en þeir hétu honum gulli í gegn, Sl. 21; þar í gegn (again, Germ. dagegen), Stj. 76; grát at gamni skaltú í gögn hafa (in turn), Skm. 30.

GEGN, adj. [North. E. and Scot. gone; Swed. gen; Dan. gjen:—akin to the adv. gegn; cp. gagn-, gegnt, gegnum]:

—prop. ‘gane,’ short; hinn gegnsta veg, Mar. 545; a ‘gane’ way, the ‘ganest’ road are found in Old Engl. and Scot., and still remain in the northern provinces; cp. the prefix gagn- signf. B, and gegnt.

II. metaph. ‘gane,’ i.e. ready, serviceable, kindly, a usage also found in old North. E. and Scot., vide Jamieson; gegn ok sannorðr, Band. 10; gegn ok öruggr, ‘gane’ and steady, Fs. 129; gegn ok vitr, Fms. v. 194; gegn ok úskapbráðr, ‘gane’ and good-tempered, Sturl. iii. 126; gegn ok gæfr, ‘gane’ and gentle, Grett. 90; gegn ok góðfengr, 92: in poët. compds, bráð-gegn, fjöl-gegn, frið-gegn, hvar-gegn, hyggju-gegn, ráð-gegn, i.e. good, wise, gentle, Lex. Poët.;

ó-gegn, ‘ungainly,’ ungentle.

gegna, d, [Germ. begegnen, cp. gegn, the adv.], to go against, meet, encounter; hann hafði þar mikit lið ok skyldi g. Birkibeinum, Fms. vii. 324; g. þeim er á sund hlaupa, ix. 22; skyldu þeir g. um njósnir ok annask vegu alla, Sturl. iii. 236.

II. metaph.,

1. to meet an engagement, to pay, discharge; ef hann á bú, þótt hann gegni eigi tillögum, though he pays no rates, Grág. i. 160; þá á hón at g. þriðjungi (take the third part of the charges) fyrir ómaga þeirra, 337; ok skal hann þá g. (account, redress) við hinn ef landsleigur væri minni en verðit, ii. 239: as a law term, of a duty, to meet, discharge; but also of rights, to be entitled to; þá g. börn beggja arfi, N.G.L. i. 33; ok g. réttum öllum, 55; g. kostnaði, Fms. viii. 371: to pay, g. þingfarar-kaupi, Grág. passim, Ísl. ii. 344, Íb. ch. 10; g. skyldu sinni, to do one’s duty:

—g. líkum, ok syngja sálu-messu, to meet the bodies, of the officiating clergyman, N.G.L. i. 390.

2. to suit one, be meet for one; velit þat er yðr gegnir, choose what best suits you, 623. 30; leyfi þér honum at fara sem honum gegnir bezt, Nj. 10, Fms. viii. 102; þat man bezt g. (be meetest) at þín ráð sé höfð, Nj. 24, Fs. 155; kjöri hann þat af er betr gegndi, Fms. i. 202; mun þat betr g., it will do better, iv. 209; ok mun mér þat allvel g., 237; hve ílla mönnum gegndi (how ill it suited men) at fara, Íb. 8; þann kost er þér gegnir verr, Fs. 134; þá gegnir þat, it is fit, Sks. 433.

3. to signify, mean, matter; ok spurði, ef hann vissi nökkut hverju gegndi, if he knew what was the matter, Eg. 53; spurðu hverju at gegndi um ferðir hans, Rd. 237; spurði, hverju gegndi úgleði sú er hann hafði, asked, what his sadness meant, Eg. 518; spyrr, hverju gegndi þyss sjá eða kliðr, Gísl. 56; sumir maeltu í móti, ok kváðu öngu g., some denied it, and said it went for nothing, Nj. 25; Háls kvað þat mundu öngu g., Rd. 237; það gegnir furðu, it means a wonder, it is astonishing; hví gegnir (what means?) þetta atkvæði? 656 B. 5; er helzt sá at ráði gegndi, i.e. where he saw that there was reason in it, Fms. vii. 257; g. tíðendum, to be of importance, of great consequence; séð hefi ek þat er ek ætla tíðendum muni g., Ld. 272; meir en hófi gegnir, more than is due, above measure, Fms. vii. 132; er viti gegnir, which has sense or meaning, Al. 6; um hluti þá er íþróttum gegndi, which imply or can be called art, Ó.H. 102:

—of numbers, to amount to, svá at mörgum hundruðum gegndi, so that it amounted to several hundreds, by many hundreds, Fas. iii. 356; svá náttum gegndi, i.e. several nights, Ld. 304, v.l.; at degi einum vas fleira en heilum vikum gegndi í tveim misserum, i.e. that in a year there is one day over the complete number of weeks, Íb. 7: with gen. (rare), mér þyki tvennra vandræða g., it is a double difficulty, i.e. on both sides, Grett. 143 A.

4. to answer, reply, freq. in mod. usage, with dat. of the person and the reply; hann gegnir öngu, he gives no reply; hann gegnir mér ekki, he does not answer me.

β. to yield, be obedient; hann gegnir öngum, he obeys none, is cross and disobedient, freq. in mod. usage.

gegnd, f. moderation, reason; það er engi gegnd í því, ’tis unreasonable;

ó-gegnd, excess; í ó-gegnd, excessively; það er mesta ó-gegnd, id.:

gegndar-ligr, adj. (gegndar-liga, adv.), = gegniligr;

gegndar-lauss, adj. (gegndar-leysi, n.), unreasonable, exorbitant.

gegn-görð, f. a Norse law term, ‘harbouring the king,’ a tax, D.N.

gegni-ligr, adj. (gegni-liga, adv.), ‘gainly,’ meet, due, Vígl. 32, Sturl. ii. 63; vide the adj. gegn.

gegning f. = gegnd, Band. 3, Fms. ii. 88.

gegn-ligr, adj. straight, Sks. 4: metaph. = the adj. gegn II, Hom. 69.

gegnt, adv.:

I. almost like a prep. with dat. opposite to, = gagnvart, q.v.; Laugabær stendr gegnt Tungu, Ld. 122; í öndvegi gegnt konungi, Eg. 304; yfir gegnt þeim á brekkunni, Ísl. ii. 200; gegnt rekkju þeirri er Kjartan var vanr at liggja í, Ld. 202; í öðru öndvegi g. honum, Ó.H. 43; gegnt Hofi, Sd. 142: vóru þá komnir mjök svá þar gegnt, Nj. 247.

II. really as adv. straight; svá gegnt (so straight, with so good an aim) at í sitt auga kom hver örin, Fas. i. 271.

2. compar. gegnra or gegnara, more straight; gegnra skauztu í sumar, Fms. viii. 140; hann mun miklu lengra skjóta ok gegnara, ii. 266.

3. superl. gegnst, [Swed. genast = at once; Dan. gjennest], the ‘ganest,’ shortest way; hann stefnir þegar et gegnsta, the ‘ganest’ way, Ld. 240; ok it gegnsta reið hann til Þyrils, Ísl. ii. 109; ok skal gerða it gegnsta þar, Grág. ii. 264; for Öngull þar á land sem honum þótti gegnast (‘ganest,’ shortest), Grett. 155 A.

β. metaph. meetest, most right or just; spyrja vitrir menn hvat gegnast muni í þessu máli, Ld. 80: cp. the adj. gegn.

GEGNUM, adv., old form gögnum rhyming to Rögn, Orkn. 80: [this word seems not to be found in Germ. and Saxon, but Dan. igjennem, Swed. genom; cp. gagn-, gegn]:

—through, with acc.; laust gögnum súluna, gögnum Geirröð ok gögnum vegginn, Edda 61; holtriða hver í gegnum, Hým. 27; súlur í gögnum, 29; hann hljóp báðum fótum gögnum skipit, Edda 36; gögnum hellu mikla, 20; ok renndi svá í g. hann, El. 15; Gerzkan mann skýtr hann í gegnum með gafloki, Al. 40; ef þú leggr í gögnum báða skjölduna, El. 12; flaug skotið í gögnum hann, Edda 37; brjóta nýja ósa í gögnum fjöru manns, Grág. ii. 354; í gegnum skjöldinn, Nj. 84; en ek þykjumk sjá allt í gegnum þá er ek kem í land, 134; ok gókk þegar í gegnum, 262; í gegnum eyjarnar, Eg. 251; út í g. vegginn, 398; ef hval rekr í g. merkiósa, Grág. ii. 353, Fms. i. 217; ganga gegnum fylkingar, to go right through the ranks, Fms. xi. 131; í g. Danmörk, through Denmark, A.A. 288; settar gullknöppum í gegnum niðr, all through, Eg. 516; ek vil ísinn láta höggva í g. út, all along, all through, Fms. viii. 416; hence adverb., út í gegn, all through, from beginning to end.

II. temp., allan dag í gegnum, all the day long, Fms. xi. 27; allan vetr í gögnum, all the winter long, Orkn. 80; haustnótt gögnum, all through the autumn night, Fms. vi. (in a verse).

GEIFLA, að, [cp. A.S. geaflas = grinders], to mumble with the lips; gömlum kennu vér nú Goðanum at g. á saltinu, see how we teach the old Godi to mumble the salt, Bs. i. 25;—it was usual to put salt into the mouth of neophytes when baptized as a symbol of the words (Matth. v. 13) ‘ye are the salt of the earth,’ vide Bingham’s Origg. iv. 39:

—metaph. to mutter, þótt þú geiflir slíkt, Grett. 116 (MS.):

—geifla sig, to make a wry mouth as if about to cry.

geiga, að, to take a wrong direction, to rove at random, of a bolt or the like; ok geigaði á fluginu, Grett. 124; hann skaut tveimr örum eðr þremr ok geigaði þat allt, Sturl. ii. 135; eigi veit hvar óskytja ör geigar, none can tell where a shaft ill-shot may stray to, Fms. vii. 262, Fas. ii. 358, (a saying.)

2. láta augun g., to look askance, Hom. (St.)

geig-orðr, adj. caustic, sarcastic, Nj. 38, v.l.

GEIGR, m. a scathe, serious hurt; ef þeir fá geig af vápnum sínum, Nj. 115; vinna, veita, göra e-m geig, to hurt one, 253, Fms. xi. 119; at óstyrk kona skyldi geig göra mega svá miklum sel, that she should have been able to cause death to so big a seal, Bs. i. 335; eigi vilda ek þér geig hafa gört, Njarð. 378; en þess varð aldregi víst, hverr honum hafði geig veittan, who had slain him, Orkn. 376, Fbr. (in a verse); ef kirkju verðr geigr af eldi, K.Þ.K. 48.

2. danger; er þat enn mesti geigr, Ld. 238, Fms. vii. 270; en mér þótti þú stýra oss til ens mesta geigs, Hkr. ii. 222; at eigi veitti hann þau áhlaup í bræði sinni er geig setti, 686 B. 1; sagði at þá væri búit við geig mikinn með þeim feðgum, Eg. 158.

3. a squint, a leer; geigr er þér í augum, Nj. in a ditty.

compds:

geigr-ligr, adj., poët. dangerous, Lex. Poët.

geigr-skot, better geig-skot, n. a deadly shot; in the phrase, at skjóta g. í móti e-m, to shoot the death bolt against one, i.e. to seek to take one’s life, Fb. ii. 353, Fms. v. 76.

geigr-þing, n. a dangerous meeting, battle, Hallfred; better in two words.

geig-vænliga, adv. dangerously, Bs. i. 343.

geig-vænligr, adj. dangerous, fatal, Fas. iii. 123, Hom. 39, Fms. xi. 132, Finnb. 346.

GEIL, f. [cp. gil, a chasm]:

—a narrow glen; geilar þær sem ganga fyrir framan Titlingshól, Vm. 156, Fms. viii. 409, Nj. 114, Gísl. 136; geilar þreyngar at ríða at bænum, Orkn. 450;

gras-geilar, grassy ‘gills,’ Hrafn. 20; Hrossa-geilar, id.

II. any narrow passage, e.g. a shaft through a hay-rick or the narrow lane between hay-ricks or houses.

compds:

geila-garðr, m. a ‘glen-formed’ fence, a walk, id.;

geilagarðs-hlið, n. a gate in a fence, Sturl. ii. 247; skal geilar göra af mönnum (defile of men) heim at kirkjugarðs-hliði, Bs. i. 291: göra e-m geilar, a law phrase, to let (a thief) run the gauntlet, N.G.L. i. 253, passim;

hafs-geil, the sea-lane, through which the host of Pharaoh passed, Stj. 287, cp. Exod. xiv. 23.

GEIMI, a, m., mod. geimr, m., poët. the main, the sea, Edda (Gl.); skaut jörð ór geima, Edda Ht. 13: in mod. usage geimr means a vast empty space; himin-geimr, the universe, the air, ether; háfa skilr hnetti himingeimr, Jónas 167: the popular phrase, spyrja e-n útí alla heima og geima, to speer (ask) freely about everything.

GEIP, n. idle talk, nonsense, in mod. usage esp. foolish exaggeration, Nj. 214, Fms. ii. 286, Karl. 478.

geipa, að, to talk nonsense, Fms. v. 333, 341, Sturl. i. 206, Gísl. 99.

geipan, f. brag, nonsense, Sturl. i. 207, Lv. 60, Glúm. 342.

geir-fálki, a, m. [a for. word; mid. Lat. gyrfalco], a gerfalcon, H.E. i. 391, N.G.L. ii. 471.

geir-fugl, m. alca impennis, Edda (Gl.); hence

Geirfugla-sker, n. a local name in Icel.

geir-hvalr, m. a kind of whale, Sks. 124, Edda (Gl.)

GEIRI, a, m. [Engl. goar or gore; Germ. gebre], a goar or triangular strip, Orkn. 374 (in a verse), freq.;

land-geiri, a goar of land;

gras-geirar, grass strips among rocks;

set-geiri, a goar let into breeches.

II. a pr. name, Landn.

III. fire, poët., Edda (Gl.)

geir-laukr, m. garlic, Edda (Gl.), Gkv. 1. 18.

geir-nagli, a, m. the nail fastening a spear’s head to the shaft, Grett. 123, Gþl. 105, Fas. i. 239, Gísl. 11.

geir-nefr, m., and geir-nyt, f. a fish, chimaera monstrosa Linn.: a sea-rat, Eggert Itin. 598.

GEIRR, m. [A.S. gâr; Hel. gêr; O.H.G. keir, whence kesja, q.v.; cp. also Lat. gaesum, a Teut.-Lat. word]:

—a spear, Edda 41, Fms. i. 177, Hm. 15, 37, Hkv. 1. 15, Hbl. 40; Odin is represented wielding a geir, called Gungnir, as are also the Valkyrjur; marka sik geirs-oddi, to mark oneself in the breast with a spear’s point, so as to make blood flow, was a heathen rite whereby warriors on their death-bed devoted themselves to Odin; it was the common belief that a man who died a natural death was not admitted into Valhalla after death; this rite is only mentioned in mythical Sagas such as Yngl. S. ch. 10; cp. also Gautr. S. ch. 7.—þá stakk Starkaðr sprotanum á konungi ok mælti, nú gef ek þik Óðni: the origin of this rite is in Hm., where Odin himself is represented as hanging on the tree Yggdrasil ‘wounded with a spear and given to Odin, myself to myself;’ some trace it to a Christian origin, which is not very likely. Again, the cruel blóðörn (q.v.) is no doubt connected with this kind of sacrifice to Odin.

II. a pr. name, and also in many compds, Sig-geirr, Þór-geirr, Ás-geirr, Vé-geirr (the holy spear), and Geir-hildr, Geir-ríðr, Geir-mundr, Geir-laug, Geir-röðr, and many others, vide Landn. Geira, u, f. a pr. name, Landn.

geir-síl, n. a kind of herring, Edda (Gl.)

geir-skaft, n. a spear-shaft, N.G.L. i. 144.

geir-varta, u, f. the nipple, of a man, Rb. 346, Sturl. i. 41, Ld. 136, 140, Fs. 145: of a woman, less correctly, Mar. 603.

geis, n. [M. H. G. gis = yeast], boasting, Fbr. 99 new Ed.

GEISA, að, [Ulf. gaisjan or usgaisjan means to be alarmed, astonished; mid. Germ. gise and Swed. gäsa = to ferment; cp. Engl. yeast]:

—to chafe, rage, of fire, Vsp. 57; láta gráðugan loga geisa, Mar. 530; hón (an excited lady) geisaði mjök, Nj. 57; látum Gamminn geisa, of a ship under sail, 135 (in a ditty); þeirra ofsi geisar hátt, their insolence runs high, Edda 146 (pref.); hversu sunnarlega geisar ríki föður þíns, Bær. 13; ofarr lét Grettir g. saxit í fyrra, Grett. 99 new Ed. Cod. Ups.

II. to be panic-stricken, a notion which only appears in the word geiski: cp. geysask.

geisan, f. impetuosity, Band. 9.

geiski, a, m. panic, fear, Fas. i. 193, where spelt gyzki.

geiska-fullr, adj. frightened, of a hunted deer, Hkv. 2. 35.

GEISL, m. (gísli, Fb. ii. 273, less correctly), [cp. O.H.G. geisila, mid. and mod. Germ. geissel, a scourge]:

—the staff used by men sliding in snow shoes, O.H.L. 153.

2. the short ribs, costae, Björn.

geisla, að, to shed rays, Sks. 206, Fms. iii. 51, v. 341, Sl. 42; geislaði af meyjunni, it beamed from the maid, she shed rays of light, Mar. 618: metaph. to shed, Magn. 428.

GEISLI, a, m.

1. prop. a beam, staff, = geisl; but only used,

2. metaph. a beam, ray, of the sun, Rb. 472, Fas. i. 516, Hkv. 1. 15, Hom. 128;

sólar-geisl, a sun-beam;

ár-geisl, morning-beam, poët.:

the eye is called brá-geisli, brow-beam, Korm.

Geisla-dagr, m. ‘Beam-day;’ it is prob. a rendering of Epiphany, though it is not used of that very day, which is called Þrettándi, but of the seventh day after, viz. the 13th of January.

geislung, f. = gísling, Fas. i. 5 (badly).

GEISPA, að, [Engl. to gasp; Dan. gispe; Swed. gäspa], to yawn, Nj. 20, Fas. i. 11, Fms. x. 204, Fb. i. 259.

geispi, a, m. a yawn, Fms. vi. 199.

GEIT, f., gen. geitar, pl. geitr, [Goth. gaitei; A.S. gât; Engl. goat; Germ. geiz; Swed. get; Dan. geed; Lat. hoedus]:

—a she-goat (the he-goat is hafr), Grág. i. 418, 503, Hkv. 1. 42, 2. 35, Skm. 35, Rm. 12, Gm. 25, Edda 24, 46, passim;

stein-geit, the steinbock or wild goat.

2. metaph. a coward (cp. Engl. hare); hann er mesta geit, he is a ‘frightened hare,’ cp. Grett. ch. 8, Valla L. 212:—this metaphor is taken from the skógar-geit or roebuck, Fms. ii. 309, Hkv. 2. 35.

compds:

geitar-hár, n. goat’s hair, Stj. 306.

geitar-horn, n. a goat’s horn, Fms. vii. 156.

geitar-hugr, m. a she-goat’s courage, cowardice, Fms. x. 351.

geita-hús, n. a goat’s fold, Ó.H. 15, Njarð. 374, Grett. 150 A.

geita-kúgildi, n. a cow’s value paid in goats, Am. 50.

geitar-skegg, n. a goat’s beard, Fms. iii. 94.

geita-sveinn, m. a goat-boy, goat-herd, Fas. i. 139.

geit-belgr, m. a goat-skin (blown up), Rd. 245 (a nickname),

geit-bjálfi, a, m. a goat-skin coat, Fas. iii. 621.

geit-fé, n. collective noun, like Lat. pecus, Fas. iii. 383.

geit-héðinn, m. a goat-skin jacket, Nj. 211; a pr. name, Bs. i.

geit-sauðr, m. much the same as geitfé, Grág. i. 503; gener. she-goats, Stj. 45.

geit-skinn, n. a goat-skin, Stj. 470: goat-skins were used by sorcerers, Nj. 20; hence the phrase, vefja geitskinni at höfði e-m, to hoodwink one.

geit-staka, u, f. a goat-skin, Fas. iii. 502.

II. botan.,

geitna-njóli, a, m. aegopodium.

geitna-skóf, n. lichen proboscideus, Hjalt.

geit-skór, m. ‘goat-shoe,’ the willow-weed, epilobium, Ivar Aasen: a nickname, Íb. ch. 2.

III. medic. geitr, only in pl., scurvy in the head from vermin, Fas. i. 9.

geitir, m., poët. a giant: a pr. name, Landn.

geitla, u, f. angelica sylvestris, Hjalt.

geitungr, m. [Swed. geting; Dan. geding], a wasp; in Edda (Gl.) wrongly rendered as a bird.

GELDA, d, mod. t, [root in Goth. gilþa = a sickle], to geld, Grág. i. 301, Edda 149 (pref.), Sturl. ii. 69, 181, Fms. vii. 185, Hkv. 1. 39.

II. part. geldr (geltr), Hkv. Hjörv. 20.

geldask, t, dep. to become barren, yield no milk.

geld-fé, n. a barren sheep (cp. geldær), Grág. i. 416, 421, Eg. 740, Vm. 87.

compds:

geldfjár-afréttr, geldfjár-hagar, m., geldfjár-höfn, f. pasture for geldfé, Vm. 60, 80, Grág. ii. 326.

geldfjár-kúgildi, n. a cow’s value paid in geldfé, Vm. 34, Jb. 361.

geldfjár-rekstr, m. = geldfjárhöfn, Grág. ii. 327, Jb. 284, Dipl. iv. 9.

geldfjár-samnaðr, m. a flock of geldfé, Grág. i. 416.

geld-fénaðr, m. = geldfé, Dipl. v. 7.

geld-hestr, m. a gelded horse, gelding, Vm. 18.

gelding, f. a gelding, Grág. i. 419.

geldinga-maðr, m. = geldir.

geldingr, m. a wether, Grág. i. 502, 503, Nj. 26, Ísl. ii. 330, Vm. 58–60, Sturl. i. 81, Band. 4, Rd. 299, Þorst. Stang. 51, passim; also in local names, Landn., Bs.

geldinga-hús, n. a fold for wethers, Rd. 235.

II. an eunuch, K.Á. 120, Al. 57, Stj. 195.

geldir, m. a gelder;

hesta-geldir, a nickname, Landn.

geld-mjólk, f. adj.; g. kýr, a barren cow (Swed. gall-ko), Grág. i. 502.

geld-neyti, n. barren neat (cattle), Ld. 98, Vm. passim.

GELDR, adj. [Swed. gall], barren, yielding no milk, Grág. i. 502, 503, Vm. 33.

geld-ær, f. a barren ewe (Scot. gelt gimmer, Jamieson), Vm. 168.

GELGJA, u, f. [akin to gálgi], the cheek bones of a fish;

gelgju-bein, n. the small bones in the gelgja; hence

gelgju-legr or gelgju-leitr, adj. haggard-looking, pinched in the face.

II. mythol. the name of the tack or pin belonging to the chain whereby the wolf Fenrir was fastened, F. Edda 221, cp. 20.

GELLA, d, [A.S. gellan], to yell, esp. of wild beasts, Hkr. i. 229, Ísl. ii. 170, Karl. 140, Bs. ii. 10.

gellini, a, m. a nickname, Ó.H.

gellir, m. a yeller, a nickname, Landn.: a bull, Edda (Gl.)

gellungr, m. = geldingr, D.I. i. 257.

gelt, n. barking.

GELTA, t, (cp. gella), to yell; prop. of dogs, to bark; þeir gjölltu sem hundar, Fas. iii. 623: gelta and gelt are now the current words in Icel., but scarcely occur in old writers, as Hm. 86 is a mod. interpolation.

GEMLA, u, f. a stump, worn out tooth, in the mouth of old people, Bjarn. 186; but also of teeth in the mouth of new-born babes, called skálda-gemlur, ‘poet-grinders,’ from the old saying that a child born with teeth will become a poët. Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 5.

gemlingr, m. (dimin. gemsi, a, m.), a year old (gamal) sheep, Sd. 154.

gemlir, m., poët. the old, an eagle, Lex. Poët.: in mythol. names as Ör-gemlingr, cp. Germ. ur-alt, Edda, Lex. Poët.

GEMS, n. a gibe, scoff, Fbr. 169, Sturl. iii. 80, Bs. i. 649, Band. (MS.) 19, where masc.

gemsa, að, to gibe, scoff.

gemsan, f. gibing, Bs. i. 649.

gems-mikill, adj., full of gibes, Sturl. iii. 69.

gemsungr, m. a giber, Sturl. iii. 262.

GENGI, n. [ganga], good luck, success; in the saying, án er ílls gengis (íllt gengi) nema heiman hafi, ill luck is homebred, is one’s own making, Nj. 27, Dropl. 23, Ísl. ii. 144, Gísl. 63; or, áni er ílls gengis, áni used substantively (vide án, p. 43); ok várt g. vaxa, and promote our success, Þórð. 64:

—help, support, várt g. eðr liðsinni, Fb. ii. 126, 131; afla sér gengis, to gather troops, Fms. x. 394; g. Þrænzkra drengja, g. goða, g. Norðmanna, Hallfred, Hkm. 3, 10; vígs-gengi, helping sword in hand, Ld. 224; heita e-m gengi sínu, Fms. viii. 151: victory = gagn, Lex. Poët.: the saying, vex (göfgask) hverr af gengi, good luck makes a man’s fame, Edda Ht. 26, Mkv. 12: Icel. also say, vera í góðu (miklu) gengi, to enjoy fame, popularity; vera í litlu g., to be of small reputation.

gengi-legr, adj. passable, Vellekla.

gengr, adj. able to walk, Grág. ii. 33, Fms. vii. 208, Landn. 226:

—passable, fit to walk, Bs. i. 322; ó-gengr, unfit to walk or impassable; íll-gengilegr, bad to pass, of ice, crags, or the like:

—the phrase, eiga heiman-gengt, to be able to go from home, i.e. to have leisure, Fbr. 17 new Ed.; eg á ekki heiman-gengt, ílla heiman-gengt, etc.:

—of money, good, D.N.

genja, u, f. [gana], an ἅπ. λεγ.: poët. an axe, Edda (Gl.): the name of a ship, Branda-genja, Sturl. ii. 166: the nickname of a woman, id.

GENTA, u, f. a girl; a special Norse word not used in Icel. and not found in old writers earlier than the 14th or 15th century, unless ‘getta’ in the verse in Hálfs S. be the same or kindred word; hvað líðr nú grautnum, genta, Fas. iii. 382, 389, 393 (Eg. Einh. S.), is the only passage where it is used in Icel. writers. In many languages the equivalents are curious, Engl. girl, Swed. flicka, Norse genta (proncd. yenta, vide Asbjörnsen’s Tales), Icel. stúlka, Dan. pige,—all words that baffle etymologers. The Germans seem to have no such word, as mädchen and mädel are plain enough. The Lapps have ganda = a girl, which may be the origin of genta.

gepill, m. a little ill-shaped spoon, spón-gepill; akin to geifla.

GER, n. [Dan. gjær], yeast, vide gör.

ger-, in compds, vide gör-, görsemi, etc.

GERA, ð, to do, vide göra.

gerð, gerningr, etc., vide görð, görningr, doing.

GERÐ (and görð less correctly), f. yeast, ferment; ok kom þó ekki gerð í mungát, Bs. i. 339; þá kom þegar görþ í keren gnóg ok góð, id.; þat öl brásk alldregi þá er gerðar beiddi, 394; ok lét í kerinu sem þá er gerð væri í, Mirm.

β. medic., í-gerð, suppuration in a wound, (mod.)

GERÐ, f., used to rhyme with e (verðung—gerðar), Fms. vi. 448:

—gear, harness, and in pl. esp. armour; sú gerð (fashion) var mönnum mjök tíð, iv. 110; klæði með slíkri gerð, sem …, Al. 121:

—armour, vápn ok allar gerðar, Skáld H. R. 5. 43; gerðar hans er hann hafði, feld ok spjót, Glúm. 344; Hárs gerðar, war-gear, Fms. l.c.; gerðar várar, our armour, Hkm. 33.

II. girth; digrask í gerðum, to become stout in the waist, euphon. of a woman, to be with child; Icel. now say, hón er farin að þykkna undir belti.

gerða, ð, [garðr], to gird with a fence, hedge, Lex. Poët.

GERÐI, n. [cp. garðr], a place girded round, a hedged or fenced field, garth; hann ferr til gerðisins ok sár niðr korninu, Nj. 170; ok snúa upp í gerði þat er heitir á Örlygsstöðum, sauða-hús stóð í gerðinu, Sturl. ii. 218; Finnbogi kvaðsk eiga gerði eitt, bað hann þangat fara ok leggja þar garð um, Finnb. 336: a pinfold, láta srnala sinn í gerði, Gþl. 406:

akr-gerði, a field.

compds:

gerðis-beiti, n. the ‘bite’ or pasture in a garth, Gþl. 406.

gerðis-tún, n. a garden, Matth. xxvi. 36.

gerðis-vöndr, m. fence-faggots, Gþl. 379.

gerðing, f. a girding, fencing, N.G.L. i. 41, Fb. ii. 7.

Gerðr, f. a pr. name of a goddess, Edda; also of a woman, Eb., Landn.; and in many compds, Ás-gerðr, Hall-gerðr, Ingi-gerðr, Val-gerðr, Þor-gerðr, etc., Landn.

geri, a, m. [gerr], ‘ravener,’ the mythol. wolf of Odin, Gm., Edda.

ger-járn, n. a gridiron, Fas. iii. 240, an ἅπ. λεγ.

gerp-ligr, gerpi-legr, m. [garpr], martial, Nj. 72, Fb. ii. 204; g. ráð, good circumstances, Þorst. Síðu H. 178.

GERR, adj. [akin to gjarn, q.v.], greedy; eigi ofdrykkju-maðr né ákafliga gerr, 686 B. 2, 1 Tim. iii. 8: gluttonous, opp. to neyzlu-grannr, freq. in mod. usage.

gerr, adj. = perfect, vide görr, göra.

gersemi, vide görsemi.

GERSTA or gesta, t, [A.S. gæstan], to annoy; g. hug e-s, to tease one, Greg. 64, Pr. 442, 623. 54; vér skulum g. hug hans, eigi sem þeir gerstu forðum á eyðimörkinni er Moysi fylgdu, Mart. 132: this word is quite obsolete, and chiefly used in old translations of legends.

II. part. gerstr, [Germ. garstig = hideous; O.H.G. garst = sour, harsh; cp. Engl. ghastly, agast], sour, dismal; gerstan dag, Skm. 30, Rm. 9:

—sulky, hann leit gerstr við mér, he looked sulkily on me, Sighvat, Ó.H. 81 (Ann. for Nord. Oldk. 1866, p. 196).

gervi, n. gear, vide görvi.

Gerzkr, adj. from Gardar, Nj. 46, Fms. passim.

II. = Girkskr, Greek, Al. 26, 40.

gest-beinliga, adv. hospitably, Vápn. 23.

gest-erfð, f. inheritance after a stranger (guest) who dies in one’s house, N.G.L. i. 51.

gest-feðri and gest-feðrungr, m. a law term, defined in N.G.L. i. 209, ch. 5; a man who dies leaving no heirs and whose property lapses partly to the king and partly to the owner or landlord of the house in which he dies (or to the captain if he dies on board ship), N.G.L. i. 208, 209, Js. 74.

gest-félagi, a, m. a guest-friend, rendering of Gr. ξένος.

gest-gjafi, a, m. a host; góðr g., a good host, Gísl. 47.

gest-kominn, part. come as a guest, a stranger, Stj. 152: a guest, Matth. xxv. 38.

gest-kvæmt, n. adj. much visited by strangers.

GESTR, m., gen. gests; pl. gestir, acc. gesti; [Ulf. gasts = ξένος; A.S. gest; Engl. guest; Germ. gast; Dan. gjæst; Swed. gäst; Lat. hostis]:

I. a guest; the original meaning of this word is a stranger, alien, cp. Lat. hostis.

β. the Guests, one division of the king’s men; the Guests were a kind of policemen, and had not the full privileges of the king’s guardsmen or hirðmenn, although they were in the king’s pay; they had their own seats in the king’s hall, the guests’ bench, gesta-bekkr, m., Fb. i. 347; their own chief, gesta-höfðingi, a, m., Nj. 7, Hkr. ii. 69, Fms. vii. 35; their own banner, gesta-merki, n., Fms. ix. 489; their own meeting, gesta-stefna, u, f., Fms. viii. 250; they formed a separate body, gesta-sveit, f., Fas. i. 318; skulu þar fylgja hirðmenn ok gestir, Ó.H. 204, in the battle at Stiklastað: a guests’ hall, gesta-skáli, a, m., is mentioned in Eg. 28, Fas. ii. 93: a ship, gesta-skip (gesta-fley), n., Fms. viii. 139; cp. the Sagas passim, esp. the Konunga Sögur, Fms. x. 147, Hkr. passim, but esp. N.G.L. in the section Hirðs-skrá, or the law (rules) for the king’s men, and Sks. 257 sqq. As the gestir were lower in rank than the hirðmenn, a recruit had often to serve his apprenticeship among them, e.g. var hann í gestasæti, he was seated among the guests, i.e. was held in small repute, Fas. i. 51.

II. a stranger, guest, Lat. hospes, but keeping the old notion of a stranger, prop. an accidental guest, chance comer, and is distinguished from boðs-maðr, an invited guest, or the like; hence the allit. phrase, gestr ok gangandi, a guest and ganger, since with the ancients the poor had to go from house to house (cp. gangleri); this is to be borne in mind, if one would understand old sayings such as, Guð elr gesti, God feeds guests, Bs. i. 247; or many passages in the old heathen poem Hávamál, e.g. órir gestr við gest, guest quarrels with guest, Hm. 31; gestr at gest hæðinn, guest mocking guest, 30, which reminds one of Hom. Od. xviii. 1–33; gest þú né geyja né á grind hrekir (scoff not at a guest, nor drive him to the door), get þú váluðum vel, Hm. 136, where gestr (a guest) and válaðr (a vagrant) are used synonymously; ganga skal, skala gestr vera æ í einum stað, 34. In olden times there were no public hostelries, and all entertainment was (as it still is in Icel.) private bounty; a fine instance of a munificent hostess of the heathen age is recorded in Landn.,—Geirríðr sparði ekki mat við menn, ok lét göra skála sinn of þjóðbraut þvera, hón sat á stóli ok laðaði úti gesti, en borð stóð inni jafnan ok matr á, 2. 13. After the introduction of Christianity, when churches were built and endowments given, the donors often imposed the duty of ‘feeding guest and ganger for a night’ (ala gest ok ganganda), Dipl. i. 169, 174; or, þar er ekki gesta eldi skylt (it is not required to feed guests), ala hvern at ósekju er vill, 200; ala þurfa-menn ok þá er fara skylda-erinda, 201, cp. 273 passim:

—gener. a visitor, guest:

gesta-eldi, n. shelter for guests, D.I. (vide above):

gesta-fluga, u, f. a guest-fly, a moth, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 558:

gesta-herbergi, n. a ‘guest-harbour,’ hostel, inn, Gr. καταλύμα, Luke ii. 7:

gesta-hús, n. a guest-room, Sturl. i. 216, ii. 191:

gesta-koma, u, f., gesta-nauð, n. a coming, crowding of guests:

gesta-maðr, m. a guest-man (bishops had a special servant so called), Bs. i. 850, 876:

gesta-rúm, n. a guest-bed:

gesta-skáli, a, m. a guest-chamber, Hom. 36:

gesta-spjót, n. pl., a cat is said to raise the ‘guest-spears’ when it lies on its back and cleans itself with its hind legs, which is a token that a stranger is at hand, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 558.

III. as pr. names, Landn., freq.; also in compds, Þor-gestr, Heim-gestr, Goð-gestr, Hleva-gastir on the Golden horn (Bugge’s reading), and Gr. Ξενο-φών, Ξενο-φάνης.

Gestr is a name of Odin = the Traveller, Edda, Vþm., Gm., Hervar. S. ch. 15 (Gestum-blindi). It is curious to notice that whereas with the Romans hostis came to mean a foe, with the Teutons (as with the Gr. ξένος) the equivalent word became a term of friendship, used of a friend staying at one’s house.

gest-risinn, adj. hospitable, Greg. 32, Bs. i. 101, 1 Tim. iii. 2, Tit. i. 8, 1 Pet. iv. 9, passim.

gest-risni, f. hospitality, 655 v. 2, Bs. i. 81, 830, Rom. xii. 13, Heb. xiii. 2, passim.

gest-vænliga, adv. hospitably, Vápn. 23, (prob. a false reading.)

get,† n. = geta, a guess, Fms. vi. 383 (and Mork. l.c.)

GETA, pret. gat, 2nd pers. gazt, pl. gátu; pres. get; pret. subj. gætí; sup. getið, but getað in the mod. sense of could; part. getinn; reflex. pres. and pret. getsk or gezk, gatsk or gazk, mod. gezst and gazst; with the neg. suff. gátu-ð, Korm. 224, Sighvat; gat-at, Lex. Poët.

WITH ACC.

A. [Ulf. begitan = ευρίσκειν; A.S. getan; Engl. get; O.H.G. gezan]:

—to get; this use of the word, which is so common in Engl., is dying out in Icel.; it is found in the old poems, esp. in the old Hm.; it is used in law phrases, but is rare in common prose, even in the oldest Sagas; geta þögn, to get silence, a hearing, Höfuðl. 3, Hm. 8; geta orðstír, to get fame; en orðstír deyr aldrigi hveim sér góðan getr, 75; orðstír of gat, Eirekr at þat, Höfuðl.; ey getr kvikr kú, Hm. 69; sjaldan liggjandi úlfr lær um getr, né sofandi maðr sigr, 57; ef hann sylg um getr, 17; né þat máttu … geta hvergi, they could nowhere get it, Hým. 4; gambantein at geta, gambantein ek gat, Skm. 34; hvar gaztú vára aura, Vkv. 12; geta gjaforð, to marry, Alm. 6: geta sér, to get for oneself; hættr er heimis-kviðr nema sér góðan geti, Sdm. 25; sá er sæll er sér um getr lof ok líknstafi, Hm. 8; er sér getr slíkan sefa, Hkm. 19; góðs um æðis, ef sér geta mætti, if he could get it, Hm. 4; geta gjöld, laun e-s, 64, 124, Gm. 3; geta gott af e-m, to get good of one, Hm. 43, 44:

—in law, nema hann getí þann kvið, at …, unless he can get that verdict, that …, Grág. i. 17; goðinn seksk ef hann getr engi (acc.) til at nefna féránsdóm, 95; ella skal hverr þeirra geta mann fyrir sik, 26:

—in common prose, biðja konu þeirrar er honum væri sómi í, ef hann gæti, Fms. xi. 47; veit ek eigi hvar sú kona sitr er mér sé mikit happ í at geta, Ld. 88: to get, earn, svá at hann megi sér mat geta af sínu fé eðr verkum, Grág. i. 293:

—to get, learn, fátt gat ek þegjandi þar, Hm. 104; lengi man þat er ungr getr, an old saying, Ísl. ii. 248; þá skal hann eiga stefnu við fimm lögmenn, þá er hann má helzt geta af (five lawyers of whom he can best learn, i.e. five of the wisest men of law) áðr hann segi hvern þátt upp, Grág. i. 3.

2. with dat. of the person added, mostly in reference to feeding or entertaining; get þér vel at borði þínu, keep a good table, Sks. 20; get þú váluðum vel, entertain well the poor, Hm. 136; nú er honum vel getið (he has good cheer) af gnógum mat ok góðum drykk, Str. 7; geta e-m sumbl, to give a feast to one, Ls. 8; geta e-m fótlaug, to get him a foot-bath, Hkv. 2. 37; geta e-m drápu, to entertain one with a poem, Sighvat: the phrase, geta sér (e-m) vel, ílla, to do, cause good or evil to one; ofrmælgi hygg ek at ílla geti hveim er …, a loose tongue will bring evil to any one that …, Vþm. 10; en ef hann forðask minn fund þá mun hann sér ílla geta í því, if he shuns me he will do worse to himself, Orkn. 252 (in a verse).

II. joined to an infinitive, a participle, or a supine, to get to do (fá, q.v., is used in a similar sense),—hence to be able:

1. almost like an auxil. verb,

α. with infin. but without ‘at;’ ek gat’k unna Gunnari, I got to love G., Óg. 21; en sá gat taka við syndum, Sl. 6; ek gat líta, I got to see, beheld, Korm. 14 (in a verse); ek gat blóta, Hallfred (Fs. 94); getum hræra, we do rear, Edda; geta sjá, to get to see, Hkr. i. 205 (in a verse); hann gat teygja at sér, he did draw to himself, Edda 65 (in a verse); geta fæða, to give birth to, Am. 103; ef hann eignask getr, Hm. 78; hveim er eiga getr, Hkv. Hjörv. 9:

—with ‘at,’ esp. in the phrase, geta at sjá, líta; þá geta þeir Hákon jarl at líta, earl H. got to see, behold, Fms. xi. 131; þá gátu menn at sjá land fyrir stafu fram, 656 C. 22; Sölvi gat at líta hvar þeir flýðu, Nj. 247; Enok gat at eiga þann son, Stj. 45; gat at heita, Rm. 42.

β. with part. acc., with a notion of being able, Lat. posse; Gyðingar gátu enga sök sannaða, the Jews could not prove any of their charges, 656 C. 19; því mér lízt svá, sem vér munim þá aldri sótta geta, Nj. 197; ef vér getum Harald Gráfeld af lífi tekinn, Fms. xi. 21; ok geta rétta fylking sína, 131; mikinn fisk ok fagran ok gátu eigi veiddan, iv. 89.

γ. so also with sup.; gátu þeir ekki at gört, Nj. 115; ok hætta á hvárt ek geta keypt (kaup, v.l.) fyrir yðr. if I can get a bargain for you, 157; Björn gat séð (beheld) manna-reiðina, 260; ef ek gæta vel fyrir mér séð, 22; sem mest gat hann flutt eptir sér, Ó.H. 85; eigi at heldr gat hann veitt þann íkorna, id.; ef ek get eigi fylgt yðr, Fms. vi. 211.

2. absol. in old writers geta seems never to occur in the sense of to be able, but only periphrastically as above; but in mod. usage geta has almost displaced the old verb kunna in this sense, e.g. eg get það ekki, I cannot; getr-ðú komið, canst thou come? ef hann hefði getað, if he could have; ekki þurfti, eg gat, I could, and endless other instances.

III. impers. there is got, there is, cp. Germ. es giebt; eigi getr slíkan (there is none such) í konungs herbergjum, Fms. vii. 148; þar getr stein (acc.) er asbestos heitir, there is got the stone asbestos, xi. 415; eigi getr vitrara mann, no wiser man is to be got; slíka menn getr varla til vitrleiks, Lv. 54; þar getr reykelsi, Hb, 8.

IV. reflex., in the phrase, e-m getsk at e-u, one is pleased at a thing, one likes it; því at mér gezk vel at þér, because I like thee well, Fms. i. 66; ok mun mér ekki at getask, nema hann sé sæmilega af höndum leystr, and I shall not be pleased, unless …, Ld. 298; at þú fengir mér konu þá er mér gætisk at, Fms. i. 289; honum gatsk ílla at þessu, Ld. 104; eru þeir nokkurir hér at þér getisk eigi at, Fms. vii. 104; konungr sagði at honum gatsk eigi at þeirri sætt svá búit, ix. 486; haf þökk fyrir, ok getsk mér nú vel at, vi. 372; segir, at henni getsk eigi at þessi ætlan, Finnb. 312; Þorgrímr bað hann til hætta hve honum gætisk at, 336; svá hefir þeim at getisk vápnum Franceisa, so they have tasted thus far the weapons of the French, Karl. 184: with sup., láta sér getið at e-u, to take interest in, be pleased with; eigi læt ek mér at einu getið, ’tis not my taste to have always the same, I want some change, something new, Grett. 149 new Ed.; lát þér at góðu getið, rejoice in the good, Hm. 129.

B. To get, beget, engender, used alike of both parents, severally or jointly; fótr gat son við fæti, Vþm. 33: hve sá börn gat, 32; þá ek mög gat, Ls. 35; við systur þinni gaztu slíkan mög, 36; hann gat son er Guðröðr hét, Fms. i. 11; þat barn er þau geta, Grág. i. 178; ef austmaðr getr barn með konu, ef skógarmaðr getr launbarn með konu, 352; svein þann sem hón hafði getið með Abram, Stj. 114; dróttning gat son við Ívari, Fms. vii. 230; sonu marga Öndurdís við Óðni gat, Ht.; þau gátu sér son er Mörðr hét, Nj. 38; fíllinn getr eigi optarr en um sinn, Stj. 70; þegar sem þeir geta burð saman, 97; hann var getinn (born) austr, Landn. 148; throughout Matth. i. the Icel. text renders begat by gat, cp. Mar. S. 19, Luke i. 35:

—to conceive, þú munt verða getandi í kviði, Stj. 409. Judges xiii. 5; fyrir sinn erfingja getinn ok ógetinn, Grág. ii. 170; þú munt son geta ok fæða, Mar. 18; gefr hann son at geta þann er hon fæðir síðan, Mar.: reflex. to be engendered, þaðan getsk löngunin, 656 B. 7: to be born, Mar. 19.

WITH GEN., of the same form throughout, though different in construction and sense.

A. [Engl. guess (from the Scandin.?); Swed. gissa; Dan. gjætte; not in Germ. nor Saxon]:

—to guess; geta gátu, to guess a riddle, Fas. i. 465; in the saying, opt verðr villr sá er geta skal, Fb. iii. 384; hvárt getr þú þessa, eðr veiztú með sannindum, Fms. ii. 260; ef þik hefði svá dreymt sem áðr gat ek, xi. 7; ok gat þess til, at þú mundir, Nj. 90; þess munda ek geta, at …, Lv. 104; þá fór sem hann gat, at …, Fms. xi. 22; ek get verit munu hafa Gunnar á Hlíðarenda, Nj. 35; sendimenn sögðu at hann gat rétt, Eg. 541; ef ek skal geta til, þá ætla ek …, Nj. 134; eptir því sem Halldórr gat til, Ld. 324; sem Ólafr konungr gat til, Fms. vii. 104, x. 354; get þú til (guess!) segir Stúfr, rétt getr þú (thou guessest right) segir Stúfr, vi. 390; gat síns hverr til hvat skipum vera mundi, viii. 213; nú geta menn þess til at Gísli muni druknaðr vera, Gísl. 46, (tilgáta); þá get ek at á sína hönd mér setisk hvárr þeirra, Ld. 324: so in the phrase, geta til launanna í knefa e-m, to guess for the reward into another’s nieve (closed hand), Sturl. iii. 151; geta í kollinn, to guess, guess right, passim.

2. to think, mean, almost like the American I guess; ekki get ek at hón sálug sé mjök djarftæk, I guess that she, poor thing, will …, Stj. 422; ek get hann eigi þessa eina hjálp okkr veita, 423, passim: recipr. getask, proncd. getrast.

B. [Found neither in Engl., Saxon, nor Germ.; lost in mod. Swed. and Dan.]:

—to speak of, mention; þess er getið sem gört er, Grett.; gettu eigi vafurleysu þeirrar, Band. 28; öngra manna gat Kári jafnopt sem Njáls, Nj. 211; konungr þagnar hvert sinn er Þórólfs er getið, Eg. 54; þá þarf þess eigi at geta ef sættask skal, Fms. iv. 130; so also, geta um e-t, to speak about; Gunnarr reið heim ok gat fyrir öngum manni um, Nj. 82; ok gátu fyrir henni um bónorðit, Fms. xi. 22; ok er ekki getið um ferð þeirra fyrr en þeir kómu til hirðar Rögnvalds jarls, iv. 130.

2. to tell of (in records etc.); þess getr Glúmr Geirason í Gráfeldar drápu, Fms. i. 25, 30, 38, 50, 55, 65, 91, iv. 62, 63, passim; en í annarri sögu er þess getið, at …, xi. 14; enn getr Einarr hversu Hákon jarl hefndi föður síns, i. 56; sem síðarr mun getið verða, as will be told later (i.e. below), 230; sem fyrr var getið, as is told above, v. 24: impers., e-s getr, it is told, recorded (in books, poems); þess getr í Hrunhendu, at …, opt skal góðs geta, a saying, the good shall be often spoken of, Hm. 102.

geta, u, f. a guess, mostly in pl.; leiða getum um e-t, Nj. 14, 205; margar getur, guess-work, Fms. iv. 288, vi. 400, xi. 244, Eg. 766: rarely in sing., getu verðir eða frásagnar, worth mentioning, Sks. 180; ætla ek eigi þat til getu, at hann sé þar, it is not likely that he is there, Fms. ii. 110; vandast oss nú getan, Mork. 167: cp. the saying, spá er spaks geta, the spae (prophecy) is the wise man’s guess, Fms. xi. 154.

getu-mál, n. a doubtful case, Fs. 59.

getara, u, f. one who gives birth to, Mar. passim.

get-gangr, m. guessing, Fb. iii. 385.

get-gáta, u, f. guess-work.

getnaðr, m., gen. ar, conception, Mar. 33, K.Á. 104, passim: birth, foetus, vera með getnaði, Sks. 689, Stj. 159. Gen. xxv. 24.

compds:

getnaðar-frjó, n. seed, Stj. 80.

getnaðar-liðr (getnaðar-limr), m. genitalia, Bs. i. 310, 644, Stj. 63, 80, 326, Fms. ix. 414.

getnaðar-tími, a, m. (getnaðar-tíð, f.), the time of conception, K.Á. 18, Mar. 345.

getning, f. = getnaðr, Str. 52.

getrask, að, dep. to play at guessing with small shells in the hands, a favourite Icel. child’s play.

get-sakir (proncd. gessakir), f. pl. ‘guess-charges,’ i.e. imputations, insinuations without evidence, in the phrases, fyrir getsakir, Fms. vi. 383; sækja getsakir, to prosecute one upon loose imputations, Gísl. 123: the mod. phrase, gera e-m getsakir, to make insinuations; gerðu mér engar getsakir, make no insinuations to me.

get-spakr, adj. wise at guessing, prophetic.

get-speki, f. ‘guess-wisdom,’ gift of prophecy, Rb. 394, Pr. 83.

getta,† u, f. = genta, a girl; Geirhildr getta, gott er öl þetta, Fas. ii. (in a verse); norræn getta, Egilsson’s Poems, 115 (and, ‘getta er sama og genta’).

gey,† n. barking, elsewhere gauð, (mod.)

GEYJA, pret. gó, Orkn. 114, 150, Nj. 74, Rd. 302, Fas. ii. 33; 3rd pers. pl. gó, Fms. xi. 12; pret. subj. gœi, 10; pres. indic. geyr (spelt gœr), Clem. 44: [Dan. gjö; Swed. gö]:

—to bark; er vér heyrðum hvelpana g., Fms. xi. 12, passim (above):

—metaph. to scoff at, blaspheme, with acc., vil ek eigi goð geyja, Bs. i. 17: in a ditty of the year 999 a.d., hann gœr Gefjon (acc.), Clem. l.c.; g. gest, Hm. 136; also, g. á e-n, to abuse one (á-gauð); geyr hón á þá, Gísl. 139: geyja at e-m, to bark at one, Nj. 106:

reflex. recipr. geyjask, to abuse one another, N.G.L. i. 333.

This word is now obsolete in Icel. and replaced by gelta, q.v.

GEYMA, d, [Ulf. gaumjan = οραν, βλέπειν, etc.; A.S. gyman; lost in Germ., but gaume = to keep house, in the Zürich idiom, De Herr Professer by August Corrodi; Dan. gjemme; Swed. gömma]:

—to keep, watch, heed, mind; and with gen. to take care of; at allir geymi þín sem bezt, Nj. 14; ok g. eigna várra, Fms. i. 156; hann hafði geymt hlutverka (not hlut verks) sinna, he had minded his work, Gísl. 29; g. tungu sinnar, to keep a guard on one’s tongue, Th. 78; göra hark, svá at lögréttu-menn mega eigi g. dóma sinna, to make a noise (in court) so that the judges cannot mind their duty, Gþl. 16; g. þess (to watch) at enginn komizt í braut, Nj. 198, Fms. vi. 390; g. at e-u, id.; nú geymir Björn eigi, B. heeded not, iv. 110; geyma til, id.; geymit þér til vel (mark well) ef þér verðit við nokkura nýbreytni varir, i. 71.

β. with dat., g. sauðum, to watch sheep, Stj. 177; þú skalt g. mínum skilmála, 115, and geymir þeim síðan, 81, 99.

γ. absol., Fms. i. 126; hann geymdi eigi hvat tré þat var, Grett. 151 A, Stj. 365, 486.

δ. with acc., hvárt hann vildi heldr g. (watch) bæinn eðr ganga at jarli, Grett. 85 A; g. heilræðit, Fms. xi. 433, both of them late MSS.; bað hann þá hlífa sér ok g. skotvápn öll, Fb. ii. 43; but gætum vápna várra, Ó.H. l.c.; cp. Stj. 231, where dat. in text, but acc. in v. 1.; þó treystisk hann eigi at g. þá, Sd. 160 (paper MS.), Bev. 16. The acc. seems not to occur in very old MSS., but in mod. usage it is very freq., although the gen. is not quite obsolete: Icel. still say, geyma Guðs boðorð, to keep God’s commandments, N.T., Pass., Vídal. passim:

—to keep a thing for another, eg skal g. bókina fyrir þig á meðan, geymdu það fyrir mig: reflex, to be observed, of law, H.E. i. 509, N.G.L. i.

II. part. geymdr, observed, retained, Rb. 202.

geymari, a, m. a keeper, Fms. iii. 158, Stj. 9.

geymd, f., only in pl., gefa geymdir at e-u (= gefa gaum at e-u), Lv. 44, Hom. 160, Sks. 564 B; hafit g. á hvar þessi hinn vándi maðr er, Stj. (MS.)

geymiliga, adv. heedfully, Grett. 150, Stj. 150.

geyminn, adj. heedful, Bs. i. 48, Fms. v. 240.

geymsla, u, f. guardianship, watch, Stj. 8, 177, Fms. vii. 25, Sd. 160, Grett. 112 (vigilance);

fjár-geymsla, sheep-keeping.

compds:

geymslu-engill, m. a guardian angel, Stj. 8.

geymslu-lauss, adj. unguarded, Fas. ii. 138, Karl. 161.

geymslu-leysi, n. carelessness.

geymslu-maðr, m. a keeper, Stj. 42.

geypna, að, [gaupn], to encompass, Geisli 16, Us. 29, Lb. 25.

GEYSA, t, [from gjósa, q.v., and different to geisa]:

—to rush furiously, gush, = Lat. grassari, of fire, the sea, etc.; hann lætr g. eld ok járn, Fms. xi. 42:

—usually dep., geysask vötn at þeim með forsfalli, Ó.H. 164; þá geysisk hafit á löndin, Edda 41; geystisk at því allr lands-múgr, Ó.H. 34; múgrinn flotans geystisk inn á stórskipin, Fms. viii. 227: part. geystr, gushing, rushing forth, Nj. 247, Fms. vii. 326, Fb. i. 253: metaph. enraged, Fms. vii. 230, viii. 202, Hkr. ii. 356: big, enormous, Fms. vii. 99:

—neut. geyst, as adv. furiously, violently, i. 165, Finnb. 352.

geysi-, a prefix, exceedingly, greatly;

geysi-újafnt, Edda 11; geysi-glaðr, exceeding glad, Stj. 478; geysi-mörg, very many, Edda 14; þat er þeim geysi-haglig geit, what a wonderful goat, 24; geysi-illa, very badly, Fms. ii. 295; g. kalli, piercing cold, viii. 306; g. feginn, uncommonly glad, Barl. 85; g. mjök, very much, Fb. i. 210; g. mikill, very muckle, 481; g. fagr, wonderfully fair, Olf. 3. 41, and many others:

—with nouns, geysi-fól, a big fool, Flóv.

geysiliga, adv. enormously, Fas. i. 64.

geysiligr, adj. enormous, Fas. ii. 243, Mar. 166, 423.

geysingr, m. impetuosity, Finnb. 354, Fas. i. 157, Ísl. 11. 347, Fms. xi. 81.

Geysir, m. the name of a famous hot spring in Iceland. Foreign writers often use geysir as an appellative; but the only Icel. words for hot springs are hver (a cauldron, hot well) and laug (a hot bath). The present Geysir is never mentioned in old writers, and it seems from a record in the Icel. Annals that the great hot wells in the neighbourhood of Haukadale were due to the volcanic eruptions of 1294, when old hot springs disappeared and those now existing came up,—hjá Haukadal kómu upp hverir stórir en sumir hurfu þeir er áðr höfðu verit; unfortunately the end of Árna S. (the bishop), the sole historical work of that time, is lost. The word geysir = a gusher must be old, as the inflexive -ir is hardly used but in obsolete words (læknir a leach, hellir a cave, etc., are exceptional); it was probably borrowed from some older hot spring. A pretty legend, referring to the ‘moving’ of springs when defiled with innocent blood, is recorded in Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 112, 113; this tale could not have sprung up unless a change in the place of the hot springs had been observed.

geytlan, f. gluttony, Róm. 306, (an ἅπ. λεγ.)

-GI (or -ki after t or s), a particle suffixed to nouns and adverbs.

A. In a positive sense [Lat. -que], ever, Lat. -que, -cunque:

1. with the pronoun hverr (quis) through all cases, answering to the Lat. quis-que: out of the Laws we can nearly make a full paradigm:—nom. hverr-gi or hver-gi, Lat. quis-que, qui-cunque, Grág. Kb. i. 14, 31, 45, 85, 171 (twice), 183, 195, 221, ii. 7, 23, 82, 101: nom. and acc. neut. hvat-ki (quod-que). i. 34, 155, 162, 183, 244, ii. 77, 140, 154, Jómsv. 15, Íb. 3; also hvárt-ki, id., Grág. Kb. i. 61 (twice): gen. hvers-kis (cujus-que), 238: dat. hverjun-gi (cui-que), 31, 156: acc. masc. hvern-gi (quem-que), 147, 155, 221, 225, 245, ii. 47, 66: abl. hve-gi or hví-gi, however, i. 147, 195, ii. 64, 101, 128, 151, Jómsv. 14:—plur. acc. neut. hver-gi (quae-que): dual dat. sing. hvárun-gi megin, on both sides (of a river), Grág. Kb. ii. 93:—even in historical prose, því at hit næsta sumar gat hvergi ber á Íslandi, the following summer every man gathered berries in Iceland (to make some kind of wine), Bs. i. 135, (or are we to read hvar-gi, everywhere?).

2. with adverbs;

hvert-ki (quocun-que modo), Grág. ii. 50;

nær-gi, whenever (ubi-cunque), i. 191;

hvar-gi, wherever, 25, 166, 240, ii. 128, 212.

B. In a negative sense, with a few pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and rarely in old poems with substantives:

1. with nouns, in the pr. name Lopt-ki, an ἅπ. λεγ., Ls. 19: with appellatives, þörf-gi, no need, an ἅπ. λεγ., Hkv. Hjörv. 39; freq. in mann-gi, no man, cp. Lat. nēmo, Íb., which is even used in mod. writers and poets; væt-ki, naught; vettu-gi (dat.) and vetter-gis (gen.), Vsp.: with adjectives, ein-gi (q.v.), none, a common word; otherwise rare, sjálf-gi, ‘self-not,’ i.e. not oneself, Ls. 29, an ἅπ. λεγ.: with a dat. case of langr, þá löngu-gi, then not for a long time, Konr. (MS.): with pronouns, in the dual, hvárr-gi, neither, Lat. neuter, Grág. Kb. i. 46, ii. 93, 151; gen. hvárs-kis (neutrius), freq.; dat. hvárun-gi (neutri), i. 215; hvárum-gi, ii. 63: neut. hváru-gi, 216; hitt-ki, ne illud quidem, Hm. 21, 23; þat-ki, Hbl. 6; þat-ki at ek fá (not even that I get) mála minn falslausan, Mork. 83.

2. with adverbs, only in poetry or laws or very old prose; svá-gi, not so, Grág. Kb. ii. 99, Mork. 83; þá-gi, then not; þey-gi, though not, qs. þó-gi; æva-gi, never: again, hver-gi (q.v.), nowhere; ei-gi (q.v.), not; aldri-gi (q.v.), never; hvár-ki (q.v.), neither, are common words in prose and in speech. The negative -gi can never be suffixed to verbs (vide -at, p. 2); therefore býð-gi, non jubeo (in Íslands-vaka 61, a poem of the last century, Fél. i. 236), is a spurious imitation of the old idiom; neither can -at be put to nouns; ráð-at hann kunni, Jónas 105, ought therefore to be ráð hann kunni-t, issue he knew not.

C. In an indefinite sense; in a few instances -gi seems to be used almost like Latin quidem with a preceding negative: eigi miklo-gi minna, ne multo quidem minus, Heiðar. S., Ísl. ii. 360; eigi stóru-gi meiri, ne multo quidem majora, 386; engi miklo-gi görr …, nemo multo quidem plus …, Grág. i. 209; cp. also the adverbs öllun-gis or öldun-gis, quite, altogether (allr, -gi); einun-gis, only, solely (einn, -gi). both formed from dat. sing.: the obsolete vil-gi (qs. vel-gi) is ambiguous, being used both in a neg. sense = not well, and posit. = well, bene quidem, cp. Bs. i. 393, note; Hm. 66, málun-gi, is doubtful;—prob. þyrftig-at málun-gi mat should be read, -at being taken not as a prep. but as a negative verbal suffix, and -gi as a positive suffix; Icel. now say, hann á ekki málungi matar, he does not know where to look for his next meal.

☞ The negative -gi is peculiar to Scandin., and no traces of it are found in any Saxon nor German idioms; whereas, as a positive suffix, it is common to all Teutonic tongues, and remains in the Engl. many and any; ‘many’ being qs. man-y = man-ever, ‘homo-cunque,’ Goth. manags, and ‘any’ qs. ane-y = every-one; so also is the g in Icel. margr and hvárigr, which are remnants—the former of the positive, the latter of the negative -gi.

gift, gifta, u, f. gift, vide gipt, gipta.

GIKKR, m., pl. ir, [Dan. gjæk = jester], a pert, rude person.

compds:

gikks-háttr, m. pert manner.

gikks-ligr, adj. pert, rude; the saying, hver sem glettist við gikkinn fær af honum hnykkinn, who meddles with a ‘gik’ will get a kick.

GIL, n., gen. pl. gilja, dat. giljum, [Ghyll or Gill in North. E. and Scot., local names]:

—a deep narrow glen with a stream at bottom, like the Gr. χαράδρα; brooks and tributary streams flowing through clefts in the fell side to the main river at the bottom of a vale are in Icel. called gil; very freq. in local names, Ísfirðinga-gil, Branda-gil, Hauka-gil, Hrafna-gil, Hellra-gil, Gilj-á, Þver-gil, vide Landn.; (a chasm without water or with stagnant water is not gil, but gjá; also gljúfr, a deep chasm forming the bed of a river), Valla L. 223, Hrafn. 7, Eg. 766, Ld. 218, Krók. 64, Fms. vii. 149, passim.

compds:

Gils-bakki, a, m., prop. Gill-bank, a local name, Landn., whence

Gils-bekkingar, m. pl. the name of a family, Landn.

gils-botn, m. a gill bottom, Sturl. i. 82, 84.

gils-gjá, f. a chasm with a gill (rare), Grett. 111.

gils-þröm, f. the edge of a gill, Ld. 218, Dropl. 23, Grett. 111.

gilda, t, to be worth so and so, only in mod. usage, esp. in metaph. and impers. phrases, mig gildir einu, I do not mind; láttu þig einu g., never mind: hvað sem gildir, at any price; hirt aldrei hvað sem gildir, at hætta á, ósatt mál, Pass. 13. 2.

GILDI, n. [gjalda; Ulf. gild = tribute, Luke xx. 22, Mark xii. 14; A.S. gild; Hel. geld; Frank. chalta; Germ. geld = money; it remains in Old Engl. weregild]:

—payment, tribute; this sense is very rare, as gjald (q.v.) is the common word; chiefly used in compds, as nef-gildi, head-tax; baug-gildi, q.v.;

skatt-gildi, a tax;

skulda-gildi, payment of debts, Grág. i. 302.

2. recompense; in the saying, æ sér til gildis gjöf (mod. æ sér gjöf til gjalda), Hom. 146.

3. value; al-gildi, full-gildi, hálf-gildi, whole, full, half value; ið-gilði or í-gildi, equivalence; hon er karlmanns-ígildi.

β. worth, value, esteem; the phrase, vera í miklu, litlu, engu gildi, to be in great, small, no repute; án Drottins ráða er aðstoð manns í engu minsta gildi, Pass. 9. 2: freq. in mod. usage, but rare in old writers, þegar ér komizt í gildi við höfðingja eðr kærleika, Finnb. 266.

II. a banquet, feast, [cp. Dan. gilde; so called from the fee paid?], Eg. 20 sqq., Edda 45, 57, Fb. i. 283, Gþl. 178, freq. in old poems; the poetical mead is called Gauta gildi, Kormak; or gildi Grjótaldar, the cheer of the Giants; gefa úlfum gildi, to feast the wolves, Lex. Poët.; to this seems to belong the passage in Vsp. 27, hvárt skyldi Æsir afrað gjalda eðr skyldi goðin öll gildi eiga, where the eiga gildi means to hold a feast, with the notion of making a league or peaceful agreement, as opp. to gjalda afrað (q.v.), to pay tribute as a badge of submission.

III. in a technical sense, a guild, throughout England and Scandinavia during the Middle Ages; the first guilds in Norway were instituted by king Olave (1066–1093), Ólafr konungr lét setja Mikla-gildi í Níðarósi, ok mörg önnur í kaupstöðum, en áðr vóru hvirfings-drykkjur (but before there were drinking-bouts), Fms. vi. 440: the guilds were secular brotherhoods or trades’ unions (and often became political clubs); they assumed the names of saints or sacred things, as Kross-gildi, Cross-guild; Ólafs-gildi, St. Olave’s guild (in Norway); Knúts-gildi, St. Canute’s guild (in Denmark), and so on: in Icel. this sense rarely occurs, mælti at einhverr vildis-manna ætti at hefja gildit, Sturl. i. 20; ok var gildit at Ólafs messu hvert sumar, 23; cp. also gildis-fundr, m. a guild-meeting, mentioned in Sturl. i. 58; and gildis-bændr, m. pl. guild-franklins, guild-brothers, 23, (about the middle of the 12th century); but guilds never took root in Icel.: gildis-skáli, a, m. a guild-hall, Fms. viii. 160, ix. 22, D.N. passim: gildis-tíð, n. a guild-term, Fms. viii. 151.

gildingr, m. a thing rated at its full worth, fully measured, Grág. ii. 357, 380: pride, pretension, án gildings, 655 xxvii. 2.

gildir, m., in poetry a payer, contributor, Lex. Poët.: a feaster, poët. the wolf that feasts in blood: a guild-brother, öld Ólafs gilda (gen. pl.), the host of St. Olave’s guild-brothers, Geisli 10; Hropts gildar, the champions of Odin, Hd.

gild-leiki, a, m. strength, full size, Grett. 148: mod. stoutness.

gild-liga, adv. stoutly, metaph. with a grand air, Korm. 60.

gildna, að, to become stout.

GILDR, adj., neut. gilt, [cp. gildi, gjalda; Swed., Dan., and Norse gild]:

—of full worth, full:

1. a trade term, of full measure, size, quality, and the like; gillt fé, Grág. i. 503; gildr skal tréskjöldr, ef, Gþl. 105, cp. 104; bolöxar gildar, N.G.L. i. 126; þeim manni er bæði hefir gildar (full-measured) álnar ok faðma, Grág. ii. 262; gild dagleið, Bs. ii.

2. valued at, with dat., gildr tveim mörkum, Grág. ii. 86; g. átta aurum, id.; svá gildr, id.; hversu þau sár eru gild, at how much those wounds are rated, N.G.L. i. 172; tví-gildr, hálf-gildr, al-gildr, of double, half, full worth.

II. metaph. complete, absolute, great; g. konungr, Fms. ix. 69; g. höfðingi, xi. 18; gild húsfreyja, Glúm. 349; gildr maðr, Eg. 182; flestir enir gildari menn (honoratiores), Ld. 106; Hallfreyðr var þá sem gildastr, H. was then at his best, Fs. 100; á gildasta aldri, id., Stj. 230: so of things, honum var þat gildr þykkr, a great shock, Ísl. ii. 321; með gildum sóma, with great fame, Fms. xi. 18; gild hefnd, Ísl. ii. 116; gild ferð, a famous journey, Fas. ii. 513.

III. in mod. usage, stout, brawny, cp. Grett. 148; Icel. now say gildr of a man, digr of things; but in compds, mittis-digr, not mittis-gildr; to use digr and digrask (q.v.) for gildr and gildna is now thought rude; but in olden times only digr was used in that sense, e.g. Ólafr Digri, Þorbjörg Digra (a lady); the passage referred to, Grett. 148, comes near the mod. sense of that word, but is not to be so understood.

GILDRA, u, f. a trap, Gþl. 445. Niðrst. 3; sem melrakki í gildru, 4; vide knatt-gildra:

gildru-merki, n. a trap mark, Gþl. 444: metaph., Fms. i. 221, ii. 48, vi. 145, Mar. 506.

gildra, að, to trap, Gþl. 444: metaph. to contrive, g. til e-s, ef maðr gildrar til þess at vápn skuli sjálf falla á menn, Grág. ii. 117, Fms. ii. 294, vii. 202; g. til veiða, viii. 63, 80; g. svá til, at…, to contrive so, that…, Stj. 451, Þiðr. 242, Róm. 257.

gildri, n. the laying a trap, N.G.L. i. 341, 379.

gildri, n. = gildi, [Ulf. gilstr, Róm. xiii. 6; O.H.G. gelstar], payment, Grág. Kb. ii. 204.

gilja, að, [Ulf. gailjan = ευφραίνειν; Swed. gilja], to beguile a woman, Grett. 161, Krók. 64 (a pun), Bs. i. 238.

Gilli, a, m. [Gael. gillie = a servant], only in Irish pr. names, Fms., Landn.

gil-maðr, m. a libertine, Blanda.

GIM, n. [in A.S. gim is masc., and so it seems to be used in Vkv. 5; A.S. gim from Lat. gemma]:

—in poetry a gem, a jewel; the sun is called fagr-gim, the fair gem; gims gerðr, a lady, Lex. Poët.

2. in poets metaph. fire, Edda (Gl.): never used in prose.

Gimli, a heavenly abode, sal sá hón standa sólu fegra gulli þakðan á Gimli, Vsp. 63; it occurs only there, whence it came into Edda 12; even the gender is uncertain, whether n. or perhaps better dat. of a masc. gimill = himill = himin, n. heaven.

gim-steinn, m. a ‘gem-stone,’ a jewel, Edda 147, Greg. 27, Fms. i. 15, vi. 3, Stj. 191, 254; a name of a poem:

gim-steinaðr, part. set with gems, Karl. 284.

GIN, n. [A.S. gin], the mouth (Germ. rachen) of beasts, Edda 42, Al. 37, Fms. vi. 165; ulfs-gin, Bs. i. (in a verse), passim.

compds:

gin-faxi, a, m. a magical character, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 446.

gin-fjara, u, f. a very low ebb.

gin-kefli, a, m. a mouth-piece, a gag, put in the mouth of animals, Fas. iii. 314.

gin-keyptr, adj., in the phrase, vera ginkeyptr eptir e-u, to be eager for a thing, prop. open-mouthed as a fish for bait.

gin-klofi, a, m., medic. spasmus cynicus, Fél.

gin-ljótr, adj. with a hideous mouth.

gingi-brauð, n. ginger-bread, H.E. ii. 91.

gin-hafri, a, m. a kind of oats, Edda (Gl.)

ginn, ginnr, or ginnir, m. a juggler, jester, Fms. vi. 295, viii. 307 (in a verse).

II. a magical character, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 446.

GINN-, or perhaps better gínn-, [cp. A.S. gin or ginn = vast, wide; it seems however better to derive it from the verb beginnan, Engl. begin, a word used in all Teutonic languages, except the old Scandinavian tongue, where it is unknown, unless in this mythological prefix]:—only used as a prefix:

I. in old mythol. words, great, holy: ginn-heilög (adj. pl.) goð, the most holy gods, the supreme gods, as opposed to Asir and Vanir, the lower gods, Vsp. passim:

ginn-regin, n. pl. ‘magna numina,’ Hm. 143, Haustl. 13, in the same sense as ginnheilög goð in Vsp.; in Hým. 4 opp. to tívar (dii); in Alm. goð and ginnregin are distinguished, cp. also Hm. 79:

ginnungar, m. pl., seems used in the same sense as ginnregin, whence

Ginnunga-gap, n. chaos, the formless void, in which abode the supreme powers, before the creation, Edda, Vsp.: later, in the 11th century, the sea between Greenland and America was called Ginnunga-gap, A.A. 295:

Ginnunga-himin, m. of the heavenly vault of Ginnunga-gap, Edda 5:

Ginnunga-vé, n. pl. the holy places of the Ginnungar, the universe, Haustl. 15:

Ginnarr (Ginnir), m., is a name of Odin, prop. = aetherius, and also used of the eagle, the falcon.

II. in an intensive sense only in poets; ginn-viti, a, m. a large fire, Sighvat; perhaps also we may read, Vkv. 5, ginn-fasti, a, m. a great fire in a smithy, for gim fasti.

GINNA, t, to dupe, fool one, Nj. 225, 263, Band. 5, 27, 69, Fms. vi. 205, Edda 36; g. e-t af e-m, Fms. iii. 98; g. e-n at sér, to fall out with one, Vápn. 7:

—to intoxicate, lát af at drekka vín, svá at þú gerir þik ginnta, Stj. 428; ferr þessi maðr í tavernis hús, ok ferr eigi fyrr burt en hann er ginntr, Mar.; drykkja var þar óstjórnleg, svá at þeir urðu allir ginntir, Bárð. 26 new Ed.: intoxicating, of liquor, hennar vatn er svá ginnt ok galit, Stj. 84.

ginning, f. imposture, fraud, Fms. vi. 205, Ld. 322, Stj. 267:

ginningar-fífl, m. a fool, one who runs a fool’s errand, Nj. 160;

Gylfa-ginning, the Fooling of Gylfi, a part of the Edda, vide Edda Ub. the beginning.

ginnungr, m. a juggler, jester, Fs. 87, Edda (Gl.)

GIPT, gift, f. [gefa], a gift, 656 C. 12, Greg. 37, Hom. 62; Heilags Anda gipt, 625. 30, 655 A. 13. 3: a gift of nature, endowment, Fms. x. 314, Eluc. 27, Edda 144 (pref.): income, N.G.L. i. 345, 347: a wedding, A.S. gifta,

giptar-gáfa, u, f. a wedding gift, D.N.:

giptar-jörð, f. a dowry farm, N.G.L. i. 356:

giptar-kveld, n. a wedding eve, cp. brúðgjöf and bekkjargjöf, N.G.L. i. 356:

giptar-mál, n. [Dan. givtermaal], a marriage, D.N.:

giptar-orð, n. marriage, El. 10:

giptar-vitni, n. a wedding witness, N.G.L. i. 356.

gipta, u, f. [A.S. gifeðe = fatum, Beowulf], good luck, Ld. 104, Nj. 17, Fms. vi. 299, Fs. 27, 97, Stj. 198, passim; cp. auðna, hamingja.

compds:

giptu-drjúgr, adj. lucky, Fs. 142.

giptu-fátt, n. adj. luckless, Fær. 154.

giptu-liga, adv. happily, boding good luck, Fms. iii. 174, Fas. ii. 429.

giptu-ligr, adj. lucky, auspicious, Fms. vi. 9.

giptu-maðr, m. a lucky man, Grett. 163, Fms. vi. 274, Fs. 43, 80.

giptu-munr, m. the turn of the scale, the crisis of one’s luck, Fas. iii. 312.

giptu-ráð, n. a good, auspicious match, Vígl. 23.

giptu-samliga, adv. auspiciously, Fms. i. 214, Sturl. ii. 78.

giptu-samligr, adj. = giptuligr, Fms. x. 31.

giptu-skortr, m. bad luck, Fær. 265.

giptu-tómr, adj. luckless, Al. 95.

giptu-vænligr, adj. promising good luck, auspicious, of a man, Njarð. 344, Fs. 10.

II. marriage (rare);

giptu-mál, n. a marriage, Landn. 110 (v.l. in the MS. Melabók).

gipta, t, to give a woman in marriage; fyrr skulu grónir grautardílarnir á hálsi þér, en ek muna gipta þér systur mína, Eb. 210; gipti Höskuldr Gró systur sina, Ld. 24, Nj. 17, Eg. 5, Rm. 20, 37, passim.

II. reflex, to marry, of both man and wife; in old writers the man ‘kvángask,’ i.e. takes a wife, the woman is ‘gipt,’ i.e. given away, Fms. ix. 269, Ld. 128 passim; in the course of time the primitive sense of the word was lost, and it came to mean to marry: the saying, það grær áðr en þú giptist, i.e. never mind, it will be healed before thou marriest, addressed to a boy or girl about to cry for a slight hurt.

gipting, f. marriage, in old writers only of a woman, Js. 63, Fms. ix. 269.

compds:

giptingar-dagr, m. a wedding day, Gþl. 221.

giptingar-maðr, m. one who gives away (parent, warder), Gþl. 212, 215, 229.

giptingar-orð, n. = gjaforð, marriage, Fms. x. 87.

giptingar-veð, n. wedding-security, i.e. for the dowry, N.G.L. ii. 304.

giptingar-vitni, n. a wedding witness, N.G.L. ii. 305.

II. in mod. usage marriage, applying both to man and wife, passim, and in many compds.

GIRÐA, ð, mod. t, older form gerða, [Ulf. gairdan = περιζώννυμι]:

—to fence, Fms. x. 211, Grett. 168, Grág. ii. 263; cp. gyrða, which means to tie up, gird.

girði, n. materials for fencing, Jb. 100: wood for making hoops.

girðing, f. fencing, Fms. x. 212: mod. fences.

Girkir, m. pl. the Greeks; Girkland, n. Greece, mod. Grikkir, Grikkland.

GIRNA, d, [Ulf. gairnjan = ἐπιποθειν; A.S. girnan; Engl. to yearn], to desire, in act. used impers., e-n (acc.) girnir til e-s, 655 xxxviii. 11; cp. fýsa.

II. reflex. girnask, to desire (personally), Stj. passim, Sks. 105, 623. 21. Fs. 4: absol., Fms. i. 262, Sks, 152, Band. 3, Bs. 1. 691, v.l.

girnd, f. desire, lust, Fms. ii. 238, x. 373, passim.

compds:

girndar-augu, n. pl. eyes of lust, 623. 23, Stj. 54, 125.

girndar-bruni, girndar-eldr, girndar-logi, a, m. the burning (fire, flame) of lust, i.e. ardent lust, Greg. 60, Vígl. 22.

girndar-grafar, f. pl., Stj. 324, rendering of ‘Kibroth-hattaavah,’ Numb, xi. 34.

girndar-hugr, m. amour, Stj. 7.

girndar-ráð, n. a (foolish) love match, Ld. 128, Fms. iv. 194; veit ek at báðum er þetta girndarráð, ye are both mad with love, Nj. 49; vide fýsn.

girni, f. = girnd, [Ulf. gairnei], yearning, desire, esp. in compds,

metorða-girni, drottnunar-girni, ambition;

fé-girni, avarice;

heipt-girni, spite;

á-girni, q.v.;

sín-girni, selfishness;

eigin-girni, id.

girni-liga, adv. desirably, Th. 75.

girni-ligr, adj. desirable, to be coveted, Sks. 499; girnilegt til fróðleiks, Gen. iii. 6, passim, Fms. v. 259 (pleasant, engaging).

Girskr, adj. Greek, Skálda 160, Greg. 75, K.Þ.K. 74, Fms. vi. passim; mod. Grískr:

Girska, u, f. the Greek language, Stj. 70, Fms. vii. 96, Skálda 160 passim.

II. = Gerzkr, i.e. from Garðar, Russian, passim.

GISINN, part. [Swed. gisten; Scot. and North. E. geizened], leaky, of tubs, wooden vessels, freq. in mod. usage.

gisna, að, [Swed. gistna], to become leaky (gisinn).

GISTA, t, [gestr], to pass the night; g. at e-s (etc.), Eb. 222, Nj. 15, 74, Ld. 130, Al. 40, Fs. 138: with acc. of the host, g. e-n, to spend a night with one, N.G.L. i. 51, 623. 14.

gis-tenntr, part. with teeth far apart, not closed.

gisting, f. a passing the night as a guest at a place, or the place in which one stays, night quarters, Eg. 37, Nj. 258, Ld. 46, F. b. 266, Sturl. i. 74, Grág. i. 91, Ísl. ii. 10, Grett. 149 new Ed., Fbr. 14, Lv. 92, passim.

compds:

gistingar-ból, n. = gistingarstaðr, Fbr. 55 new Ed.

gistingar-staðr, m. night quarters, Ísl. ii. 23, 25, 343, Bs. i. 140, Fms. viii. 66, passim.

gizka, að, to guess; g. á e-ð, to guess at a thing;

á-gizkan, a guess.

gizki, a, m. a kind of kerchief (of goal-skin?); hón horfði upp í fjallit ok veifði gizka eðr dúki, Fs. 59; síðan veifði hann gizka til fjalls ok tók þá af veðrit, 78:

—mod. a scarecrow.

II. an island in Norway, Fms.

GÍFR, n. pl. [A.S. gîfre = rapacious, used as an epithet of the devil, wildfire, etc., and as noun, a glutton, vide Grein]:

—witches, fiends, = Germ. unhold, Vsp. 52, Hkv. Hjörv. 15; freq. in poetry, al-gífri, pandemonium, Bragi; gífrs grand, ‘witch-bane’ = the god Thor, Eb. (in a verse); wolves are gífrs hestar, ‘witch-horses,’ Jd., and hræ-gífr, carrion beasts, Gkv. 2. 29, Lex. Poët.: the simple word is never used in prose, but in compds; it however remains in prose in the following adv.

gífr-liga, adv. savagely; láta gífrliga, Sturl. ii. 238, Fas. ii. 424 (of a dog): mod. exorbitantly.

gífr-ligr, adj., prop. savage: mod. immoderate, exorbitant.

GÍGJA, u, f. [Germ. geige; mid. H. G. gîge; old Fr. gigue; and to jig in Scot. means to play the fiddle, while in Engl. a jig is a lively dance]:

—a fiddle, Stj. 181, Hkr. ii. 136, cp. Yngl. S. ch. 25, Fms. vii. 97 (in a verse); this instrument was known at an early age, as a lawyer in Icel. in the first part of the 10th century was called gígja, prob. because of his eloquent pleading or his clear voice, Nj., Landn.

gígja,† að, to fiddle (Germ. geigen), Str. 82.

gígjari, a, m. a fiddler, Hkr. i. 30.

gíma, u, f. a vast opening, Fb. i. 210; in mod. usage also gímald, n. id.

GÍNA, pret. gein, pl. ginu; pres. gín (Edda 101); sup. ginit; in old poems a weak pret. gínði also occurs, Arnór, Orkn. 90; pl. gíndu, Geisli 29, Fms. iii. 4 (in a verse); [A.S. gînan; Engl. to yawn; Germ. gähnen; Gr. χαίνω]:

—to gape, yawn, esp. of wild beasts; gínandi úlfr, Hm. 84; hann brá líndúk um hödduna ok gein yfir, Fms. i. 36: of wounds, en er gína tóku sár hans, Bjarn. 10; gína við agni, to snap at the bait, Hým. 22; gína við flugu, to snap at a fly; þóttisk Sigmundr nú yfir flugu ginit hafa, Ísl. ii. 25; Miðgorðs-ormr gein yfir oxa-höfuðit, Edda 36; vide fluga.

GÍSL, m. [A.S. gîsel; lost in Engl.; Germ. geissel; Swed. gislan; Dan. gidsel; to be distinguished from geisl; mod. Germ. and Dan. confound the two forms, one of which has ei and the other î as root vowel; mid. H. G. retained a distinction]:

—a hostage, Ls. 39, Fms. v. 171, ix. 359, passim.

II. a king’s officer, a bailiff; gísl keisarans, Fms. i. 151, cp. Bs. i. 9, i.e. of the German emperor:

—a warder, watchman, þeir höfðu sett til gísla at gæta hans (of a prisoner), Fms. viii. 23; konungr lagði fe til höfuðs honum ok setti hvervetna fyrir hann gísla (viz. to catch him) hvar sem hann kynni fram at koma, vi. 16:—this sense is very rare, and in Icel. never occurs except in metaph. phrases.

III. a pr. name, Gísl and Gísli; in many compds, Þor-gísl, Spá-gísl, Auð-gísl, Her-gísl, but usually by metathesis -gils, e.g. Þor-gils, etc.

gísla, að, to give as hostage, Edda 15, Fms. ix. 447, N.G.L. i. 103; menn höfðu gíslat Knúti konungi sonu sína, Hkr. ii. 385; hann hafði verit gíslaðr (taken as hostage) af Skota-konungi, Orkn. 418 old Ed.; gilstir = gíslaðir, N.G.L. i. 103; gísla sér land, to take possession of the land as a hostage, Fagrsk. 158.

gíslar, f. pl. sureties, securities; hann tók gíslar af honum ok bóndum, Eg. 589; hann tók gíslir (v. 1. gíslar, gísla) af bóndum, Fms. ix. 313, 409, passim; gísla (the persons) and gíslar (the things) are often used indiscriminately.

II. metaph. security, guard, in the phrase, setja gíslar fyrir, to guard, secure (vide gísl II); Hjalti bað hann gæta sín, ok setja þær gíslar fyrir sem honum þætti vænst at þeim mundi duga, Sturl. iii. 7; þá var svá gíslum skipat fyrir at á Heiðmörk vóru áttján skip í Mjörs, Fms. viii. 45.

gísling, f. hostage, Gþl. 81, Fms. ii. 43, vi. 240, ix. 447, passim: guard, setja gíslingar fyrir = to guard (vide gíslar); setti Þórir þá gíslingar fyrir Gretti (an outlaw) hvar hann kæmi fram, Grett. 139 C: in the old Swed. law gislunga-lagh = the section of law respecting bail and mainprise, Verel.

gjafar-, vide gjöf.

gjafari, a, m. a giver, K.Á. 76.

gjaf-erfð, f. a bequest, Fms. vii. 124, N.G.L. i. 50.

gjaf-falr, adj. to be had for a trifle, Fms. vii. 124.

gjaf-göltr, m. a fat bog, Gþl. 396.

gjaf-laust, n. adj. ‘gift-less,’ without gift, Sturl. ii. 145, Fms. vii. 106.

gjaf-lendingar, m. pl. feudatories, Fms. viii. 244.

gjaf-lyndi, n. open-handedness, Fms. v. 188.

gjaf-mildi, f. liberality, Thom. 6 (Ed.)

gjaf-mildr, adj. open-handed, Karl. 170.

gjaf-orð, n. a match, of a woman to be married, Fr. parlie, Eg. 36, 598, Nj. 38, Fms. i. 298, Lv. 38, Aim. 6, passim.

gjaf-stóll, n., poet, a throne, Lex. Poët., cp. A.S. gifstol.

gjaf-vaxta, adj. (a maid) grown up, of marriageable age to be given away, Grett. 118.

gjaf-vinr, m. an open-handed friend, benefactor, Fbr. 204, Sturl. i. 89.

gjald, n. [vide gildi]:

I. sing. tribute, payment; því er gjöf gjaldi betri, at …, N.G.L. i. 54; gjald þat er Finnar skyldu reiða, Eg. 67; seint gengr gjaldit, Fms. iv. 329; þá héldu bændr gjaldinu, they kept back the payment, vii. 302; beiddi nokkurra fresta um gjaldit, viii. 174; hann lagði gjald á borgina, Ó.H. 22.

II. usually in pl.; hann tók stór gjöld af sumum, Fms. i. 28; til gjalda ok til útgöngu, payment, Grág. i. 184; lýsti hann til gjalda ok útgreizlu, Nj. 15; stefna til tveðra gjalda, double payment, i.e. double the value, Grág. ii. 188; gjalda einum gjöldum, the actual value, 132; fullum gjöldum, Ó.H. 86: a fine, maðr á at taka gjöld um konu, Grág. i. 278;

mann-gjöld, weregild.

2. metaph. retribution; Drottinn sýndi hver gjöld koma munu fyrir ofstopa, 655 xxi. 3: rarely in sing., ella mun þér gjald at verða, thou shalt pay dear for it, Nj. 126:

—freq. in eccl. use, synda-gjöld, illverka-gjöld, Pass. 32. 11: so in the phrase, góðra gjalda vert, ef …, i.e. one must even be thankful, if not …; ok góðra gjalda vert ef ekki eru drepnir sumir, Sturl. iii. 266:

—reward, compensation, in a good sense, æ sér gjöf til gjalda, gift calls for gift, Gísl. 28.

GJALDA, pret. galt, 2nd pers. galt, mod. galzt; pl. guldu; pres, geld: pret. subj. gyldi; imperat. gjalt or gjald þú; sup. pret. goldit, goldinn; with neg. suff. gjald-attu; [Ulf. us-gildan = ἀποδιδόναι; A.S. gyldan; Engl. yield; O.H.G. geltan; old Fr. ielda; Germ. gelten; Dan. gjelde; Swed. gälla]:

—to pay money, pay a fee, duty, or the like, the person in dat., the money in acc., Grág. i. 87, 408, passim, Fær. 120, Fms. iv. 346, xi. 81, Nj. 58, K.Þ.K. 162, passim:

—to yield, repay, return, g. gjöf við gjöf, Hm. 42; gjaldið engum íllt móti íllu, Róm. xii. 17; sakir þær er ek á at g. Ólafi, Ó.H. 213; sögðu, at þeim var sín óhamingja miklu íllu goldin, 232; skal ek g. þeim svá útrúleik sinn, 58:

—þér eigit at g. aptr (to restore) sendimenn hans manngjöldum, Eg. 575:

—g. leiðangr, to yield a levy, Fms. viii. 173.

II. metaph. to yield or yield up, deliver; þá guldu þeir Guði andir sínar, they yielded up their souls to God, Blas. 36; gjalt mik lærifeðrum mínum, 656 B. 5; væri hann þá andaðr goldinn sínum borgar-mönnum, 10.

β. so in the phrases, g. skynsemi við e-u, to give (yield) reason for, Skálda 205, Sks. 787, Johann. 28; g. samkvæði, to yield, give consent to, Fms. v. 70, Nj. 233; also to vote for, Grág. i. 2, 43; g. varúð, varhuga, við e-u, to be on one’s guard against, beware of, Ísl. ii. 369, Fms. ii. 166, vi. 42, Hkr. i. 50; g. e-m fjandskap, to shew ill-will towards, Ld. 134; g. öfund, Ls. 12.

2. with gen. ellipt., the fine being understood, to pay for, suffer on account of; ok munu margir þess g., Nj. 2: njóta e-s denotes to profit, gjalda e-s to suffer on account of another; þar munuð þit mín gjalda, Vígl. 28; sú harma-bylgjan djúpa, gékk yfir þig þá galztu mín, Pass. 41. 4; svá mun ok vera, segir Njáll, ef þú geldr eigi annarra at, Nj. 147; Helga (gen.) hefir þú goldit at í þessu, Fas. i. 28; hugði, at hann mundi þess víðar koma at hann mundi njóta föður síns en gjalda, Gísl. 73; heldr geldr Leifr Þrándar en nýtr frá mér, Fms. ii. 116; geldr at nýbreytni (gen.) konungs ok þessa ens nýja siðar, i.e. it is a just punishment for the innovation of the king and the new creed, Ld. 168; konungr sagði, at hón skyldi eigi gjalda frá honum tiltækja föður síns, Fms. ix. 477: part. gjaldandi, a payer, Grág. i. 394.

gjald-dagi, a, m. pay-day, Grág. i. 199, ii. 235.

gjald-fang, n. payments, equivalents, Sturl. i. 182.

gjald-gengr, adj. taken in payment, Grág. i. 502, Fms. v. 346.

gjald-keri or gjald-kyri, a, m. the king’s rent-master or steward, N.G.L. i. 311, 335, Fms. vi. 12, Grett. 158 A, Jb. 173, Orkn. 204:

— mod. a treasurer: the word is prob. of foreign origin.

GJALL, n. cinders from a smith’s furnace.

GJALLA, pret. gall, pl. gullu; pres. gell, pl. gjalla; pret. subj. gylli; sup. gollit; mod. infin. gella; [A.S. giellan; Engl. yell; Dan. gjalde; Swed. gälla]:

—to yell:

—of birds of prey, to scream, shriek, hrafnar tveir ok gullu hátt, Fms. i. 131; ernir gjalla hátt, Sighvat; fuglar sýngja, gjalla eðr klaka, Skálda 170:

of a bull, to bellow, Fb. i. 545:

of things, as of a bow-string, to twang, strengr gellr, Fbr. 206; strengir gullu, Arnór; gjallandi geir, Eg. (in a verse):

of a man, to yell, shout, hann stökk þá upp ok gall við, Fms. vii. 171:

mod. to shout out (in reply), hún er gipt dóna fyrir austan, gall einhver við af Neðri-bekkingum, Piltr og Stúlka, p. 73:

of an echo, to ring, svá gall í hverjum hamri, Fms. ix. 513, v.l.; so of a blacksmith’s hammer, Eg. (in a verse).

gjallr, adj., also spelt gallr, ringing, poët. epithet of gold, a shield, weapon, horn, Fs. 111 (in a verse), Vsp. 42, Haustl. 1, Fm. 9, 20; gallir geirar, Ó.H. 23: of a person weeping, Skv. 3. 33: as the word is rare and obsolete, esp. in the form gallr, transcribers and editors have in some passages wrongly put the well-known gamlir (old) where that word yields no sense, as in Vsp. l.c., Ó.H. l.c.

2. as subst., the sea, a sword, shield are called gjallr, the resounding, Edda (Gl.)

gjalti, vide göltr.

gjarða, u, f. a hood, Edda (Gl.)

gjarðari, a, m. a cooper, N.G.L. iii. 2, 10.

GJARN, adj., compar. gjarnari; superl. gjarnastr; [Ulf. gairns, only once; A.S. georn; Germ. gern; lost as adj. both in Dan. and Swed.; cp. gerr above, which is only used in a limited sense]:

—eager, willing, Fms. iv. 81, Dropl. 19; a saying, gjörn er hönd á venju, Grett. 130: with gen., gjarn e-s, 656 C. 24, passim;

used in a great many poët. compds, but also freq. in prose, as in

góð-gjarn, gentle;

íll-gjarn, malevolent;

öfund-gjarn, envious;

metorða-gjarn, ambitions;

væru-gjarn, loving rest;

á-gjarn, avaricious;

fé-gjarn, covetous;

sín-gjarn and eigin-gjarn, selfish;

óbil-gjarn, unyielding;

nám-gjarn, eager for learning;

háð-gjarn, scoffing;

ó-gjarn, unwilling;

sátt-gjarn, peaceful; vide Lex. Poët. p. 246.

gjarna, mod. gjarnan, adv. willingly, Nj. 57, Lv. 20, Eg. 234, Fms. i. 79, Ísl. ii. 441, Bret. 34, Sks. 241, Orkn. 158.

gjarnliga, adv. willingly, Bs. i. 355.

gjarn-samliga, adv. = gjarnliga, Sks. 221.

GJÁ, f., gen. gjár, acc. and dat. gjá; pl. gjár, gen. gjá, dat. gjám, mod. gjáar; [a Scandin. word, akin to gína; found in the north of Scotland in the form geo, geow: cp. Gr. χάσμα]:

—a chasm, rift, in fells or crags; hrinda þeim fyrir björg eðr í gjár, Fms. ii. 238; til þess er hann kemr at gjá einni, en sú gjá gengr um eyna þvera, fyrir annan enda gjárinnar, hinu-megin gjárinnar, yfir gjána, etc., Fær. 170, 171; kasta hringinum í gjár eða vötn, Bs. i. 329; milli gjá ok gljúfra, Stj. 90; at enni efri gjánni, Nj. 224: also freq. in local names, Almanna-gjá, the famous rift in Thingvalla, Nj. 113, 246, 247, Sturl. i. 206, Landn. 312, v.l.; Hrafna-gjá, Brímils-gjá, Kötlu-gjá; it often denotes a rift with a tarn or pool at bottom, whereas gil is a rift with running water.

compds:

gjár-bakki, a, m. a rift brink (that of the Almanna-gjá), Nj. 224.

gjár-barmr, m. the edge of a geow, Fas. iii. 414.

gjár-munni, a, m. the mouth of a geow, Fas. iii. 415.

gjár-skúti, a, m. a geow-nook, Bárð. 166.

gjá-hamarr, m. the upper wall of the Almanna-gjá, Grág. i. 26.

GJÁLFR, m., gen. rs, poët. the din of the sea, the swelling waves, Sks. 148:

—the sea, freq. in poetry and in poët. compds, vide Lex. Poët.;

in prose Icel. say, orða-gjálfr, ‘word-din’ empty sounding wards, flood of phrases.

gjálfr-ligr, gjálfr-samr, gjálfrugr, adj. noisy, roaring, Sks. 192.

Ships are gjálfr-dýr, gjálfr-marar, gjálfr-stóð, steeds of the sea, Lex. Poët.

gjálfra, að, to roar, of the sea: to chatter.

gjálgrun, f. [cp. gjelg = din, Ivar Aasen], idle talk, prating, Ísl. ii. 139.

gjá-lífi, n. = gjólífi.

Gjálp, f. [A.S. gealp; Hel. gelp; Engl. yelp], Yelper, name of a giantess, Edda; from

gjálpa, að, to yelp.

gjár, yesterday, vide gær.

GJÓ, f. [cp. Engl. gay], enjoyment, esp. in a bad sense, sensuality, Sks. 435.

compds:

gjó-lífi, n. a ‘gay,’ i.e. vain, life; g. eðr ofdrykkjur, Fms. viii. 106 (v.l.), Stj. 161.

gjólífis-menn, m. pl. vain persons, Fms. viii. 238, v.l.

gjó-menn, n. pl. id., Sks. 366; in mod. usage

gjá-lífi, n. (and gjá-lífr, adj.), a life of pleasure, a gay, idle life, Vídal., Pass. 4. 10.

GJÓÐR, m. [gjo, Ivar Aasen], a bird, falco haliaetus, Edda (Gl.), Stj. 316, Róm. 382, Þiðr. 93.

gjóla, u, f. a gust of wind.

GJÓSA, pret. gauss, mod. gaus, pl. gusu; pres. gýss, mod. gýs; pret. subj. gysi; part. gosinn: [a Scandin. word not found in Saxon nor Germ., cp. Engl. gush]:

—to gush, break out, of a furnace, volcano, or the like; þar gauss upp stundum eldr, Nj. 204; hann sá eld mikinn g. upp, Grett. 96; gauss ór honum spýja (a vomit) mikil, Eg. 216; froða gaus ór kjapti þeim, Fas. i. 425; svá sem þar gjósi upp svartr reykr, Sks. 203; gaus upp grátr, Róm. 234.

gjósta, u, f. a gust, Edda 99, Bs. i. 667 (in a verse).

gjós-æðr, f. a ‘gush-vein,’ an artery, Sturl. iii. 97.

GJÓTA, pret, gaut, pl. gutu; pres. gýtr; pret. subj. gyti; part. gotinn;, [Ulf. gjutan; A.S. geôtan; O.H.G. giuzan; Germ. giessen; Dan. gyde; Swed. giuta = to cast (of metal), but this sense is not found in the Icel.]:

—to drop, throw, cast one’s young, with dat.; Icel. say kefla or kelfa (kálfr), of a cow, whale, deer; kasta, of a mare; kæpa, of a seal (kópr, a young seal;) hrygna, of a fish; gjóta, of a cat, dog, fox, mouse, and of a fish, to spawn; whence gota, spawn; got-rauf, q.v.; þá gjóta þeir hrognum sínum, Sks. 46; nýgotinn hvolpr, a new-dropped cub (dog, kitten).

2. in the phrase, gjóta augum, to twinkle, Fas. iii. 497; gjóta hornauga, to look askant.—That gjóta was originally used in a nobler sense maybe inferred from the fact that the names of two Teutonic people, the Gautar (Gauts) and Gotar (Goths, = the born, Lat. nati) are in all likelihood derived from the same root.

gjóta, u, f. [Dan. gyde], a narrow lane.

GJÖF, f., gen. gjafar, pl. gjafar, later gjafir; dat. gjöfum: [Ulf. giba; A.S. gifu, geofu; Engl. gift; Germ. gabe, whence mod. Swed. gåfua, Dan. gave, and Icel. gáfa]:

—a gift, Nj. 7, 163, Eg. 33, Fms. i. 296, iv. 105, x. 47, Bs. i. 76, 143, N.G.L. i. 8, passim: in mod. usage Icel. distinguish between gjöf and gáfa, using the latter of the gifts of nature, gifts of mind, cleverness, but gjöf in a material sense. The ancients were fond of exchanging gifts, which were either a part of hospitality or tokens of friendship; the former were munificent, the latter might be small, Hm. 51: at a feast (wedding, funeral, or the like) the host used to make gifts to all his more honoured guests at departure; the technical phrase for this was, leysa menn út með gjöfum, to dismiss with gifts; vóru allir menn með gjöfum brott leystir; hence útlausnir, departure from a feast, Sturl. iii. 268: a departing friend or visitor had to be dismissed with a gift (kynnis-gjöf, Fms. vi. 358). The gifts consisted chiefly of weapons and costly clothes; but favourite gifts were a steed (Bjarn. 55, 58) or oxen of a fine breed (Sturl. i. 106), hawks, tents, sails, white bears (Ó.H. ch. 114, Fms. vi. ch. 72–75, 100, Hung. ch. 2), in short anything that was rare and costly, görsemi, metfé. Again, friends had to exchange gifts, so as to cement their friendship, cp. Hávamál passim,—vápnum ok váðum skulu vinir gleðjask; gefendr ok endrgefendr erusk lengst vinir, 40; gjalda gjöf við gjöf, 41; geði skaltú við hann (viz. the friend) blanda ok gjöfum skipta, 43; glík skulu gjöld gjöfum, 45; sýtir æ glöggr við gjöfum, 47. Gifts were obligatory, and were a token of grace and goodwill on the part of giver and receiver. A gift when received was called the ‘nautr’ of the giver, e.g. a ring or sword presented by a king was konungs-nautr. The instances in the Sagas are very many, e.g. Eg. ch. 36, 81, Ld. ch. 7, 27, 43, 45, Sturl. passim, Glúm. ch. 6, 25, Vápn. p. 19, Hrafn. 23, Lv. ch. 14, 15, Ó.H. ch. 114, Har. S. Gilla ch. 16, Hung. ch. 13, 17, Páls. S. ch. 16, and last, not least, the curious Gautr. S.; the remark of Tacit. Germ. ch. 21, gaudent muneribus, sed nec data imputant nec acceptis obligantur, is only partly true;

ást-gjafar, love-gifts;

vin-gjafar, friend-gifts, cp. Gr. ξένια, Ó.H. 125;

hefndar-gjöf, a fatal gift;

Jóla-gjöf, a Yule present, Eg. ch. 70;

sumar-gjafir, summer-gifts, on the day when summer begins.

compds:

gjafa-laust, n. adj. dismissed without gifts, Nj. 167, Fms. vii. 106, Sturl. iii. 268.

gjafa-leysi, n. scanty gifts, Fms. v. 188.

gjafa-skipti and gjafa-víxl, n. exchange of gifts, Gísl. 13, 96, Bs. i. 82:

—in a technical sense, brúð-gjöf (q.v.), bekkjar-gjöf (q.v.),

morgun-gjöf, a bride-gift, bench-gift, morning-gift, cp. N.G.L. i. 27, 29, 51, passim:

til-gjöf, a dowry,—

all referring to a wedding: með-gjöf—fúlga, q.v.; á-gjöf, q.v.;

milli-gjöf, discount;

líf-gjöf, pardon;

ofaní-gjöf, rebuke:

Icel. also give the name to foddering, setja á gjöf, hence

gjafar-mál, n. foddering hour, Gþl. 442.

gjöfull, adj., pl. gjöflir, munificent, Eg. 42, Fms. v. 240, Bs. i. 61: with gen., g. síns fjár, Hm. 38; stór-gjöfull, q.v.

GJÖGR, f. a cleft, rift; gljúfr ok gjögrar, Bs. i. 200; rare, but still existing as the local name of a fishing-place in north-western Icel., (Gjögr, or á Gjögri), used as neut.

gjögra, að, to reel, stagger (now skjögra), Fas. ii. 550 (in a verse).

gjögta,† að, to jolt, rattle, of a thing badly fitted; það gjögtar til og frá.

GJÖLL, f. [vide gjalla], din, alarum (poët.)

compds:

Gjallar-brú, n. the bridge leading to Hel, vide Edda.

Gjallar-horn, n. the horn of Heimdal, Edda, Vsp.

GJÖLNAR, f. pl. [Engl. gills; Dan. gjæller; Swed. gäl]:

—the gills of a fish, Edda (Gl.); elsewhere rare, tálkn (q.v.) being the common word.

gjölnir, m. a kind of fish, Edda (Gl.)

GJÖRÐ, f., pl. gjarðar, mod. gjarðir, [Ulf. gairda = ζωνή; Engl. girth, girdle; Dan. gjord]:

—a girdle, Ísl. ii. 340, Sks. 403, freq.; söðul-gjörð, a saddle-girth; megin-gjörð, main girdle, the belt of Thor, vide Edda: poët. the sea is called jarðar-gjörð, earth-girdle:

—a hoop on tubs, botn-gjörð, a bottom hoop:

—a kind of lady’s head-gear, in western Icel. a kerchief wrapped round the head.

glaða, að, = gleðja, to gladden, but only in pres., Hkv. 1. 44, Höfuðl. 17, Fsm. 48: in prose, Fas. i. 221, Barl. 60.

glaðel, n. [from Lat. gladiolus], a kind of sword, Ld. 330, Þiðr.

glað-látr, adj. cheerful, Grett. 140 A, Fas. iii. 219.

glaðliga, adv. gladly, friendly, Nj. 177, Fms. xi. 376: gladly, willingly, i. 102, ix. 254, Fas. i. 218.

glaðligr, adj. glad, bright, cheerful, Fms. vi. 357.

glað-mæltr, adj. talking cheerfully, Fms. i. 19, ii. 109.

glaðna, að, to be gladdened: esp. of the sky, to brighten, clear up, það glaðnar til; and of a face, það glaðnar yfir honum, his face brightens.

glaðning, f., gladdening, Mar.: good cheer.

GLAÐR, adj., fem. glöð, neut. glatt, compar. glaðari, superl. glaðastr; [A.S., Engl., Swed., and Dan. glad; it does not occur in Ulf. nor in Germ.; in Hel. gladmod = glad-mood (twice), vide Schmeller; cp. also Lat. laetus]:

—glad, gladsome; glaðr ok reifr skyli gumna hverr unz sinn bíðr bana, Hm. 14; ek væra glaðari ef þú værir með hundrað manns, Lv. 80; snotrs manns hjarta verðr sjaldan glatt, Hm. 54; Gunnarr varð g. við þat, Nj. 42; Flosi var allra manna glaðastr ok beztr heim at sækja, most cheerful of all men and the best to visit, 254, cp. Eb. 88, Fms. i. 31; glaðr í máli, vi. 59; hraustr ok g., x. 420; glaðr ok spurall, iv. 82; glaðr, heilhugaðr, vitr, Fagrsk. 14; glöð trú, cheerful faith, Lex. Poët.; drekka glaðr inn góða mjöð, Gm. 13; drekka glöð ór gullnum kerum, 7; ok þótti glaðara (pleasanter) at tala við Helgu en vera í starfi með kaupmönnum, Ísl. ii. 212: acc. adverb., taka glaðan á e-u, to take it gladly, Fms. xi. 112;

ó-glaðr, sad, moody.

II. glad, bright, of the sky, weather; tunglið skein glatt, Fas. iii. 622; veðr glatt, Þjal. 47; þat ljós gaf glaðan veg, Bs. ii. 109; eldarnir vóru sumir sem glaðastir, Gísl. 126: of gold, Bs. ii. 142: freq. in mod. usage, glaða sólskin, glad sunshine; glaða túnglskin, bright moonshine; loga glatt, to blaze merrily; eldrinn logar þess glaðar, Vídal. i. 145: the phrase, sjá aldregi glaðan dag, never to see a sunny day, be dull and downcast;

Glöð, f., pr. name of a bell (cp. Engl. a merry peal), Fms. vi.

GLAÐR, m., poët. a horse, Edda (Gl.), Gm. 30, vide Lex. Poët.

glað-væri, mod. glað-værð, f. gladness, Sturl. i. 206, ii. 125.

glað-værr, adj. gladsome, cheerful, Bs. ii. 89, Magn. 474.

GLAM, mod. glamr, m. [cp. glaumr], a tinkling sound, Finnb. 348, Fms. xi. 129: noise, Hom. 34; gný ok glamm, a clash of weapons, Fms. vi. 156;

ára-glam, a dash of oars;

orða-glamr, tinkling words;

Skála-glam, a nickname, ‘Tinkling-scale,’ xi. 128, 129.

Glammaðr or Glömmuðr, m. a nickname, Tinkler, Landn.

glama, ð, to twaddle, talk idly, Hm. 30.

glampi (or glanpi?), a, m. a ray of light; akin to glenr.

glanni, a, m. a reckless jester, Edda (Gl.)

compds:

glanna-legr, adj. hoydenish.

glanna-skapr, m.

glansi, a, m. [mod. from Germ. glanz], glitter.

GLAP, n. hallucination, seems only to be used in pl. glöp, as elli-glöp, dotage: a law term, flaws in law proceedings, Grág. i. 10.

glap-máll, adj. speaking vainly of, Ad. 1.

glapna, að, to grow blunt or dim; glapnaði honum heyrn ok sýn, Eg. 754; hversu honum glapnaði sona-eignin, Fms. iv. 321.

glapp, n., pl. glöpp, only in the phrase, höppum og glöppum, by ‘haps and gaps,’ by haphazard; and in compds,

glappa-skot, n. as a law term, a chance shot, a mishap (shooting one inadvertently), N.G.L. i. 157, cp. § 27:

—in mod. usage, a blunder, slip:

glappa-verk, n. accidental mischief done, Fs. 160.

glappast, dep. to blunder.

glap-ræði, n. a blunder, Band. 4.

glap-skuld, f. a fool’s fine for pranks or foolish acts, Hallfr.

glap-stígr, m. a fool’s path, a stray path, cp. the Dan. saying, gjensti bliver ofte glapsti.

glap-víg, n. accidental manslaughter, Landn. 180.

GLAS, n. glass, vide gler.

glas-ker, n. a glass vessel; glaskeri ber eg minn fésjóð í, Pass. 1. 27, cp. 2 Cor. iv. 7.

Glasir, m. the Glassy, name of a grove with golden leaves, Edda.

GLATA, að, (the old pres. glatir, K.Þ.K. 66, Sks. 700; mod. glatar), with dat. to destroy, slay; at glata manndráps-mönnum, Hom. 43, Stj. 643; ella mun ek g. þér, 656 B. 4: with acc. a Latinism, 673. 55, Mar. passim: to ruin, esp. in mod. sense, glata önd ok líkama, Blas. 48: to lose, til þeirra óðala er nú glatar hann, Sks. 512; þá glatisk þau auðæfi fyrir honum, 700; hverfr fé þat eðr glatizt á annan veg, K.Þ.K. 66; ef maðr finnr fjárhlut manns ok hefir eigandi glatað, Gþl. 546; görla þú nem ok glata (imperat.) eigi, Sl. 32.

glatan and glötun, f. perdition, esp. in eccl. sense, 671. 1, 625. 75, Sks. 654, 661, freq. in N.T., Vídal., Pass.

GLAUMR, m. [glam, cp. Scot. glamer = noise], a merry noise, esp. at a banquet; var þar inn at heyra glaumr mikill, Ld. 170; glaum ok hornaskol, Eb. 28; sat við drykkju, þar var g. mikill, Eg. 303; glaumr mikill ok fjölmenni, Fms. xi. 108; g. ok gleði, Sturl. i. 23, 24, Fms. iv. 48; gný ok glaum herliðsins, Hkr. iii. 65: freq. in mod. usage, g. heimsins, g. veraldar, the noise and bustle of the world, Vídal.

2. in old poetry joy, merriment; glaums andvana, cheerless, Gkv. 2. 41; bella glaumi, 29; manna g., joy (society) of men, Skm. 34; glaumr þverr, the cheer (the heart) sinks, Glúm. 339 (in a verse).

β. a lusty crowd of men;

val-glaumr, a host of warriors, Gm. 21.

glaupsa,† að, to talk glibly; heimilt á ek at g. af því, Mkv. 3.

gláma,† u, f. a bald, barren tract, a gab, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 491.

GLÁMR, m. a poët. name of the moon, Edda (Gl.):

—the name of a ghost in Grett. S., see the famous ghost story in that Saga, ch. 34–37; the word is interesting on account of its identity with Scot. glamour, which shews that the tale of Glam was common to Scotland and Iceland, and thus much older than Grettir (of the year 1014, cp. glam = a ghastly-looking man, Ivar Aasen).

glám-sýni, f. (in mod. usage also glám-skygni, f. and glám-skygn, adj.), ‘glam-sight,’ glamour, illusion, Grett. 115 A, Sturl. i. 179, Stj. 401. Judges ix. 36, Ölk. 36 (blunder), Þorst. Síðu H. 178:

Icel. also say, glám-bekkr, m., in the phrase, að fleygja e-u á glámbekk, to throw a thing on the ‘glamour-bench,’ i.e. to fling it carelessly about where it can be taken by any one, or lost.

glám-blesóttr, adj. a horse with a moon-shaped blaze on the forehead.

Gláma, u, f. the name of a glacier.

glápa, t, to stare vacantly;

gláp, n. a stare.

GLEÐA, u, f. [A.S. glida; Engl. glead; Scot. gled], a kite, Brest. 50.

GLEÐI, f. [glaðr; Swed.-Dan. glæde], gladness, merriment, good cheer; in old writers esp. of enjoyment at a festival, story-telling, music, sport of any kind; leikar ok allskyns gleði, Fs. 25; gleði ok gamanræður, 72; g. ok góð fylgd, 130; lítil var gleði manna at boðinu, Ísl. ii. 251; var þar þá gleði mikil, Nj. 254; eptir þat fór fram g. ok skemtan, Ld. 202; kvaðsk mundu undir standa með þeim um hverja gleði er þeir vildi fram hafa, Sturl. i. 20; tóku þeir þar veizlu góða ok höfðu gleði mikla, Eg. 371; gleði ok góð Jól, Grett.; þar var gleði mikil, leikar ok fjölmenni, Sturl. iii. 258; görði hann sik léttan við alþýðu ok átti alþýðugleði, Bs. i. 680; görðisk þá gleði mikil í hallinni, Fms. i. 162; drukku með mikilli gleði ok skemtan, iv. 82; glaumr ok g. (vide above); vilda ek nú til þess mæla at ér tækit upp nokkura gleði nýja til skemtunar mönnum, xi. 109; eptir þetta vóru leikar upp teknir, gengu Fossverjar fyrir gleðinni, Vígl. 24: in the Middle Ages the wakes were often called gleðir (pl.), Jóla-gleði, Christmas games, etc.

compds:

gleði-bragð, n. merry looking, Nj. 118.

gleði-búnaðr, m. festival gear, Stj. 52, Sks. 39.

gleði-dagar, m. pl. days of merriment, happiness, Grett. 151 A.

gleði-fullr, adj. joyful, Fb. ii. 331.

gleði-hljómr, m. a merry peal.

gleði-kendr, part. merry, i.e. tipsy. Stj. 424.

gleði-ligr, adj. happy, Stj. 33.

gleði-maðr, m. a cheery man; Ingimundr var hinn mesti g. ok fékk sér allt til skemtunar, Sturl. i. 19, Eg. 3, 146, Lv. 74.

gleði-mót, n. = gleðibragð, Nj. 118.

gleði-orð, n. words of joy, Vígl. 89 new Ed.

gleði-raust, f. a merry voice.

gleði-spell, n. a kill-joy, Mag.

gleði-stundir, f. pl. merry, happy hours, Vígl. 23.

gleði-söngvar, m. pl. glad songs, hymns, Stj. 50.

gleði-vist, f. a merry sojourn, Lv. 75.—Gleði in the sense of Lat. gaudium is freq. in mod. use, but old writers prefer fögnuðr in the abstract sense;

ó-gleði, sadness, despondency, Lv. 75: medic. ailment, cp. the phrase e-m er óglatt, one is ailing.

gleðill, m. a nickname, Landn.

gleðja, pret. gladdi; pres. gleðr; part. gladdr; sup. glatt:

—to gladden, enliven, make glad, Hom. 18, 159, Fms. v. 49, Fas. i. 122: reflex. to be glad, rejoice, Eg. 55, Ísl. ii. 360, Fms. i. 261, vi. 60, Sks. 551, Fb. i. 405:

to brighten, sem dagrinn gladdisk, Verel.

gleiðr, adj., neut. gleitt, [glíða, qs. líða, cp. gliðna], standing astraddle, with one’s legs wide apart. Sturl. ii. 106, freq. in mod. usage.

Gleipnir, m. the Lissom, name of the mythol. fetter in Edda 19.

glenna, t, to open wide the mouth, fingers, or the like (a slang word); greipa-glennir, a nickname, Ísl. Þjóðs.

glenna, u, f. mummery, N.G.L. ii. 424: a nickname, Sturl. ii. 192.

Glenr, m., mythol. the husband of the Sun, Edda.

GLENS, n. gibing, fun, a gibe, jest, Fms. ii. 279, Ld. 220, Ísl. ii. 393.

compds:

glens-ligr, adj. gibing, Fms. ii. 182.

glens-mikill, adj. full of gibes, Háv. 4.

glens-yrði, n. pl. (and orða-glens), gibes, fun, Fms. iii. 80.

glens-öl,† n.; dauðinn er glensöl sjaldan saup, sagði skenktú nú mér í staup, Jón Þorl.

glensa, að, to jest, gibe, 655 xxxii. 2, Sturl. iii. 170.

glensan, f. gibing, Sturl. iii. 265.

GLEPJA, pret. glapði; sup. glapið or glapt; pres. glep; [glap]:

—to confuse one in reading, speaking, or the like, Nj. 33: as a law term, to confound, glepja sókn, vörn, görð, Grág. i. 60, 382; g. þingför, þingreið, ii. 78; ok varðar þeim fjörbaugs-garð ef þeir göra eigi ok hvegi er þeir glepja, i. 485: to beguile, Fms. i. 7, ii. 7, vi. 163, vii. 113, viii. 391, Eg. 587, Ls. 20, Eb. 252.

2. reflex. to be confounded; hugði hann at glepjask mundi þerririnn (of weather), Eb. 152; hversu honum glapðisk sona-eignin, Ld. 236, Ó.H. 145 (vide glapna).

glepsa, að, an iterat. to snap, bite, 655 xxxi. 7, Al. 144.

GLER, n. [A.S. glæs; Engl. glass; Germ. glass; early Dan. glar; the mod. Dan. and Swed. glas seem to be borrowed from Germ.; Icel. distinguish between gler (glass) and glas (a small glass bottle); but s seems to be the original consonant, and the word is akin to Glasir, glys, glæsa, q.v.]:

—the word originally meant amber, ‘succinum’ quod ipsi (viz. the Germans) glaesum vocant, Tacit. Germ. ch. 45; glass beads for ornament are of early use; quantities are found in the great deposits (in cairns and fens) of the earliest Iron Age, but only in a single instance in a deposit of the Brass Age (which ends about the beginning of our era), vide Ann. for Nord. Oldk. 1868, p. 118; and such is the sense of the word in the three places that it occurs in old heathen poems: magical Runes were written on glass, Sdm. 17: metaph., nú er grjót þat at gleri orðit, now those stones are turned into gler, of an altar ‘glassed’ with sacrificial blood, Hdl, 5; cp. also the curious reading, bresta í gleri, to be shivered, to break into shivers, Hým. 29,—the reading of Kb., ‘í tvau,’ is a gloss on the obsolete phrase:—glæs also occurs twice or thrice in A.S. poetry, but not in the oldest, as Beowulf, vide Grein. For window-panes glass is of much later date, and came into use with the building of cathedrals: a Danish cathedral with glass panes is mentioned in Knytl. S. ch. 58 (year 1085); in Icel. the first panes brought into the country were probably those presented by bishop Paul to the cathedral at Skalholt in the year 1195; the ancient halls and dwellings had no windows in the walls, but were lighted by louvres and by round openings (gluggr) in the roof, covered with the caul (of a new-born calf, called skjall or líkna-belgr) stretched on a frame or a hoop and called skjár: these are still used in Icel. farms; and Icel. distinguish between the round small caul windows (skjár or skjá-gluggar) and glass windows (gler-gluggar):—háll sem gler, slippery as glass, of ice, Nj. 144: in eccl. and later writings, Hom. 127, Sks. 424, Vm. 21, Fas. iii. 393: in the saying, sjaldan brýtr gæfu-maðr gler.

compds:

gler-augu, n. pl. ‘glass-eyes,’ spectacles.

gler-gluggr, m., vide above, Fms. iii. 187, xi. 271–276, Bs. i. 131, B.K. 98, Vm., Pm. passim.

gler-hallr, m. a glass stone, agate.

gler-hálka, u, f. (gler-háll, adj.), slippery as glass, of ice.

gler-himinn, m. a sky-light, Hom. 130, Mag. 5.

gler-kaleikr, m. a glass chalice, Hom. 138.

gler-ker, n. a glass vessel, Mar. 603, Am. 58.

gler-lampr, m. a glass lamp, Vm. 129, 162.

gler-pottr, m. a glass pot, Þiðr. 164.

gler-steinar, m. pl. glass stones, agates, Edda 68.

gler-tölur, f. pl. glass beads, Þorf. Karl. 374, belonging to the gear of a heathen prophetess.

There is a curious Icel. local name Gler-á, f. Glass Water, Eb.,—perhaps from the Gaelic glas, dark-gray.

glerungr,† m. a glassy sheeting of ice, frozen after thawing, (mod.)

gletta, u, f. banter, Fms. iii. 9, x. 141, Sturl. i. 69.

gletta, u, f., or glettun, f. banter, raillery, Fms. ii. 9, Sturl. i. 69.

glettu-atsókn, f. a feint or ruse to provoke the enemy to attack, Fms. x. 141.

glettask, tt, dep. to banter, rail against one; g. við e-n, Fms. ii. 180, Fær. 51, Grett. 101 A: milit. to taunt, provoke the enemy, Fms. vi. 151, viii. 49, 405.

glettiliga, adv. tauntingly, Fms. ii. 13.

gletting, f. banter, raillery, Fær. 109:

gen. as adv. glettingar-bára, u, f. a splashing (no trifling) wave.

glettinn, adj. (glettni, glettun), bantering, Sturl. i. 69 C.

gletunar-maðr, m., engi g., not a man to be trifled with, Nj. 105.

GLETTR, m. banter, raillery, taunting; and as a milit. term, a feint or ruse to irritate or provoke the enemy; þeir létu vakka við skipin ok höfðu nokkut svá í glett, Fms. viii. 289; munum vér ganga í glett við borgamenn, ok vita ef vér getum ginnt þá frá borginni, Stj. 364. Josh. viii. 5; ekki mun ek eggja þik at fara í glett við þá Svía, to provoke the Swedes, Fær. 88; eigi leiðisk þeim enn at vit eigimk við glettur, Sturl. i. 69; ríð ekki í glett við oss, því at úsýnt er hvárt vér þolum þér þat, ii. 52.

GLEYMA, d, [glaumr, q.v.; Swed. glömma; Dan. glemme; but unknown to Germ. and Saxon]:

—prop. to make a merry noise; this sense is almost obsolete, but occurs in Bret., þeir gleymdu þar yfir, they held a bout around the horse, 94: reflex. to be merry, Merl. 1. 52.

II. metaph. to forget, with dat.; at hann gleymi öllum Guðs boðorðum, Fms. v. 217, xi. 235, Barl. 7, 56, Al. 12, Sks. 743, passim: absol., Edda 154 (pref.), Sks. 238: with acc., Karl. 524 (rare): with infin., freq. in mod. usage, eg gleymdi að taka það: with gen., a Latinism, Stj. 78.

2. in a pass. sense, to be forgotten, Th. 79.

gleyming, f. forgetfulness, Stj. 212, Hom. 125, Barl. 130.

gleymr, m. pranks, jollity, Bjarn. (in a verse); vide glaumr.

gleym-samligr, adj. forgetful, Sks. 451 B.

gleymska, u, f. forgetfulness, H.E. 494, Stj., N.T., Vídal., Pass.

GLEYPA, ð and t, [cp. Dan. glube, glubsk = voracious], to gulp down, swallow, Stj. 193, Barl. 56, Edda 8, Fms. iii. 216, Eluc. 10.

gleyping, f. a gulping down, swallowing, Stj. 236.

gleypi-næmr, adj. quick at learning (of children); hann er g.

gliðna, að, to fall asunder, go to pieces; því at bótin gliðnar frú fatinu aptr, Matth. ix. 16.

GLINGR, m. [A.S. gleng = showy things], a toy, Fas. iii. 219;

barna-glingr, a child’s toy, freq.

glingra, að, to toy, trifle with.

glipja,† u, f. a thin texture; vefjar-glipja, Jón Þorl. i. 324.

glipjulegr,† adj. thin, of a texture, (mod.)

GLISSA, t, [Norse glisa], to grin, Hm. 30, but obsolete in Icel.

GLIT, n. ‘glitter,’ used of brocades or rich tissues; ofit í glit af gulli, Gísl. 21; dúkr hálfr með sprang, hálfr með glit, Pm. 123.

compds:

glit-ábreiða, u, f. a brocaded cover.

glit-dúkr, m. a brocaded stuff.

glit-ofinn, part. brocaded.

glit-vefnaðr, m. brocade weaving.

glita, að, [Ulf. glitmunjan = στίλβειν, Mark ix. 3; Hel. glitan; O.H.G. glizan]:

—to glitter, Fms. viii. 350 (v.l.), ix. 301, Sturl. i. 21 (in a verse); glitar á vápnin, Karl. 254.

glitaðr, part. tissued, Vm. 5.

Glitnir, m. a mythical name of the Golden Hall in heaven, Gm. 15.

glitra, að, = glita, Barl. 74, Karl. 358, Fms. viii. 350.

glit-rauðr, adj. gleaming red, Fas. iii, 491.

glitsamligr, adj. glittering, Sks. 530.

glitta, tt, = glita; það glittir í e-ð, a thing glitters far away.

glíka and líka, adv. also, freq. in mod. usage and always without the g.

glíkindi and líkindi, n. pl. likelihood; skaði meiri en ek mætta at glíkindum ráða, Ld. 126, Band. 10; ef at glíkindum færi, Bs. i. 338; but, at líkindum, 337, 529; Halli þóttisk sjá at glíkindum, at …, Glúm. 378; þótti honum frá líkindum (beyond likelihood, extraordinary) hversu þungr hann var, Eg. 769; ok er þat at líkendum, it is as could be expected, Nj. 187; eptir líkindum, Fms. x. 208; glíkindi, Gísl. 137; engi líkindi til, Fms. viii. 147; meiri, minni, engin líkindi, more, less, no probability, id., passim; ef þetta mætti verða með nokkrum líkendum, Sks. 149; allt er með líkindum ferr ok eðli, Edda 69; þeir sögðu Jakob þess líkindi at …, Ver. 16; þeir görðusk nú mannvænligir sem líkindi er á, Sturl. i. 3; hégómlig líkendi, vain forecast, Stj. 142; til líkinda við, in comparison with, Barl. 55:

—as a law term, fara þangat er hann veit mest líkendi á, N.G.L. i. 255; gefa sök þeim er í líkindum þykkja vera, bring a charge against those who are likely to have done it, 351, 362; at þeir mætti því heldr kenndir verða at líkendum, from likeness, appearance (of detecting criminals), Gþl. 18.

II. semblance, remains; svá at um morguninn eptir sá menn engin líkendi Dana-virkis nema grjótið, so that the morning after one saw not a remnant of the Danish wall but a heap of stones, Fms. i. 128; snúask í kvikindis líkindi, Barl. 135;

ólíkindalæti, feint, dissimulation.

glíking and líking, f. likeness, image; glíking Guðs, Eluc. 18; glíking góðs verks, 655 xxvi. 4: liking, imitation, í líking Tróju, Bret. 98; líking djöfuls, Best. 54; til þeirrar sömu líkingar, Fms. ii. 89; ok af þeirra líkingu mun hann fremjast, v. 345; gerðú þó í líking annarra manna, after the liking of other people, Edda 37; svá sem með nokkurri skynsemdar líking, with some shade of reason, Stj. 143:—

eptir-líking, a parable.

glíkja and líkja, ð and t, to make like; Clemens glíkði atferð sína eptir Petro postula, Clem. 39; glíkir sik gömlum karli, Stj. 475: to imitate, with acc., a Latinism, Hom. 57; g. eptir, to imitate; er öllum sé gott eptir at glíkja, Bs. i. 140; þat skyldi eptir öðru líkja er goðin ætti rammari, Fms. v. 319; hinna höfðingja dæmi, er betra er eptir at líkja, vii. 296, Magn. 504; kölluðusk þat allt líkja eptir biskupi, Sturl. ii. 12, (likea, Bs. i. 500, l.c.); líkja alla sína dóma eptir Guðligum daemum, Sks. 599.

II. reflex. to belike, resemble; mun ek glíkjask foglum þeim er …, 623. 53; nú glíkðusk menn Guði, Greg. 21; líkjask í ætt e-s, Ld. 24; at þú skyldir nú meir líkjask í ætt Haralds ens Hárfagra um skaplyndi en Rana Mjónef móður-föður þínum eðr Nereið jarli enum Gamla, Ó.H. 31; Haraldr líktisk í móður-ætt sína, Fas. (Hb.) i. 356; nú líkisk barn þat honum, N.G.L. i. 30; at líkjask þeim, Sks. 18, Magn. 466.

glíkleikr, m. (glíkleiki, a, m.), likelihood, Sks. 195, 565.

glíkliga and líkliga, adv. favourably, esp. in the phrase, taka líkliga á e-u, to give a favourable answer to; því máli var vel tekit ok svarat líkliga, Eg. 26; Tryggvi tók því vel ok líkliga, Fms. i. 59, iii. 78; for þá allt tal þeirra líkliga ok sáttgjarnliga, ii. 36, x. 132; skiljask þau nú drottning ok konungr heldr líkliga, they parted on friendly terms, Fas. i. 33: in mod. usage, probably;—the spelling with g scarcely ever occurs.

glíkligr and líkligr, adj.; in old poets with gl, geta þykkjat mér gotnar | glíkligs, Hallfred; but usually with l only, e.g. Nj. 49, Fms. xi. 87, Hkr. i. 261, where Mork. gl:

—likely, probable, þótti mönnum glíkligast at stolit mundi vera, Bs. i. 348; gör af drauminum slíkt er þér sýnisk líkligast, Ísl. ii. 196; at honum þætti Rauðs-synir líkligstir til at valda, Fms. iv. 380, Hom. 115:

—fit, promising, nú þykkir Eyjúlfi þetta et glíkligsta, Gísl. 148; göra sik líkligan til e-s, to shew oneself inclined to, countenance, Fms. x. 334.

GLÍKR, adj., mod. líkr; in old poems in alliteration the g is always sounded, e.g. glíkr er geira sækir | gunnsterkr …, Bjarn. 33; urðu-a it glíkir | þeim Gunnari, Gh. 3; glík skulu gjöld gjöfum, Hm. 45; Baldri glíkan bur, Ls.; but the vellum MSS. use both forms, though glík is more freq. in the older, líkr in the later; sometimes false readings arose, e.g. ólíkt (unlike) hafa gört þeir menn, Bs. i. 140, where the sense requires glíkt, but the lower part of the g having been obliterated, the transcriber read it as o; or Fs. 22, where ugglikt (suspicious) yields no meaning, and is to be read úglíkt (different, quite another thing): [Ulf. galeiks = ομοιος; A.S. gelîc; Engl. alike, like; O.H.G. glîk; mod. Germ. gleich; Swed. lik; Dan. lig]:

—like, alike; with dat., sonr er feðr glíkari en dóttir, Eluc. 10; annarr atburðr varð enn þessum glíkr, Bs. i. 346; ekki því grjóti glíkt öðru er þar er, Eg. 142; því glíkt, as adv. such-like, in like manner, Post. 686 C. 2; lifði því líkara sem hann væri ílldýri, Ísl. ii. 481; fríðr sýnum ok mjök líkr föður sínum, Fms. i. 14, x. 265; ok er Kári öngum manni líkr, K. has no match, Nj. 265; skal ek eigi göra þik þeim líkastan er þú vill líkastr vera en þat er Óðinn, Sturl. i. 101; þat þótti mér líkara harmi en skaða, Ld. 126; landi líkari en fiski, Sks. 139; þá munu þit verða Guði lík, 503; svá sem þeir menn verða líkastir er tvíburar eru, Rb. 100; hnot eða myl, eða líkt, or the like, Edda 109; líkt ok ekki, like nothing, Gullþ. 54; er ok eigi líkt (i.e. it is beyond comparison) hvárt sannari er sú saga, eðr hin, Fms. viii. 1; cp. ok er þat úglíkt hvárt þú ferr í lofi mínu, eðr …, Fs. 22 (vide above):

—at glíku (líku), adv. all the same, nevertheless; því at jarl hefir at líku líf várt, ef hann vill eptir því leita, Nj. 267; þykki mér þat at glíku, it seems to me all the same, Ísl. ii. 483: so in the phrase, leggja til líka, to settle; at þeir vildi allt til líka leggja með góðra manna ráði, Dipl. ii. 11; því-líkr, ‘that-like,’ such; ú-líkr, unlike; slíkr, qs. svá-líkr, such, Germ. solch = so like.

II. metaph. likely, probable, Fs. 4; en þó er þat líkast at hann snúisk til várrar ættar, Nj. 38; þat er líkara at fyrir öðru þurfi ráð at göra, 261; þat er ok líkast at þeir komist þar at keyptu, Eg. 64; Björn segir þat líkast at hann mundi fara af landi á brott, 156; þat var líkara, Ísl. ii. 141: neut. líkt, likely; ok líkt at þér fylgi gipta, Fms. vi. 8; hann kallaði þá líkasta til slíkra íllbragða, 379; ok líkara at hann mundi koma í Þórarinsdal, Bjarn. 61; þá þyki mér þat líkt, at …, Sks. 52.

2. likely, promising, to the purpose; taka oss þar fari hverr sem líkast þykkir, Nj. 259; nær líkast væri til at veita atför jarli, Fms. i. 54; þá leituðusk þeir um hvar líkast var út at komask, Eg. 233; mér þykir eigi til líkt (it looks not well) um ferð þeirra bræðra, Vígl. 25; sá hann eigi annan líkara útveg, Bs. i. 690; því at þeir sá þá sinn kost engan annan líkara, Fb. i. 405; kann vera at endirinn verði líkari (better) en upphafit, Bs. ii. 64; at þat væri líkast til heilla sátta, Fms. iv. 139; til þeirrar stundar sem mér þyki nokkuru líkast at fram megi komask þetta eyrendi, 133.

GLÍMA, u, f. [this word occurs neither in Germ. nor in Saxon, nor yet in the mod. Scandin. tongues (of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark), and the origin is not known]:

—wrestling, a favourite national sport with the Icel. people, in old as well as in modern times, answering to the Gr. πάλη: glímu-brögð, n. pl. wrestling-tricks, vide bragð II. 2: to the technical terms there mentioned, add, hnykkr, hælkrókr, sveifla, etc.: glímu-félagi, a, m. a wrestling-match, Háv. 41: glímu-færr, adj. able-bodied as a wrestler, Finnb. 328: glímu-galdr, m. a ‘wrestler-spell,’ to charm one’s legs and make them steady, Ísl. Þjóðs. i: glímu-maðr, m. a wrestler: glímumann-liga, adv. like a good wrestler, nimbly, Fas. iii. 502: glímu-völlr, m. the wrestling-ring. The earliest match recorded is that of Thor and the giantess Elli (Age),—for the tale vide Edda 33; freq. in the Sagas, Sturl. iii. 20, 268; glenz ok glímur, Fms. i. 149 sqq., 182, iii. 187, 188, Grett. and Finnb., Kjaln. passim, Eg. ch. 40; leikr (sport) and glíma are often used synonymously, as Ld. ch. 45. The glíma was a popular game at any meeting or festival, where many young and active men met together: thus at the banquet in Reykhólar (1119) the guests amused themselves by dancing, glímur, and story-telling, Sturl. i. 23; at the parliament (alþing) there was a palaestra, Fanga-brekka (‘wrestling-brink’); in Glúm. ch. 13 a fight is recorded between the Northerners and Westerners assembled there; as also in Grett. ch. 75 (in the parliament at Hegranes); in Gunnl. ch. 11 the crew of the ships in harbour made up a glíma. The mod. Icel. bænda-glíma is just the same, as it was practiced in the college at Hólar, and later in the school at Bessastaðir, as also at fishing-stations and wherever young men came together; the young men are divided by lot into two parties, which are then drawn up in a row, each having their leader or ‘bóndi’ (whence the name); the bændr pair off their men against one another to wrestle in the arena or defile between the two ranks, one after another; if the one side was weaker in number, or the one bóndi had lost all his men, he might challenge his antagonist, and their match decided the game, Eggert Itin. ch. 518. The bænda-glíma at college and school was by far the best-played, and much stress was laid on nimble and graceful movements.

☞ In Hom. 24 scurrilitas is rendered by glíma.

glíma, d, to wrestle, Landn. 185, Fms. iii. 187, Sturl. iii. 268, Finnb. 222.

glíminn, adj. able or alert as a wrestler.

glíra, u, f. [cp. glire = to blink with the eyes, Ivar Aasen], in a nickname in Vápn., Glíru-Halli.

gljá, ð, to glitter, Lat. nitere; það gljáir á það.

gljá, f. a spot glittering against the sun: the name of a river.

GLJÚFR, n. almost only in pl. [A.S. glôf = cliff], an abrupt descent or chasm, esp. in the bed of a river, ár-gljúfr; hvar hin litla áin féll ór gljúfrum, Eg. 134; eru gljúfr mikil upp með ánni, Fær. 62, Landn. 251, Glúm. 362, Al. 92, Fms. viii. 51, Gullþ. 8; en tveim-megin gengu at g. há ok hin brattastu björg, Stj. 452. 1. Sam. xiv. 4: sing., Grett. 142 (in a verse): so the mod. phrases,—

glæfra-ferð, f. a neck-breaking, dangerous exploit (as among precipices);

glæfra-göng, n. pl. straits, Broddi er kominn í g., a ditty of Pal Vídalín;

glæfra-ligr, adj. dangerous, horrible,

—are all derived from gljúfr.

gljúpr,† adj., see glúpr.

gloppa, u, f. a big hole, a nickname, Fms. x. 142;

gloppu-gat, id.

glopra, að, with dat. to drop, lose a thing heedlessly.

glor-hungraðr, part. very hungry.

glossi, a, m. [glousse = a spark, De Professer], a blaze.

glott, n. a grin; draga glott at, Ó.H. 151, Bs. i. 647.

GLOTTA, tt, to grin: absol., g. at e-u, to grin at a thing, Fbr. 160, 162 (in a verse); hón (the witch) glotti við sólunni, Fas. ii. 127; so also, g. við, Nj. 27; g. við tönn, to smile scornfully, sarcastically, so as to shew the teeth, Edda 30, Nj. 182 (of Skarpheðinn), and passim; Erlingr sá til hans, ok glotti við tönn, ok mælti, Ó.H. 114.

GLÓA, að, [A.S. glowan; Engl. glow; Germ. glühen; etc.], to shine, glitter (of metals or bright things); er vápnin glóðu, Fagrsk. 138, Bs. i. 348, Rb. 358; hón glóaði af gulli, Stj. 206, Fas. i. 333; hann glóar sem eldr, Hb. 544. 39: red-hot, járn-sía glóandi, a red-hot iron, Edda 61, Fms. viii. 8; glóandi hiti = Germ. glühend, Greg. 36: scalding hot, of broth or the like.

gló-barr, n. the glowing bud; poët. the gold of the tree Glasir, Bm.

gló-bjartr, adj. light blond, of hair.

GLÓÐ, f., pl. glæðr (glóðir, Post. 656 C. 5), [A.S. glêd; Germ. gluth; Dan. glöd]:

—red-hot embers; taka glóð af eldi, Eb. 278; þeir höfðu reykelsi á glóð, burning incense (at mass), Bs. i. 22; hann lét glóð undir fætr sér, Fs. 176; hafði glóð í hendi, Hom. 156: esp. in pl., hón tók glæðr af arni, Sturl. ii. 101, Fas. ii. 182; sitja við glæðr, to sit at the fireside; Pétr sat við glæðr ok vermdi sik, Post. 656 C. 4, Clem. 25; ganga yfir glæðr, Hom. 17; munnlaug full af glóðum, Fms. ii. 167, v. 324: the metaph. phrase, vera (ganga) á glóðum, to be as on glowing coals.

compds:

glóðar-auga, n. a black eye.

glóðar-járn, n. an iron plate for baking, a girdle (griddle), Am. 92, Vm. 65.

glóðar-ker (glóð-ker), n. a fire-pot, Fms. v. 106, Vm. 21, 83, Stj. 316, 319.

glóð-rauðr, adj. red as embers, Fm. 9.

glóð-volgr, glóð-heitr, adj. ember-hot.

GLÓFI, a, m. [A.S. glôf occurs as early as Beowulf], a glove, Nj. 46, Fms. i. 246, Dipl. v. 18, Bs. i. 342, Gullþ. 6, 8, Fb. i. 529. glófaðr, part. gloved, Karl. 288. The word is no doubt borrowed from the English, and is used in the Sagas chiefly of costly embroidered gloves; another word is handski = ‘hand-shoe,’ prob. from the Germ. handschuhe; the popular words are vöttr and vetlingr.

gló-föxóttr, adj. light-maned, of a horse, Bs. ii. 261.

glói, a, m. the name of a dwarf, Vsp.: in mod. usage freq. the name of a light-coloured dog.

glópaldi, a, m. an idiot, Glúm. 342.

GLÓPR, m. an idiot, baboon, Glúm. 358, Finnb. 298, Háv. 41, Bær. 5. Gísl. 53.

glópska, u, f. foolishness.

glóra, ð, [glüürle, De Professer], to gleam, glare like a cat’s eyes; það glórir í e-ð.

glósa, u, f. (for. word), a gloss, explanation, Sks. 552, Bs. i. 737: a banter, taunt (Dan. glose), mod.

glósa (glósera), að, to explain by a gloss, Bs. i. 737, Sks. 7: to chatter, Fas. ii. 110.

gluggaðr, part. with windows, Ísl. ii. 402.

GLUGGR, m., and gluggi, a, m., Stj. 171, 207, Fms. ix. 427, and so always in mod. use; (glyggr, m., pl. ir, Sks. 427 B, rare):

—a window, Nj. 114, Eg. 420, 421, vide gler above; according to Nj. ch. 78 the windows were placed above the wall plate in the roof; gler-gluggi, skjá-gluggi, baðstofu-gluggi, skemmu-gluggi, stofu-gluggi, búr-gluggi, eldhús-gluggi.

compds:

glugga-grind, f., and glugga-kista, u, f. a window-frame, (mod.)

glugga-tjald, n. window-curtains.

glugga-tópt, f. a window-sash.

II. prop. an opening, a hole, Ó.H. 152; inn um þann glugg er hann hafði rofit, Fbr. 66 new Ed.; einn laup ok skar allan gluggum, he took a box and cut holes in it all over, Fms. viii. 342; var gluggr yfir ofninum, Eb. 136; létta steini af brunnsins glugga, Stj. 171. Gen. xxix. 10 (‘the well’s mouth’); marga glyggi (acc. pl.) ok smá, Sks. l.c.; höfðu þeir brotið á stóran glugg, Bárð. 180:

metaph., glugga-þykn, n. dense clouds with openings in them, Grett. 114 A.

glugg-stúka, u, f. a window-sash, Bev.

glumra, að, to rattle, Fas. i. 91, ii. 492, Hkm. 5, Sks. 229.

glumra, u, f. a masc. nickname, Landn.

glumra-gangr, m. rattling.

glundra, að, to turn topsy-turvy,

glundroði, a, m. topsy-turvy.

glutra, að, (glytra, Fms. xi. 439), to squander, Þiðr. 143, Th. 6.

glutran, f. (glutr, n., Fms. xi. 439, Bs. i. 907), squandering, extravagance.

compds:

glutr-maðr, m. a spendthrift, Bs. i. 581.

glutr-samligr, glutrunar-samr, adj. dissolute, Al. 6.

glutr-samliga, adv., Mar.

glúmr, m. a bear, poët., Edda (Gl.): a pr. name, Landn.

GLÚPNA, að, [a Scandin. word found in Ormul. forr-gloppnedd, and Scot. and North. E. gloppen]:

—the radical sense was prob. to become soft, but in usage to look downcast, let the countenance fall, as one about to cry, Fm. 31, Am. 73, Gísl. (in a verse), Eb. 60, Ó.H. 63.

glúpr or gljúpr, adj. soft, porous, esp. of sponge or sponge-like things.

glyðra, u, f. a harlot, Edda (Gl.)

glygg, n., dat. glyggvi, the opening of a visor. Al. 39, Karl. 473: poët. wind, gale, Lex. Poët.

GLYMJA, glumdi, pres. glym, to rattle, clash, plash, Str. 46: freq. in poetry of the sea or waves, vide Lex. Poët.: in prose esp. of an echo, það glumdi í klettunum, það glymr undir, or the like.

glymr, m. a clash, plashing, Edda 110, Skálda 169: freq. in poët. compds, esp. of wind or waves, Lex. Poët.

glypsa, að, vide glepsa, to snap, Sturl. i. 128 C.

glyrnur, f. pl. [glóra], cat’s eyes glittering in the dark, Fas. iii. 385: in mod. usage as a cant name for eyes red or blood-shot.

GLYS, n. finery, and as a trade term millinery, Fms. vi. 263, x. 30, Barl. 6, Al. 34, Stj. 78, 188, passim; gull ok glys, Edda 220; kaupa glys, Fb. iii, 175; glys fjandans, Greg. 15; glys heimsins, Hallgr., Vídal.

compds:

glys-gjarn, adj. fond of finery, Eb. 256 (of a lady), Fas. ii. 182.

glys-ligr, adj. showy, specious, Fms. i. 74, ii. 135.

glys-mang, n. millinery, N.G.L. iii. 159.

glys-mangari, a, m. a ‘finery-monger’ milliner, N.G.L. ii. 246.

glys-mál (glys-mæli), n. pl. specious, vain words, Bjarn. 19.

glys-máll, adj. flattering in one’s speech.

glys-samligr, adj. specious, vain, Sks. 528.

GLÝ, n. [A.S. gleow; Engl. glee], glee, gladness, poët., Edda (Gl.)

glýja, u, f. dazzling from whiteness.

glýju-skin, n. dazzling light.

glýja, að, to be gleeful, Hðm. 7.

glýjaðr, part. gleeful, Vsp. 39;

fá-glyjaðr, dismal, Eyvind.

glýjari, a, m. a ‘gleeman,’ jester, Str. 68, Barl. 4.

glýra, u, f. glitter, Sks. 229.

glý-stamr, adj. an ἅπ. λεγ., glee-steaming, epithet of tears, Hðm. 1, cp. Homer’s θαλερόν δάκρυ.

GLÆÐA, dd, [glóð], to sparkle; sá þeir at glæddi ór forsinum, Gullþ. 9: in mod. trans., esp. in eccl. writers, to kindle.

glæja, dd, to glow; glæjanda frost, a sharp frost, Sks. 229.

glæ-napask (qs. glæ-gnapast), að, to go thinly clad in blast or cold.

glæ-nýr, adj. clear, opp. to clouded, of eggs.

glæpask, t, dep. to transgress, do foolishly, Stj. 454, 577, Greg. 38: the phrase, g. á e-u, to do amiss in a thing, Stj. 469: mod. to make a foolish bargain, buy a pig in a poke.

glæpi-liga, adv. wickedly, Fas. iii. 664, Fb. i. 206.

glæpi-ligr, adj. wicked, Fms. x. 334, Stj. 584, Mar. passim.

GLÆPR, m., gen. s, pl. ir, [glópr], crime, wickedness, Fs. 178, 180, Hkv. Hjörv. 32, Stj., Sks. passim, and freq. in mod. usage, Vídal., Pass.

compds:

glæpa-fullr, adj. full of wickedness, ungodly, Stj. 457, Mar. 449, Barl. 107.

glæpa-maðr, m. a miscreant, Fms. ii. 85, Skálda 204.

glæpamann-ligr, adj. ruffianly, ill-looking, Band. 7.

glæpa-verk, n. a crime, Stj. 91.

It is worth notice that in the heathen morals (as in the Old Test.) ‘foolish’ and ‘wicked’ are kindred words: glæpr, the derivative with changed vowel, means an evil deed, the primitive word glópr a fool; cp. also glap, glepja, which are from the same root.

glæpska, u, f. a foolish, evil act, Fms. iii. 112, Hkr. ii. 395, Stj. 622.

glæp-varr, adj. righteous (sceleris purus), Fms. v. 240, Sks. 355.

glæp-yrði, n. pl. foul language, Þorst. Síðu H. 177.

GLÆR, m., poët. the ‘glaring,’ i.e. the sea, Lex. Poët.: in prose in the phrase, kasta á glæ, to throw into the sea, squander, Bjarn. 57, Ó.H. 38, Finnb. 250, Fms. vii. 62 (in a verse), cp. Ad. 13; hlaupa á glæ, to run in vain, Al. 181.

glær, adj. clear, e.g. of a fresh egg, = glænýr, q.v.

glæra, u, f., in regn-gæra, drops of rain, Sks. 227; vide eld-glæringar.

glæ-ræði, n. = glapræði, a job, Band. (MS.) 9.

GLÆSA, t, to make shining, embellish, Fms. iv. 247, Bs. ii. 10: part. glæstr, splendid, embellished; gulli g., embellished with gold, gilded; halli g., painted, etc., vide Lex. Poët.

glæsi-ligr, adj. shining, splendid, Fms. ii. 300, Ó.H. 161, passim; g. orð, specious words, Fb. i. 76, 374.

glæsi-maðr, m. a bright, illustrious man, Edda (Gl.)

Glæsir, m. a pr. name; of an ox (because of the horns), Eb.

Glæsis-vellir, m. pl. a mythical local name, Hervar. S. ch. 1, Fms. iii. 183 sqq.

glæsur, f. pl., in orða-glæsur, fine phrases, Thom. 297.

glæta,† u, f. a glittering spot;

vatns-glæta, a speck or pool of water;

ljós-glæta, a gleam of light.

glögg-leikr, adj. sharpness of sight, acuteness, Stj. 12.

glögg-liga, adv. [cp. Ulf. glaggvuba = ἀκριβως, ἐπιμελως], clearly, distinctly, Eg. 54, Fms. ii. 102, vi. 36; spyrja g. at, Fb. i. 253.

GLÖGGR, adj. (also spelt gleggr and gleyggr), acc. glöggvan with a final v in the weak cases; compar. glöggra and glöggvari; superl. glöggstr and glöggvastr; [the prob. Goth. form is glaggvus; A.S. gleaw; Hel. glau; Scot. gleg = quick, clever; O.H.G. glaw]:

—clear-sighted, and in metaph. sense clever, of things clear, distinct; ok hafa þat allt er hitsug leifir eðr glöggra er, Grág. i. 7; glöggt er gests augat, sharp (prying) is the stranger’s eye, a saying; skýring eðr glöggvari greining, a clearer distinction, Skálda 205; Stjörnu-Oddi er gleyggstr var í allri tölu ok himintungla-gangi, Rb. 90; glöggr til brjósts ok bækr, Thom. 12:

—neut., skýra glöggt frá e-u, to expound distinctly, Hom. 47; eigi þarf glöggra at skýra, 52; eigi er mér þat glöggt, ’tis not clear to me, Grett. 108; vera glöggrar greinar, to distinguish sharply, Bs. ii. 11; hón kenndi hann glöggt, she knew him well, Fms. iv. 131; Þorgnýr föður-faðir minn mundi glöggt (remembered clearly) Eirík Uppsala-konung, 162; mun ek glöggt vita hvárt rétt er ráðit eðr eigi, vii. 107; víðast af löndum spurði hann um siðu manna þá menn er glöggst vissu, Hkr. ii. 61; vita gleygt, id., 625. 96.

2. metaph. stingy; sýtir æ glöggr við gjöfum, a saying, Hm. 47; glöggr við gesti, a stingy host, Hym. 9; glöggr flugar, poët. unflinching, Skv. 1. 7;

fé-glöggr, stingy of money;

matar-glöggr, stingy of meat;

hugar-glöggr, mean, Fbr. 162 (in a verse).

glögg-rýnn, adj. ‘clear-rouning,’ Fas. i. 212.

glögg-skygn, adj. (glögg-skygni, f.), sharp-sighted, Nj. 77, Stj. 228.

glögg-sýniliga, adv. distinctly, Str.

glögg-sýnn, adj., Stj. 228, v.l.: sharp-witted, Bs. i. 272, Eluc. 16.

glögg-sær, adj. clear-sighted, Bs. i. 808, v.l.: manifest, Þorf. Karl. 380.

glöggvingr, m. a stingy man, Edda (Gl.), Ad. 1.

glögg-þekkinn, adj. clear-sighted, quick to know or discern, Ísl. ii. 341, Vápn. 24, Ld. 274, Fb. ii. 288.

glögg-þekkni, f. a clear sight, Sks. 559 B.

glögg-þekkr, adj. = glöggþekkinn, Barl. passim.

glömmungr, m. a kind of fish, Edda (Gl.)

glöp, n. pl. blunders, as a law term. Grág. i. 10; vide glap, elli-glöp.

GNADD, n. a grumbling, muttering, Bjarn. 18, Fms. x. 342, Stj. 322, 326, 330, 453, Fbr. 27 new Ed.

gnadda, að, to murmur, Stj. 327, Grett. 98 A (where nödduðu stands): to vex, hón gnaddar hit sama bæði dag ok dægr, ‘she pressed him daily with her words,’ Stj. 417. Judges xvi. 16.

GNAGA, að, mod. naga, but in allit. and old writers with g, as ok um grjót gnaga, Hm. 106: it was originally a strong verb, pret. gnóg, as ala ól, and is still used so in some provincial dialects of Norway, vide Ivar Aasen; hence part. gnagit, Barl. 56 (Norse); in old Icel. writers it only remains in poetry, viz. pres. gnegr, Fms. vi. 310 (in a verse of the 11th century); gengr, i.e. gnegr, Edda (A. M.) i. 68, note 12: [Engl. gnaw; Swed. gnaga; Dan. gnave]:

—to gnaw; en Níðhöggr gnagar neðan rótina, Edda 10, Gm. 33; hestar gnöguðu beizlin, Karl. 376; þeir gnöguðu skjaldar-rendr, Fas. i. 425; mýss tvær gnagaðu um rætr trésins, Barl. 56.

gnap, n., poët. high places, the high sea, Edda (Gl.): in poët. compds, gnap-hjarl, gnap-salr, gnap-stóll, gnap-turn, Lex. Poët.

GNAPA, t, to jut out, stoop forward; hann (the ghost) gnapti innar yfir dyrnar, Grett. 114 A; fjallit sýnisk mjök yfir gnapa öðrum fjöllum, Fms. x. 313; ef hón sæi háska eðr skaða yfir gnapa (impendere) sínu ríki, 223: to droop with the head, snapa ok gnapa, to be snubbed and droop the head, Hm. 62; gnapir grár jór yfir gram dauðum, Bkv. 6; sköltar gnöpðu, Fms. ii. 259 (in a verse); hann gnapir með hettu, Fas. iii. 494 (in a verse).

gnarr, n., poët. the sea, Edda (Gl.); prop. the ‘gnarrer,’ murmurer.

gnastan, f. a gnashing, Hom. 70.

gnat, n. a clash (of weapons), Höfuðl.; the Engl. gnat is so called from the sound of its wings.

gnata, að, to clash, Vsp. 51.

gnauð (gnauðan, Bs. i. 206), f. a rustling noise, Fas. iii. 129, Ór. 56; metaph. a murmur, Grett. 98.

GNAUÐA, að, mod. nauða, to rustle, ring; hann lætr g. broddinn í jöklinum, of the sound of a mountaineer’s staff, Bárð. 171; gnauðaði svá at skjálfa þóttu húsin, of troops riding over the ice, Sturl. iii. 147; hence mod. nauða á e-m, to din in one’s ear.

gnaust, n., and gnaustan, f. a clash, tinkling, Hallfred, Lex. Poët.

Gná, f. the name of a goddess, Edda: freq. in poetry, of women.

gnegg, n., mod. hnegg, neighing, Hrafn. 7, Al. 67, Karl. 282.

GNEGGJA, að, mod. hneggja, to neigh, Hrafn. 8, Rd. 267, Stj. 78, Karl. 376, Hkv. Hjörv. 20.

gneista, að, [mid. H. Germ. ganeiste], to emit sparks, Fms. viii. 8.

GNEISTI, a, m., mod. neisti, [mid. H. Germ. ganeist; Dan. gnist; Swed. gnista; cp. the mineral gneiss, so called from its sparkling particles]:

—a spark, Edda 4, Fms. iii. 193, v. 175, Sks. 204, Skálda 175: metaph., g. lífsins, Fms. x. 368.

gneista-flaug, f. a shower of sparks, Bs. i. 44, Fms. iii. 180.

gnella, gnall, gnullu, to scream; haukar þeirra gnullu leiðiliga, Karl. 376.

GNERR, m. [Chaucer’s gnarr], a knot or knob: metaph., stóð við þann gnerr nokkra daga, it stopped at that ‘gnarr,’ i.e. it lasted, for some days, Fms. viii. 263, v.l.

GNESTA, pret. gnast, pl. gnustu, [A.S. gnæstan], to crack; hlíf gnast við hlíf, Skálda (in a verse); viðir brotna eðr gnesta, 169; málmar gnustu, Hallfred; gnestr hann (the sword) hátt í þeirra hausum, Fas. i. 102: the phrase, g. í eyrum e-s, to tinkle in one’s ears; múgrinn æpti svá at gnast í eyrum borgar-manna, Stj. 360, 647. 2 Kings xxi. 12; þessi ódæmi sem öllum mönnum gnestr í eyrum, Mar.; gnustu þá saman vápnin, Sturl. iii. 174; ok gnestr í steininum, Bs. i. 601; gnast í brynjunni, Karl. 175.

gneypr, adj. jutting, bent forward; stóð höfuðit gneypt af bolnum, Eb. 244; Egill sat uppréttr ok var gneypr mjök, Eg. 304, Fas. iii. 117.

gniða or niða, að, [Dan. gnide], to rub; þat var sem sviðit ok gniðat öðru-megin, hón lét telgja á lítinn flatveg þar sem gniðat var, Grett. 177 new Ed.

gnissa, u, f. a spectre, Edda (Gl.); cp. Dan. nisse = a hobgoblin.

gnit, f., mod. nitr, f. pl. [Dan. gnid; Ivar Aasen gnit], a nit, Lat. lens.

GNÍPA, u, f., not gnýpa, (ríp í bratta gnípu, Rekstefja 28), a peak, Fms. ii. 154, Sks. 171 C, Greg. 62, Bs. i. 360, Róm. 352.

gníst, n. a gnashing, Nikulás-d. 56.

GNÍSTA, t, mod. also nista, to gnash the teeth; g. tönnum, Mar. freq., Greg. 55, Mart. 118, Fas. iii. 629 (where nísta, paper MS.); ok þeir nístu tönnum yfir honum, Acts vii. 54:

—trans. to tease, mundu þér eigi gníst hafa yðvarn biskup með svá skarpri meingörðar ör, Mar. 457.

2. to snarl as a dog; þeir ýldu ok gnístu, Fms. vii. 192; við þetta spratt hundrinn upp gnístandi, iii. 13; hans hundar hversu þeir gnístu, Þíðr. 368; gnístandi frost, a biting frost, Fms. ii. 225.

☞ Nesta or nísta (q.v.), to pin, is a different word.

gnístan, f. gnashing of teeth, in the phrase, óp ok tanna g., Post. 656 C. 30; spelt gnístran, Matth. viii. 12, xiii. 42, 50, xxii. 13, xxiv. 51, xxv. 30, Luke xiii. 28.

gnístingr, m. a creaking, Stj. 71.

gnjóðr, m. a kind of seed, Edda (Gl.)

gnjóstr, m., Tann-gnjóstr, Teeth-gnasher, one of Thor’s he-goats, Edda.

gnolla, d, to shiver; impers., tekr þeim at gnolla, Fms. xi. 136.

Gnóð or Gnoð, f., poët. name of a ship, Edda (Gl.); properly a mythical ship like the Greek Argo, Fas. iii. 406, 407, (Eg. S. Einh. fine.)

gnóg-leikr, m. abundance, Magn. 450, Rb. 110.

gnóg-liga, adv. (mod. nóg-liga, and so Stj. 30, Fms. vi. 15, MSS. of the 14th century), abundantly, Edda 9, Fms. i. 77, Hom. 37, Stj. 414.

gnóg-ligr, adj. (mod. nóg-ligr, and so Fms. ii. 228, Sks. 134 B. new Ed., MSS. of the 13th century), abundant, Stj. 428, Mar. 474.

GNÓGR, adj.; in old alliterative poets gn, þess var grams und gömlum | gnóg rausn, Arnór, and so in very old MSS.; but even vellum MSS. as old as Hb., Stj., Arna-Magn. 66 (vide below), begin to drop the g, which was either lost or replaced by í (í-nógr) as in Engl. e-nough: the declension also is interesting; in old writers it has regular neut. gnógt or nógt, but later the t was dropped; an Icel. says, það er nóg rúm (room enow), the old form being gnógt rúm; the gen. has also been dropped, and so the word has become an irregular though not indeclinable adjective: again, an indeclinable nógu has been formed, nógu margr, mikill, etc., answering to Engl. enough after an adjective: [Ulf. ganôhs, = ἱκανός; A.S. genôh; Engl. enough and enow; O.H.G. ganah; Germ. genug and genung; Dan. nok; Swed. nog and noga]:

—enough, sufficient, plentiful, of stores; þar er sæmðar ván er gnóg er til, Nj. 21; selveiðar gnógar ok fiski-fang mikit, Eg. 130; mundu þar fá gnógt lið, Fms. vii. 276; ok svá nógt er í fjöllum þeim gull sem grjót, Pr. 400; þat it fjórða er nógt var, which was enough by itself, Bret. (Hb.) 66; þeim með er hann hefir gnógastan til, Sks. 229 B; hafa gnógan liðs kost, Fms. viii. 220; því at þar var nógt búfé Dana til strandhöggva, i. 128; gaf hann öllum nóga skotpenninga, xi. 202; honum mun gefast svo hann gnóg hafi, Matth. xiii. 12; skógar-dýr er jafnan vóru gnóg, Stj. 560 (nóg and í nóg, v.l.); með svá nógum gný (so great a din) ok vápna-braki, at …, Stj. (MSS.) 127:

—of persons (rare), nú var hann nógr orðinn um kvikfé, now he was well stocked with cattle, Bjarn. 39; nú muntú ok vera þér nógr einn (= einhlítr, q.v.) um þetta mál, Band. 6.

II. adverbial use; at nógu, sufficiently, plentifully; þat sem at nógu döggvir allan aldin-viðinn, Stj. 68; ok vinnsk oss þat at nógu, it is enough for us, Fms. v. 48 (but at gnógu, Ó.H. 202, l.c., and so Fb. ii. 329);

í-nóg, enough; hann (the cypress) er þar í-nóg, Stj. 88, Al. 171; þar til er þeir allir hafa drukkit í-nóg, Stj. 136; fóðr höfum vér í-nóg, id.; allt var í-nóg þat er hafa þurfti, 203; biskup sagði at þeir hefði í-nóg at geyma, Bs. i. 866:—

nógu, indecl. enough, only in the later Sagas, þreif Öngull til saxins, ok kvað hann nógu lengi (long enough) borit hafa, Grett. 154; því at nógu margir munu vera mótstöðu-menn þínir, 156; nógu mikit, mickle enough, Bs. i. 909 (Laur. S.)

gnótt, f. [A.S. geniht], abundance, plenty; ærin gnótt vista, Fms. xi. 36; gnótt fjár, Band. 9; aura gnótt, plenty of money, Greg. 39; gnótt grunnýðgi (gen.), Am. 1; þau áttu gnótt í búi, Nj. 257; en svá mikil gnótt at sólunni um sumarit, so great plenty of sun during the summer, Sks. 71; hljóta sumir mikla gnótt af þessum gjöfum, 561; hann mun gefa þér gnótt allra hluta, Blas. 43; þar vóru gnóttir hvers-vetna, Fs. 65; en at ek gera gnótt spurning þinni, that I give sufficient answer to thy question, Fas. iii. 665.

compds:

gnótta-brunnr, m. the well of abundance, Stj. 164. Gen. xxvi. 22.

gnótta-maðr, m. a wealthy man, Grett. 127 (MS. A. nótta-maðr).

gnurra,† að, to gnarr, grate, as a door moving on the hinges.

GNÚA, mod. núa, pres. gný; pret. gneri, gnöri, or neri; part. gnúit; [cp. Dan. gnide]:

—to rub; hann tók til orða, ok gneri nefit, and rubbed his nose, Orkn. 394; gnera ek vátum höndum um augu mér, Ó.H. 224; gnera (gnöra, v.l.) ek í sundr öll málmhlið sterkra borga, Sks. 631 B, Mirm. 31: with dat., hón rakaði af honum allt hárit ok neri (paper MS.) í tjöru (dat.), and rubbed it with tar, Fas. i. 18; hann gnýr þar við bakinu þar til er boga-strengrinn skarsk, ii. 547; þó at þér sveinar haeði at því, at þú sitir mjótt ok gnúir saman lærum þínum, Band. 13, Mar. 539; nokkurrir fiskar gnúa sér svá fast við kviðinn, at …, Stj. 77.

gnúfa, ð, (qs. gnúpa), to droop, stoop; skalf hón öll af hræðslu ok gnúfði hón með höfði sínu, Str. 76.

gnúfa, adj. drooping, stooping; hann sat gnúfa hryggr … lypti upp höfði sínu, Str. 73.

gnúpa, u, f. = gnúfa, a nickname, Landn.

gnúp-leitr, adj. = gnúfa, Edda 19.

GNÚPR, m. a peak (= gnípa); þá gékk maðr út ór gnúpinum, Nj. 211; undir gnúpinum, Landn. 277, v.l.: freq. in local names, Lóma-gnúpr, Rita-gnúpr; Gnúpar, pl., and Gnúpr, names of farms, Landn.: a pr. name, Bs.

GNYÐJA, gnuddi, to mutter, grumble; herrinn gnuddi nú ílla, Fms. vi. 156 (nuddi, v.l.); en þó gnuddi þetta mest á Sturlu, they grumbled most against Sturla, Sturl. 157: to scream, grunt, gnyðja mundu nú grísir ef þeir vissi hvat hinn gamli þyldi, Fas. i. 282.

gnyðr, m., pl. ir, mod. nyðr, or even spelt niðr, a murmur; þykki mér íllt at heyra gnyð ykkar yfir mér, Fas. iii. 194; görðisk þá mikill gnýr ok gnyðr af ópi ok hlaupum, Stj. 452, v.l.

II. in mod. usage freq. the murmur of a river or brook, ár-niðr, lækjar-niðr.

gný-fari, a, m., poët. the wind, Edda (Gl.)

GNÝJA, pres. gnýr, pret. gnúði, to sound, of wind and sea; derived from gnúa, with the notion of a grating sound, as of a stream over pebbles, the tide against the beach, etc.; brím gnýr Kormak, vide Lex. Poët.; breki gnúði á stafni, Höfuðl. 11; gnýr allr Jötun-heimr, Vsp. 53; gnýjanda gjálfr, Sks.; útan gnýr á eyri Ýmis blóð, Edda (in a verse); vindar eru þá úkyrrir ok gnýja héðan ok handan, Edda 8; þar megu vér nú heyra gnýja bana Þorkels frænda, Ld. 326; gnúði á hallæri mikit ok veðrátta köld, Bs. i. 171; þá gnúði á hin snarpasta hríð, Fms. ii. 225; þótti honum görask mikit vandkvæði í þessu er á gnúði, iv. 145; hvat sem á gnýr, Thom. 114.

gný-mikit, n. adj. stormy, windy, Grett. 111 A.

gnýpr, m., mod. nýpr, = gnúpr, a local word.

gnýr, m. a clash, din, as of wind, waves, weapons, etc., Nj. 272, Edda 41, Mag. 6, Skálda 169, Fms. vi. 156, x. 264, Sl. 57: esp. freq. in poët. compds referring to the din of war, Lex. Poët.: metaph., gnýr ok ótti, alarm and fright, Niðrst. 5.

gnæða, dd, mod. næða, to feel a draught, það næðir um þig.

gnæðingr, m., mod. næðingr, a gust of wind, Bárð. 171.

GNÆFA, ð and að, to project, Lat. eminere; af Gnár nafni er svá kallat, at þat gnæfi sem hátt ferr, Edda. 22; merki mörg óðfluga ok gnæfðu fyrir ofan brekkuna, Hkr. i. 150; engi sá fyrr en þar gnæfaði merki yfir þeim, Fms. viii. 62; en er bændr sá þat í móti dags-brúninni at merki konungs gnævaði hátt, 126; ok gnæfar yfir liðinu sem einn hár turn, Al. 141; hans bust næfði (sic) náliga við limar uppi, Fb. ii. 27; g. við himin, Fas. i. 185 (in a verse); hann gnæfði ofarliga við ráfrinu, Grett.: metaph., Lat. impendere, hvílíkr háski at yfir gnæfir þeirra sálum, H.E. i. 514:—very freq. in mod. usage.

gnæfr (gnæpr, Fb. i. 258), adj. floating high, of a banner, Hd. 40.

GNÆGJA, ð, [gnógr], to endow, bestow upon; gnægð með góðum hlutum, Stj. 421; hve hann yrþjóð (acc.) auði gnegir, how he endows men with bliss, Ad. 18; and gnegðr at fjárafli, endowed with wealth, id. In mod. usage nægja, það nægir, ’tis enough, e.g. sá hefir nóg sér nægja lætr, a saying, freq.

gnægr, adj., mod. nægr, = gnógr; þú hefir þat gnægara, er meira þarf við, Lv. 43; því at lands-folkit var gnægt til, i.e. populous, Hkr. i. 45; hann á nægri börn en kýr, he is better stocked with bairns than kine, Bs. ii. 141; skaupi gnegr, full of contempt, scoffing, Ad. 2.

gnægt, f. (nægt, nægð, Stj. 235, freq. in mod. usage), = gnótt, abundance: esp. in pl., eiga alls nægtir, to have one’s fill of all good things, freq.

gnægta, t, = gnægja; Dróttinn mun þik g. öllum góðum hlutum, Stj. 421.

GNÖLLRA, að, (nöllra, Karl. l.c.; hence the mod. nöldra to grumble, nöldr grumbling):

—to howl, bark; hundrinn hljóp upp gnöllrandi, Fas. iii. 545; haukar þeirra gnöllraðu, Karl. 376, v.l.; við þessi orð spratt hundrinn upp ok gnöllraði hátt, Fms. iii. 13; hjarta hans gnöllraði í honum innan-brjósts eins og greyhundr, rendering of Od. xx. 13, 14; þar eru tveir hundar ok nöllra þeir ok grenja, Þiðr. 245.

gnöllran, f. howling, Mar.

GNÖTRA, að, [gnat], to clatter, rattle; gnötrar (gnottir, Verel.) sverðit hvárt yfir annat, Bret. 55; menn þóttusk heyra at beinin gnötruðu við hræringarnar, his bones clattered, Bs. i. 69: esp. of the teeth, skelfr hann svá mjök at gnötrar í honum hver tönn, Háv. 54; tennr hans nötruðu, Fbr. 149: metaph., þar hlaut at nötra um, Sd. 169:

—in mod. usage freq. to shiver, shake, as with cold.

gnötran,† f. a rattling, Eluc.

GOÐ, n. pl. [all the Teutonic languages have this word in common; Ulf. guþa, n. pl., Gal. iv. 8; guda, id., John x. 34, 35; and Guþ, m.; A.S. godu, n. pl., and God, m.; O.H.G. Cot: in mod. languages masc.; Engl. God; Germ. Gott; Dan.-Swed. Gud].

A. Historical Remarks.—In heathen times this word was neuter, and was used almost exclusively in plur., as were also other words denoting Godhead, e.g. regin or rögn = numina, q.v.; and bönd, höpt, prop. = bonds, and metaph. gods:—this plur. usage seems not to refer to a plurality of gods, but rather, as the Hebrew אלהים, to the majesty and mystery of the Godhead; it points to an earlier and purer faith than that which was current in the later ages of the Scandinavian heathendom; thus the old religious poem Völuspá distinguishes a twofold order of gods,—the heavenly powers (regin or ginn-heilög goð) who had no special names or attributes, and who ruled the world, like the Μοιρα or Αισα of Gr. mythology;—and the common gods who were divided into two tribes, Æsir (Ases) and Vanir, whose conflict and league are recorded in Vsp. 27, 28, and Edda 47.

II. after the introduction of Christianity, the masculine gender (as in Greek and Latin) superseded the neuter in all Teutonic languages, first in Gothic, then in Old High German and Anglo-Saxon, and lastly in the Scandinavian languages; but neither in Gothic nor in Icel. did the word ever take the masc. inflexive r or s, so that it remains almost unique in form.

2. in Scandinavian the root vowel was altered from o to u (goð to guð), [Swed.-Dan. gud], yet in old poems of the Christian age it is still made to rhyme with o, Goðs, boðnum; Goð, roðnar, Sighvat; as also in the oldest MSS. of the 12th century; sometimes however it is written ḡþ, in which case the root vowel cannot be discerned.

3. in Icel. the pronunciation also underwent a change, and the g in Guð (God) is now pronounced gw (Gwuð), both in the single word and in those proper names which have become Christian, e.g. Guðmundr pronounced Gwuðmundr, whence the abbreviated form Gvendr or Gvöndr. The old form with o is still retained in obsolete words, as goði, goðorð, vide below, and in local names from the heathen age, as Goð-dalir; so also Gormr (q.v.), which is contracted from Goð-ormr not Guð-ormr. On the other hand, the Saxon and German have kept the root vowel o.

III. in old poems of heathen times it was almost always used without the article; gremdu eigi goð at þér, Ls.; áðr vér heilög goð blótim, Fas. i. (in a verse); ginnheilög Goð, Vsp. passim; goðum ek þat þakka, Am. 53; með goðum, Alm.; in prose, en goð hefna eigi alls þegar, Nj. 132.

2. with the article goð-in, Vsp. 27: freq. in prose, um hvat reiddusk goðin þá er hér brann hraunit er nú stöndu vér á, Bs. i. (Kr. S.) 22; eigi eru undr at goðin reiðisk tölum slíkum, id.; Hallfreðr lastaði eigi goðin, þó aðrir menn hallmælti þeim, Fms. ii. 52; allmikin hug leggr þú á goðin, Fs. 94; eigi munu goðin þessu valda, Nj. 132, passim.

3. very seldom in sing., and only if applied to a single goddess or the like, as Öndor-goðs (gen.), Haustl. 7; Vana-goð, of Freyja, Edda; enu skírleita goði, of the Sun, Gm. 39.

IV. after the introduction of Christianity, the neut. was only used of false gods in sing. as well as in pl., Sólar-goð = Apollo, Orrostu-goð = Mars, Drauma-goð = Morpheus, Bret. (Verel.); and was held up for execration by the missionaries; gör þik eigi svá djarfa, at þú kallir goð hinn hæsta konung er ek trúi á, Fb. i. 371. Yet so strongly did the neut. gender cleave to the popular mind that it remains (Grág. Kb. i. 192) in the oath formula, goð gramt = Goð gramr; and Icel. still say, í Guðanna (pl.) bænum.

2. guðir, masc. pl., as in A.S. gudas, is freq. in eccl. writers, but borrowed from the eccl. Lat.

B. In compds:

I. with nouns,

goða-blót, n. sacrifice to the gods, Fb. i. 35.

goða-gremi, f. a term in the heathen oath, wrath of the gods, Eg. 352.

goða-heill, f. favour of the gods, Þorst. Síðu H. 9.

goða-hús, n. a house of gods, temple, Dropl. 11, Nj. 131, Fb. i. 337.

goða-stallar, m. pl. the altar in temples, Fas. i. 454.

goða-stúka, u, f. the sanctuary in heathen temples, answering to the choir or sanctuary in churches, Landn. 335 (App.)

goða-tala, u, f. in the phrase, í goðatölu, in the tale (list) of gods, 625. 41.

goð-borinn, part. διογενής, god-born, Hkv. 1. 29.

goð-brúðr, f. bride of the gods (the goddess Skaði), Edda (in a verse).

Goð-dalir, m. pl. a local name, hence

Goð-dælir, m. pl. a family, Landn.

goð-gá, f. blasphemy against the gods, Nj. 163, Ld. 180.

goð-heimr, m. the home of the gods, Stor. 20, cp. Ýt.

goð-konungr, m. (cp. Gr. διογενής βασιλεύς), a king,—kings being deemed the offspring of gods, Ýt.

goð-kunnigr and goð-kyndr, adj. of the kith of gods, Edda 6, 11, 13.

goð-lauss, adj. godless, a nickname, Landn.

goð-lax, m. a kind of salmon, Edda (Gl.)

goð-leiðr, adj. loathed by the gods, Korm.

goð-máligr, adj. skilled in the lore of the gods, Hým. 38.

goð-mögn, n. pl. divine powers, deities, Edda 1; biðja til þinna goðmagna, Bret. (Verel.)

goð-reið, f. ‘a ride of gods’ through the air, a meteor, thought to forebode great events, Glúm. (in a verse), cp. the Swed. åska.

goð-rifi, n. scorn of the gods, Sks. 435.

goð-rækr, adj. ‘god-forsaken,’ wicked, 623. 30.

goðum-leiðr, adj. = goðleiðr, Landn. (in a verse).

goð-vargr, m. a ‘god-worrier,’ sacrilegus, ‘lupus in sanctis,’ Bs. i. 13 (in a verse).

goð-vefr, vide guðvefr.

goð-vegr, m. the way of the gods, the heaven, the sky, Hdl. 5.

Goð-þjóð, f. the abode of the gods, Vsp.:—but Goth. Gut-þjuda = the land of the Goths, by assimilation Goð-þjóð, passim in old poems and the Sagas.

II. with pr. names, originally Goð-, later and mod. Guð-; of men, Guð-brandr, Guð-laugr, Guð-leifr, Guð-mundr, Guð-röðr, Guð-ormr or Gutt-ormr, etc.; of women, Guð-björg, Guð-finna, Guð-laug, Guð-leif, Guð-ný, Guð-ríðr, Guð-rún, etc.; cp. the interesting statement in Eb. (App.) 126 new Ed. (from the Hauks-bók), that men of the olden time used to call their sons and daughters after the gods (Goð-, Þór-, Frey-, Ás-); and it was thought that a double (i.e. a compound) name gave luck and long life, esp. those compounded with the names of gods; menn höfðu mjök þá tvau nöfn, þótti þat likast til langlífis ok heilla, þótt nokkurir fyrirmælti þeim við goðin, þá mundi þat ekki saka, ef þeir ætti eitt nafn, though any one cursed them by the gods it would not hurt if they had ‘one’ name, i.e. if they were the namesakes of the gods, Eb. l.c.;—we read ‘eitt nafn’ for ‘eitt annat nafn’ of the Ed. and MS. In Fb. i. 23, the mythical king Raum is said to have had three sons, Alf, Björn, and Brand; the first was reared by the Finns, and called Finn-Alf; Björn by his mother (a giantess), and called Jötun-Björn; and Brand was given to the gods, and called Goð-Brand (Guð-brandr, whence Guðbrands-dalir, a county in Norway); cp. also Eb. ch. 7.

☞ For the Christian sense of God and its compds vide s.v. Guð.

goddi, a, m. [cp. Germ. götze] a nickname, Ld.

GOÐI, a, m. [Ulf, renders ἱερεύς by gudja (ufar-gudja, ahumista-gudja, etc.), ἱερατεία by gudjinassus, ἱερατεύειν by gudjinôn; an Icel. gyði, gen. gyðja, would answer better to the Goth. form, but it never occurs, except that the fem. gyðja = goddess and priestess points not to goði, but to a masc. with a suppressed final i, gyði; a word coting occurs in O.H.G. glossaries, prob. meaning the same; and the form guþi twice occurs on Danish-Runic stones in Nura-guþi and Saulva-guþi, explained as goði by P. G. Thorsen, Danske Runem.; (Rafn’s explanation and reading of Nura-guþi qs. norðr á Gauði, is scarcely right): with this exception this word is nowhere recorded till it appears in Icel., where it got a wide historical bearing]:

—prop. a priest, sacerdos, and hence a liege-lord or chief of the Icel. Commonwealth.

A. Historical Remarks.—The Norse chiefs who settled in Icel., finding the country uninhabited, solemnly took possession of the land (land-nám, q.v.); and in order to found a community they built a temple, and called themselves by the name of goði or hof-goði, ‘temple-priest;’ and thus the temple became the nucleus of the new community, which was called goðorð, n.:—hence hof-goði, temple-priest, and höfðingi, chief, became synonymous, vide Eb. passim. Many independent goðar and goðorð sprang up all through the country, until about the year 930 the alþingi (q.v.) was erected, where all the petty sovereign chiefs (goðar) entered into a kind of league, and laid the foundation of a general government for the whole island. In 964 a.d. the constitution was finally settled, the number of goðorð being fixed at three in each þing (shire), and three þing in each of the three other quarters, (but four in the north); thus the number of goðar came to be nominally thirty-nine, really thirty-six, as the four in the north were only reckoned as three, vide Íb. ch. 5. On the introduction of Christianity the goðar lost their priestly character, but kept the name; and the new bishops obtained seats in the Lögrétta (vide biskup). About the year 1004 there were created new goðar (and goðorð), who had to elect judges to the Fifth Court, but they had no seats in the Lögrétta, and since that time the law distinguishes between forn (old) and ný (new) goðorð;—in Glúm. ch. 1 the word forn is an anachronism. It is curious that, especially in the 12th century, the goðar used to take the lesser Orders from political reasons, in order to resist the Romish clergy, who claimed the right of forbidding laymen to be lords of churches or to deal with church matters; thus the great chief Jón Loptsson was a sub-deacon; at last, about 1185, the archbishop of Norway forbade the bishops of Icel. to ordain any holder of a goðorð, unless they first gave up the goðorð, fyrir því bjóðum vér biskupum at vígja eigi þá menn er goðorð hafa, D.I. i. 291. In the middle of the 13th century the king of Norway induced the goðar to hand their power over to him, and thus the union with Norway was finally brought about in the year 1262; since that time, by the introduction of new codes (1272 and 1281), the name and dignity of goðar and goðorð disappeared altogether, so that the name begins and ends with the Commonwealth.

B. Duties.—In the alþingi the goðar were invested with the Lögréttu-skipan (q.v.), that is to say, they composed the Lögrétta (the Legislative consisting of forty-eight members—on the irregularity of the number vide Jb. ch. 5* Íb. ch. 4), and were the lawgivers of the country; secondly, they had the dómnefna (q.v.), or right of naming the men who were to sit in the courts, vide dómr:—as to their duties in the quarter-parliaments (vár-þing) vide Grág. Þ.Þ. and the Sagas. The authority of the goðar over their liegemen at home was in olden times somewhat patriarchal, vide e.g. the curious passage in Hænsaþ. S. ch. 2; though no section of law relating to this interesting part of the old history is on record, we can glean much information from the Sagas. It is to be borne in mind that the goðar of the Saga time (10th century) and those of the Grágás and Sturlunga time (12th and 13th centuries) were very different; the former were a kind of sovereign chiefs, who of free will entered into a league; the latter had become officials, who for neglecting their duties in parliament might be fined, and even forfeit the goðorð to their liegemen, vide Grág. Þ.Þ. Neither þing (q.v.) nor goðorð was ever strictly geographical (such is the opinion of Konrad Maurer), but changed from time to time; the very word goðorð is defined as ‘power’ (veldi), and was not subject to the payment of tithe, K.Þ.K. 142. The goðorð could be parcelled out by inheritance or by sale; or they might, as was the case in the latter years of the Commonwealth, accumulate in one hand, vide esp. Sturl. passim, and Grág. The liegemen (þingmenn) were fully free to change their lords (ganga í lög með goða, ganga ór lögum); every franklin (þingmaðr) had in parliament to declare his þingfesti, i.e. to name his liegeship, and say to what goði and þing he belonged, and the goði had to acknowledge him; so that a powerful or skilful chief might have liegemen scattered all over the country. But the nomination to the courts and the right of sitting in the legislative body were always bound to the old names, as fixed by the settlement of the year 964; and any one who sought the name or influence of a goði had first (by purchase, inheritance, or otherwise) to become possessor of a share of one of the old traditionary goðorð; see the interesting chapter in Nj. The three goðar in one þing (shire) were called sam-goða, joint-goðar; for the sense of allsherjar-goði vide p. 17.

C. Names.—Sometimes a chief’s name referred to the god whom he especially worshipped, as Freys-Goði, Hrafn., Gísl., whence Freys-gyðlingar, q.v.; (the ör-goði is dubious); more frequently the name referred to the liegemen or county, e.g. Ljósvetninga-Goði, Tungu-Goði, etc.; but in the Saga time, goði was often added to the name almost as a cognomen, and with some, as Snorri, it became a part of their name (as Cato Censor in Latin); hann varðveitti þá hof, var hann þá kallaðr Snorri Goði, Eb. 42; seg, at sá sendi, er meiri vin var húsfreyjunnar at Fróðá en Goðans at Helgafelli, 332. Names on record in the Sagas:—men living from a.d. 874 to 964, Hallsteinn Goði, Landn., Eb.; Sturla Goði, Landn. 65; Jörundr Goði and Hróarr Tungu-Goði, id.; Ljótólfr Goði, Sd.; Hrafnkell Freys-Goði, Hrafn.; Oddr Tungu-Goði, Landn.; Þormóðr Karnár-Goði, Vd.; Áskell Goði, Rd.; Úlfr Ör-goði, Landn.; Grímkell Goði, Harð. S.; Þorgrímr Freys-goði, Gísl. 100, 110:—964 to 1030, Arnkell Goði, Landn., Eb.; Þorgrímr Goði, Eb.; Geirr Goði, Landn., Nj.; Runólfr Goði, id.; Þóroddr Goði, Kristni S.; Þormóðr Allsherjar-Goði, Landn.; Þorgeirr Goði, or Ljósvetninga-Goði, Nj., Landn.; (Þorkell Krafla) Vatnsdæla-Goði, Vd.; Helgi Hofgarða-Goði, Landn., Eb.; Snorri Hlíðarmanna-Goði, Lv.; Þórarinn Langdæla-Goði, Heiðarv. S.; and last, not least, Snorri Goði:—in the following period goði appears, though very rarely, as an appellative, e.g. Þormóðr Skeiðar-Goði (about 1100):—of the new goðar of 1004, Höskuldr Hvítaness-Goði, Nj.:—used ironically, Ingjaldr Sauðeyja-Goði, Ld.

2. goðorð mentioned by name,—in the south, Allsherjar-goðorð, Landn. (App.) 336; Dalverja-goðorð, Sturl. ii. 48; Lundarmanna-goðorð, i. 223; Reykhyltinga-goðorð, 104, iii. 166, 169; Bryndæla-goðorð, Kjaln. S. 402: in the north, Ljósvetninga-goðorð, Lv. ch. 30; Möðruvellinga-goðorð, Bs. i. 488; Vatnsdæla-goðorð, Fs. 68; Fljótamanna-goðorð, Sturl. i. 138: in the west, Snorrunga-goðorð, 55; Jöklamanna-goðorð, iii. 166; Rauðmelinga-goðorð, Eb. 288; Reyknesinga-goðorð, Sturl. i. 9, 19; Þórsnesinga-goðorð, 198: the new godords of the Fifth Court, Laufæsinga-goðorð, Nj. 151; Melamanna-goðorð, id., Band., Sturl. i. 227. Passages in the Sagas and Laws referring to goðar and goðorð are very numerous, e.g. Íb. ch. 5, Nj. ch. 98, Grág., Lögréttu-þáttr, and Þ.Þ. passim, esp. ch. 1–5, 17, 35, 37, 39, 44, 58, 60, 61, Lv. ch. 4 (interesting), Vd. ch. 27, 41 (in fine), and 42, Vápn., Hrafn. ch. 2, Eb. ch. 10, 56, Sturl. iii. 98, 104, passim; for the accumulation of godords, see i. 227 (3, 22), Bs. i. 54; for the handing over the godords to the king of Norway, D.I. i; and esp. article 3 of the Sáttmáli, D.I. i. 631, 632. The godords were tithe-free, ef maðr á goðorð, ok þarf eigi þat til tíundar at telja, vald er þat en eigi fé; K.Þ.K. 142.

compds:

goða-kviðr, m. a law term, the verdict of a jury composed of twelve goðar, commonly called tylftar-kviðr, a ‘twelver-verdict,’ fixed for some special cases, defined in Grág.; the goða-kviðr was opposed to the búa-kviðr, vide búi, Grág. i. 168, passim.

goða-lýrittr, m. a law term, a protest or interdict, Grág. i. 112, ii. 97, passim; but it is uncertain whether it is derived from goði, i.e. the protest of a goði, or from goð, i.e. the great ban, a protest in the holy name of the gods.

goða-þáttr, m. a section of law about the goðar, Grág. i. 73.

II. = goð, i.e. good genius, in the Icel. game at dice called goða-tafl, with the formula, heima ræð eg goða minn bæði vel og lengi, … og kasta eg svo fyrir þig, cp. also ást-goði.

goð-orð, n. (seldom spelt guðorð, as in Grág. ii. 154); hann var maðr félítill en átti staðfestu góða í Skálholti ok goðorð, Bs. i. 54; for this word vide goði.

compds:

goðorðs-lauss, adj. without a godord, Nj. 149, Band. 2.

goðorðs-maðr, m. a ‘godord-man,’ = a goði, Hrafn. 13, 14, Fs. 67, Glúm. 324, Sturl., passim.

goðorðs-mál, n. an action concerning a godord, Sturl. ii. 89.

goðorðs-tilkall, n. a claim to a godord, Sturl. ii. 88: erfða-goðorð (q.v.), Sturl. i. 198; fornt goðorð, vide above: forráðs-goðorð = manna-forráð, a godord to which forráð (power) is attached, an ἅπ. λεγ. in Ísl. ii. 173 (Hænsa Þ. S.)

goggr, m. a gag or hook: brýna gogginn, to whet the beak, of a raven: a term of abuse, Edda (Gl.)

gogli, a, m. ooze, mud, Mork. 13;

cp. blóð-gögl, blood-ooze, Björn.

GOL, n., mod. gola, u, f. a breeze: metaph., Al. 99; fjalla-gol, q.v.

gol-grænn, adj. yellow-green, epithet of the sea.

gollr, m. [Old Engl. goll], the talon or claw of a hawk, esp. of artificial kind; in N.G.L. i. 242 a man has to return to the owner a goshawk if found astray with the goll fastened to him, but he may claim landnám, i.e. compensation for damages done on the land.

gollungr, m. [gollr], poët. a kind of hawk, Edda (Gl.)

gollurr, m. the pericardium, Edda (Gl.)

gollur-hús, n. id., Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 579; hence

gollor-heimr, m., poët. the breast.

gol-mórauðr, adj. yellow-brown.

golsi, a, m., golsóttr, adj. a sheep with a dark yellow belly.

gol-þorskr, m. ‘yellow-cod,’ a cod-fish so called from its colour.

gopi, a, m. a vain person, Edda (Gl.)

goppa, að, [Dan. gumpe; Engl. jump], to skip, (rare.)

GOR, n. [A.S. gor; Engl. gore; Swed. går], whence Gor-mánuðr, m. Gore-month, the first winter month, about the middle of October to the middle of November, so called from the slaughtering of beasts for winter Store, Edda 103; vetr ok g. kemr laugardag, Rb.

II. the cud in animals, but also used of chyme in men, e.g. spúa græmi gorinu, to vomit the green g., of one far gone in sea-sickness.

compds:

gor-blautr, adj. clammy, of the hide of a fresh slaughtered animal.

gor-geir, m. impudence.

gor-kúla, u, f. a fungus, lypoperdon.

gor-vargr, m. a law term, [early Dan. and Swed. gornithing; Ivar Aasen gortjuv], a ‘gore-worrier,’ one who feloniously destroys another man’s cattle, liable to outlawry, defined in N.G.L. ii. 523.

gor-vömb, f. the first stomach, Ísl. ii. 375.

GORMR, m. ooze, mud, grounds in coffee and the like:

—a local name of a muddy creek at the bottom of Gils-fjörðr in the west of Icel.

II. name of an old Danish king, prob. contracted from Goð-ormr, cp. Guthrum in the Saxon Chronicle.

gort, n. bragging, fanfaronade, and

gorta, að, to brag.

gosi, a, m. [Swed. gossa = a boy], the knave in cards.

got, n. spawning.

gota, u, f. spawn.

Goti, a, m., pl. Gotnar, the Goths; hence Gotland, n. Gotland; Gotneskr, adj. Gothic, Lex. Poët.; Gota-veldi, n. the Gothic empire, (of the island Gotland, a.d. 1319.) The name of the Goths with compds occurs freq. in Scandin. history, esp. in Sagas referring to the mythical age; and distinction is made between Ey-Gotar, the Island-Goths, i.e. the inhabitants of the Danish Isles, and Reið-Gotar or Hreð-Gotar in the south of Sweden. According to Jornandes and the late Norwegian historian P. A. Munch, a race of Gothic origin, speaking a dialect closely akin to that of Ulfilas, lived in parts of Scandinavia during the 3rd and 4th centuries of our era; Munch even supposes that Ermanarik (Jörmunrekr) was a Scandinavian-Gothic king, and lived in the 4th century, and that the Runic monuments on the Golden horn, the stone in Tune, the Bracteats, etc., are of this and the subsequent period; on this interesting question see Munch’s Norske Folk’s Hist., vol. i, and several essays by the same.

II. poët. a horse, Lex. Poët.

got-rauf, f. the spawn hole in female cod-fish or salmon.

gotungr, m. young fish, fry.

góð-brjóstaðr, part. kind-hearted, Glúm. 308.

góð-fengr, adj. good-natured, Grett. 92 A, 107, Fms. iii. 107.

góð-frægr, adj. of good repute, famous.

góð-fúsliga, adv. willingly, Fms. ii. 204, Stj.

góð-fúss, adj. benevolent, 655 xxx. 10, Fms. ii. 238, Th. 12, Stj. 154.

góð-fýsi, f. goodness, †piety, devotion, Sks. 12, Fms. i. 304, v. 239, xi. 297, Mar.

†góð-fúss, adj. devoted, Thom.

góð-fýst, f. good-will, Fms. ii. 225.

góð-gengr, adj. going well, smooth-going, of a horse, opp. to harð-gengr.

góð-girnd and góð-girni, f. goodness, kindness, Fms. x. 368, Nj. 250, Grett. 106 A, Clem. 51, Fs. 29, 38.

góð-gjarn, adj. benevolent, kind, Nj. 30, Fms. i. 76, ii. 19, Bs. i. 61, 66.

góð-gjarnliga, adv. kindly, Fms. iii. 48, vii. 148.

góð-gjarnligr, adj. kind, kindly, Nj. 255, Fms. viii. 101.

góð-granni, a, m. a good neighbour, Sks. 226.

góð-gripr, m. a costly thing, Fms. ii. 61, iii. 134, Fas. i. 394, Thom.

góð-gæfiliga, adv. gently, quietly, Str.

góð-gæt, f. good cheer, good fare, cp. Dan. mundgodt, Str. 21.

góð-görð, f. charity, Barl. 60, 71: mod. in pl. good cheer, hospitality.

góðgörða-samr, adj. charitable;

góðgörða-semi, f. charitableness.

góð-görning, f. = góðgörningr, Hom. 128.

góð-görningr, m. a good deed, charity, 655 xxiii. 1, Fms. i. 142, vi. 272, Hom. 70, Stj. 25, 399, Bs. i. 109.

góð-háttaðr, part. well-mannered, Bs. i. 38.

góði, a, m. a boon, Fms. xi. 72.

góðindi, n. pl. boons, good things, Barl. 6, 190, 193, Stat. 289.

góð-kunningi, a, m. a good acquaintance.

góð-kunnugr, adj. on good terms.

góð-kvendi, n. collect. a good, gentle woman.

góð-kvennska, u, f. goodly womanhood, Jb. 64.

góð-látr, adj. good-natured, gentle, Pr. 429.

góðlat-samr (góðlát-semi, f.), adj. id.

góð-leikr, m. (góð-leiki, a, m.), goodness, Fms. i. 141, 258, ii. 152, vii. 118, Stj. 374.

góð-lifnaðr, m. a good life, Stj. 120, Bs. i. 46.

góð-lífi, n. a good life, 625. 183, Bs. i. 109.

góð-lyndi, n. good nature, Str. 21.

góð-lyndr, adj. good-natured, Str. 21, Fas. i. 3.

góð-mannliga, adv. like a good man, Fms. vi. 304, Bs., passim.

góð-mannligr, adj. gentle, Bs. i. 874.

góð-málugr, adj. = góðorðr, Hým., or better goð-málugr (?).

góð-menni, n. a good, gentle man, Sturl. i. 211, Fms. viii. 136.

góð-mennska, u, f. goodness, gentleness, Barl. 60 (freq.)

góð-mennt, n. adj. good people, Eg. 201, Fms. ix. 293; vide fámennt.

góð-mótliga, adv. (góð-ligr, adj.), kindly, gently, Sturl. 14.

góð-orðr, adj. gentle in one’s words, Nj. 147.

GÓÐR, adj., neut. gott with a short vowel; but that the ancients, at least in early times, said gótt is clear from the analogy with óðr neut. ótt, fróðr neut. frótt, and from rhymes such as gótt, dróttni; [Ulf. usually renders καλός by gôþs, but ἀγαθός by þiuþigs; A.S. gôd; Engl. good; O.H.G. got; Germ. gut; Dutch goed; Swed.-Dan. god]:

1. good, righteous; góða frá íllum, Eluc. 37; góðan mann ok réttlátan, Ver. 7; góðr ok réttlátr konungr, Fms. vii. 263; góðir ok ágætir, Alex. 65; góðr maðr, Sks. 456; góð kona, 457; er hón góð kona, er þú hefir svo lofat hana? Bs. i. 799; góð verk, Hom. 97; góðr vili, good-will: allit., Góðr Guð; biðja Góðan Guð; Guð minn Góðr! and the like: also as a term of endearment, my dear! Elskan mín góð! barnið gott, good child! M. N. minn góðr!

2. good, honest; drengr góðr, passim; góðir vinir, good friends, Ísl. ii. 393; góðir menn, good men, Grág. i. 301; aðrir góðir menn, Fms. ix. 268; Guði ok góðum mönnum, Grág. ii. 168; góðr vili, good will, honest intention, Bs. i. 746: in addressing one, góðr maðr! Sks. 303, passim; góðir hálsar!

3. kind; góð orð, good, kind words, Fms. vii. 40; vera í góðu skapi, to be in good spirits, Sturl. ii. 178: with dat. kind towards one, þá er þú vart honum íllr þá var hann þér góðr, 655 xiii. A. 4.

4. good, gifted; gott skáld, a good poet, Nj. 38; góðr riddari, a good knight, Fms. vii. 56; góðr þrautar, enduring, Sks. 383:

—good, favourable, göra góðan róm at e-u, to applaud; gott svar, and many like phrases.

II. good, fine, goodly, rich; góð klæði, Fms. v. 273; góðar gjafir, vii. 40; góðr mjöðr, Gm. 13; góða hluti, good things, Nj. 258; góðr hestr, a fine horse, 90; hafr forkunnar góðan, Fms. x. 224; af góðu brauði, Sks. 321; gott veðr, fine weather, Fms. v. 260; góðan kost skipa, a goodly host of ships, vii. 40; með góðu föruneyti, with a goodly suite, x. 224; fá góða höfn, to make a good harbour, Ísl. ii. 398; mikil ey ok góð, a muckle island and a good, Eg. 25; í góðri virðingu, in good renown, Fms. vi. 141; góðr sómi, Ísl. ii. 393; góð borg, a fine town, Symb. 21; góðr beini, good cheer, Fms. i. 69; góðr fengr, a good (rich) haul, Ísl. ii. 138; gott ár, a good year, good season, Eg. 39; góðir penningar, good money, Fms. vii. 319; góðr kaupeyrir, good articles of trade, vi. 356:

—wholesome, medic., hvat er manni gott (bezt)? Fas. ii. 33; úgott, unwholesome.

2. the phrases, göra sik góðan, to make oneself good, to dissemble; heyr á endemi, þú görir þik góðan, Nj. 74.

β. in the phrase, góðr af e-u, good, liberal with a thing; góðr af griðum, merciful, Al. 71; góðr af tíðindum, good at news, communicative, Grett. 98 A; at þú mundir góðr af hestinum, that thou wast willing to part with (lend) the horse, Nj. 90 (cp. af C. VII. 2); góðr af fé, open-handed, Band. 2: with gen., góðr matar, good in meat, a good host, Hm. 38.

III. neut. as subst.; hvárki at íllu né góðu, neither for evil nor good, Sks. 356; eiga gott við e-n, to deal well with one, stand on good terms with, Stor. 21; færa til góðs eðr ílls, to turn to good or bad account, Grág. ii. 144; fátt góðs, little of good, Hom. 38; fara með góðu, to bring good, Ísl. ii. 136; enda mundi eigi gott í móti koma, Ld. 150; gott gengr þér til, thou meanest it well, dost it for good, Nj. 260; gott var í frændsemi þeirra, good was in their kinship, i.e. they were on good terms, Hrafn. 2; vilja e-m gott, to wish one well, Fms. ix. 282; vilja hverjum manni gott, i. 21: with the notion of plenty, bountifulness, in the phrase, verða gott til e-s, to get plenty of; var þá bæði gott til fjár ok mannvirðingar, there was ample wealth and fame to earn, Eg. 4; ok varð ekki gott til fjár, they got scant booty, 78; var þar gott til sterkra manna, there was plenty of able-bodied men, 187; ok er gott um at velja, plenty to choose from, Nj. 3: the phrase, verða gott við e-t, to be well pleased with a thing, Al. 109; verði þér að góðu, be it well with thee!

IV. compds,

ey-góðr, ever good;

hjarta-góðr, kind-hearted;

skap-góðr, geð-góðr, good-tempered;

skyn-góðr, clever;

svip-góðr, engaging, well-looking;

sið-góðr, moral, virtuous;

hug-góðr, bold, fearless;

lið-góðr, a good helper, good hand;

vinnu-góðr, a good workman;

sér-góðr, odd, selfish: as a surname, Hinn Góði, the Good, esp. of kings, Fms.

☞ For compar. betri and superl. beztr, vide pp. 61, 62.

góð-ráðr, adj. giving good counsel, Landn. 239, Fms. iv. 82, x. 266.

góð-ræði, n. goodness, Lv. 108, Fms. ii. 150.

góðs and góz, n. goods; prop. a gen. from góðr, hvat góðs, quid boni? Nj. 236; allt þat góðs sem hann átti, 267, Hrafn. 29; sá er síns góðs misti optliga, Thom. 2 (Ed.): esp. freq. in later writers, Ann. 1332, 1346, Stj. 135, Bs. passim, H.E. i. 432; cp. Dan. gods = property.